The Experts below are selected from a list of 48318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Panagiotis Giannopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Harry's And Heyday Look To Demystify Men's Skincare
internal, 2019Co-Authors: Panagiotis GiannopoulosAbstract:Harry's launches its first facial mask, developed in collaboration with facial shop Heyday. Priced at $20, the limited edition Harry's x Heyday Detoxifying Face Mask promises to detoxify, exfoliate, and soothe skin with ingredients like walnut shell powder and lactic acid
Juming Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts i heating uniformity and energy efficiency
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:Conducting industrial-scale confirmatory treatments is the final step in developing commercially and environmentally sound insect control technologies for in-shell Walnuts using radio frequency (RF) energy as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Improving heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts in the industrial process is essential to ensure insect control without quality degradation. An industrial-scale 27 MHz, 25 kW RF system was used to determine the heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts. Non-uniform vertical temperature distributions were measured in the RF unit, indicating that mixing and circulated hot air were needed to obtain the required treatment uniformity. Using a uniformity index derived experimentally for the RF unit, we showed that a single mixing of the Walnuts was required to optimize heating uniformity. The predicted standard deviation of walnut surface temperatures was verified experimentally. The average energy efficiency of two RF units in series was estimated to be 79.5% when heating Walnuts at 1561.7 kg/h. This study provided the basis for subsequent evaluations of treatment efficacy and product quality needed in developing an industrial-scale RF process to control insect pests in Walnuts. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts ii insect mortality and product quality
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:This paper reports on the second part of a scaling-up study investigating the technical feasibility of using radio frequency (RF) energy in commercial postharvest insect control in in-shell Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. A large-scale treatment for conveyorized Walnuts was designed based on a 25 kW, 27 MHz RF system to achieve an average walnut surface temperature of 60 ◦ C, and minimum temperature of 52 ◦ C, for 5 min. The treatment caused 100% mortality of fifth-instar navel orangeworm larvae, the most heat tolerant target pest, in both unwashed and air-dried Walnuts, and was effective over a relatively wide range of walnut moisture contents (3–7.5%). Walnut quality was not affected by the RF treatments; kernel color, peroxide values and fatty acid values of treated Walnuts were similar to untreated controls after 20 days at 35 ◦ C simulating 2 years of storage under commercial conditions at 4 ◦ C. The RF treatment slightly reduced the moisture content of the Walnuts, especially the shells. The RF treatment developed in this study should also control codling moth, Indianmeal moth and red flour beetle in in-shell Walnuts. This treatment will provide an effective and environmentally friendly phytosanitary treatment technology for the walnut industry. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Lipoxygenase activity in Walnuts and almonds
Lwt - Food Science and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: A. Buranasompob, Stephanie Clark, J. Reyes, Juming Tang, Joseph R Powers, Barry G. SwansonAbstract:Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in walnut or almond homogenates. Walnut or almond kernels were heated with hot air at 55 °C for 2 or 10 min, or 60 °C for 2 or 10 min. The homogenates of untreated or heat treated walnut kernels exhibited greater LOX activity than the homogenates of untreated or heat treated almond kernels. Short-time heat treatments of 55 °C for 2 min or greater reduce LOX activity, retard the development of oxidative rancidity, and extend the shelf-life of Walnuts and almonds during distribution and storage. Short-time heat treatments of walnut or almond kernels designed to control insect pests for international trade did not promote rancidity when compared to untreated Walnuts or almonds.
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considerations in design of commercial radio frequency treatments for postharvest pest control in in shell Walnuts
Journal of Food Engineering, 2006Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, Juming Tang, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, T Sun, T Koral, Sohan BirlaAbstract:Scaling-up radio frequency (RF) treatment protocols to control insect pests in in-shell Walnuts is an essential step to transfer laboratory results to industrial applications. Practical considerations in this effort should include walnut orientation, differential heating between open and closed shell Walnuts after bleaching, intermittent mixing to improve heating uniformity, nut quality after storage, and energy costs. A pilot-scale 27 MHz, 6 kW/12 kW RF system was used to determine the effect of process parameters on walnut temperature distribution. Temperatures of vertically oriented Walnuts were 7.4 � C higher than those of horizontally oriented Walnuts. The open shell Walnuts heated much faster in RF systems than closed shell Walnuts after 1.5 min of bleaching. Mixing the Walnuts twice during 3 min of RF treatment improved the heating uniformity of final walnut temperatures by reducing non-uniformity of the electromagnetic field in the RF system. The accelerated shelf life tests at 35 � C for 10 and 20 days provided accurate simulations of actual storage at 4 � C for 1- and 2-year periods, respectively, based on similar peroxide and free fatty acid values. The energy costs of treating 4540 kg/h was only $0.23 cents/kg. This study should provide useful information for designing an industrial scale quarantine security process against insect pests in Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Application of radio frequency treatments to control insects in in-shell Walnuts
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Rebecca H. Veltman, Xuqiao Feng, Judy A. Johnson, Tiffanie Simpson, E Castro, Shaojin Wang, William V. Biasi, Juming TangAbstract:Codling moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella [Walker]), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella [Hubner]) are common insect pests in Walnuts (Juglans regia [L.]). Currently, exported in-shell Walnuts are disinfested using methyl bromide fumigation. Restrictions on methyl bromide use have increased interest in developing alternative postharvest treatments. Radio frequency (RF) heating is such an alternative. Our tests have shown that heating Walnuts with radio frequency energy to temperatures lethal to these important insect pests has no negative effects on walnut quality, and may even reduce the susceptibility of Walnuts to becoming rancid in storage. Radio frequency treatments provided acceptable rates of heating (5–6 ◦ C min −1 ) for in-shell Walnuts to lethal temperatures. Heating Walnuts to 55 ◦ C or higher resulted in 100% mortality of fifth instar navel orangeworm, which is the most resistant of the three insect pests. Moisture content of Walnuts is an important factor affecting heating rates during radio frequency treatments. The relationship between average moisture content and average heating rate was linear, and the variability in moisture content and heating rates was higher with a higher average moisture content. Radio frequency treatments reduce the moisture content of Walnuts. A combined system of radio frequency heating with hot air has the potential to accelerate or even replace batch drying of Walnuts in the future. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Shaojin Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts ii insect mortality and product quality
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:This paper reports on the second part of a scaling-up study investigating the technical feasibility of using radio frequency (RF) energy in commercial postharvest insect control in in-shell Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. A large-scale treatment for conveyorized Walnuts was designed based on a 25 kW, 27 MHz RF system to achieve an average walnut surface temperature of 60 ◦ C, and minimum temperature of 52 ◦ C, for 5 min. The treatment caused 100% mortality of fifth-instar navel orangeworm larvae, the most heat tolerant target pest, in both unwashed and air-dried Walnuts, and was effective over a relatively wide range of walnut moisture contents (3–7.5%). Walnut quality was not affected by the RF treatments; kernel color, peroxide values and fatty acid values of treated Walnuts were similar to untreated controls after 20 days at 35 ◦ C simulating 2 years of storage under commercial conditions at 4 ◦ C. The RF treatment slightly reduced the moisture content of the Walnuts, especially the shells. The RF treatment developed in this study should also control codling moth, Indianmeal moth and red flour beetle in in-shell Walnuts. This treatment will provide an effective and environmentally friendly phytosanitary treatment technology for the walnut industry. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts i heating uniformity and energy efficiency
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:Conducting industrial-scale confirmatory treatments is the final step in developing commercially and environmentally sound insect control technologies for in-shell Walnuts using radio frequency (RF) energy as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Improving heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts in the industrial process is essential to ensure insect control without quality degradation. An industrial-scale 27 MHz, 25 kW RF system was used to determine the heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts. Non-uniform vertical temperature distributions were measured in the RF unit, indicating that mixing and circulated hot air were needed to obtain the required treatment uniformity. Using a uniformity index derived experimentally for the RF unit, we showed that a single mixing of the Walnuts was required to optimize heating uniformity. The predicted standard deviation of walnut surface temperatures was verified experimentally. The average energy efficiency of two RF units in series was estimated to be 79.5% when heating Walnuts at 1561.7 kg/h. This study provided the basis for subsequent evaluations of treatment efficacy and product quality needed in developing an industrial-scale RF process to control insect pests in Walnuts. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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considerations in design of commercial radio frequency treatments for postharvest pest control in in shell Walnuts
Journal of Food Engineering, 2006Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, Juming Tang, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, T Sun, T Koral, Sohan BirlaAbstract:Scaling-up radio frequency (RF) treatment protocols to control insect pests in in-shell Walnuts is an essential step to transfer laboratory results to industrial applications. Practical considerations in this effort should include walnut orientation, differential heating between open and closed shell Walnuts after bleaching, intermittent mixing to improve heating uniformity, nut quality after storage, and energy costs. A pilot-scale 27 MHz, 6 kW/12 kW RF system was used to determine the effect of process parameters on walnut temperature distribution. Temperatures of vertically oriented Walnuts were 7.4 � C higher than those of horizontally oriented Walnuts. The open shell Walnuts heated much faster in RF systems than closed shell Walnuts after 1.5 min of bleaching. Mixing the Walnuts twice during 3 min of RF treatment improved the heating uniformity of final walnut temperatures by reducing non-uniformity of the electromagnetic field in the RF system. The accelerated shelf life tests at 35 � C for 10 and 20 days provided accurate simulations of actual storage at 4 � C for 1- and 2-year periods, respectively, based on similar peroxide and free fatty acid values. The energy costs of treating 4540 kg/h was only $0.23 cents/kg. This study should provide useful information for designing an industrial scale quarantine security process against insect pests in Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Application of radio frequency treatments to control insects in in-shell Walnuts
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Rebecca H. Veltman, Xuqiao Feng, Judy A. Johnson, Tiffanie Simpson, E Castro, Shaojin Wang, William V. Biasi, Juming TangAbstract:Codling moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella [Walker]), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella [Hubner]) are common insect pests in Walnuts (Juglans regia [L.]). Currently, exported in-shell Walnuts are disinfested using methyl bromide fumigation. Restrictions on methyl bromide use have increased interest in developing alternative postharvest treatments. Radio frequency (RF) heating is such an alternative. Our tests have shown that heating Walnuts with radio frequency energy to temperatures lethal to these important insect pests has no negative effects on walnut quality, and may even reduce the susceptibility of Walnuts to becoming rancid in storage. Radio frequency treatments provided acceptable rates of heating (5–6 ◦ C min −1 ) for in-shell Walnuts to lethal temperatures. Heating Walnuts to 55 ◦ C or higher resulted in 100% mortality of fifth instar navel orangeworm, which is the most resistant of the three insect pests. Moisture content of Walnuts is an important factor affecting heating rates during radio frequency treatments. The relationship between average moisture content and average heating rate was linear, and the variability in moisture content and heating rates was higher with a higher average moisture content. Radio frequency treatments reduce the moisture content of Walnuts. A combined system of radio frequency heating with hot air has the potential to accelerate or even replace batch drying of Walnuts in the future. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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radio frequency treatments to control codling moth in in shell Walnuts
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2001Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, Juming Tang, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, J N Ikediala, James D Hansen, R Mao, Barry G. SwansonAbstract:‘Diamond’ Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in the shell were treated with radio frequency (RF) energy in a 27 MHz pilot-scale system to determine the treatment effect on third- and fourth-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), mortality and walnut quality. After 2 and 3 min of RF treatments, infested in-shell Walnuts were heated to 43 and 53°C. The corresponding insect mortality reached 78.6 and 100%. The fatty acid (FA) concentration of treated Walnuts was not affected by RF treatments. The FA values were B 0.1% after accelerated storage times up to 30 days at 35°C, simulating storage at 4°C for up to 3 years. The effect of RF treatments on walnut oil peroxide values (PV) was not significant. The PV value of Walnuts was less than 1.0 meq:kg (the upper limit for good quality Walnuts), after 20 days storage at 35°C that simulated 2 year storage at 4°C. The PV was about 1.2 meg:kg after 30 days storage at 35°C. RF treatments can, therefore, potentially provide an effective and rapid quarantine security protocol against codling moth larvae in Walnuts as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Marta Hernandez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fatty acid profiles tocopherol contents and antioxidant activities of heartnut juglans ailanthifolia var cordiformis and persian walnut juglans regia l
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Rong Tsao, Raymond S H Yang, J K G Kramer, Marta HernandezAbstract:The fatty acid and tocopherol compositions of three heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) varieties (Imshu, Campbell CW1, and Campbell CW3) were examined and compared with those of two Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties (Combe and Lake). The major fatty acids found in heartnuts and Walnuts were identified by gas chromatography as linoleic (18:2n-6), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids found in both heartnut and walnut, ranging from 73.07 to 80.98%, and were significantly higher in heartnut than in Persian Walnuts (P < 0.001). In addition, heartnuts had significantly higher levels of 18:2n-6 and lower levels of 18:3n-3 compared to the Persian Walnuts. gamma-Tocopherol was the main tocopherol homologue present in both types of nuts, followed by delta- and alpha-tocopherol. The highest concentration of gamma-tocopherol was found in Combe Persian walnut at 267.87 mug/g, followed by Lake Persian walnut and Imshu, Campbell CW1, and CW3 heartnut at 205.45, 187.33, 161.84, and 126.46 mug/g, respectively. Tocopherols, particularly the gamma-tocopherol, were found to contribute the most to the strong total antioxidant activities of both walnut and heartnut oils using either the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay or the photochemiluminescence method.
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fatty acid profiles tocopherol contents and antioxidant activities of heartnut juglans ailanthifolia var cordiformis and persian walnut juglans regia l
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Li Li, Rong Tsao, Raymond S H Yang, J K G Kramer, Marta HernandezAbstract:The fatty acid and tocopherol compositions of three heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) varieties (Imshu, Campbell CW1, and Campbell CW3) were examined and compared with those of two Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties (Combe and Lake). The major fatty acids found in heartnuts and Walnuts were identified by gas chromatography as linoleic (18:2n-6), α-linolenic (18:3n-3), oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids found in both heartnut and walnut, ranging from 73.07 to 80.98%, and were significantly higher in heartnut than in Persian Walnuts (P < 0.001). In addition, heartnuts had significantly higher levels of 18:2n-6 and lower levels of 18:3n-3 compared to the Persian Walnuts. γ-Tocopherol was the main tocopherol homologue present in both types of nuts, followed by δ- and α-tocopherol. The highest concentration of γ-tocopherol was found in Combe Persian walnut at 267.87 μg/g, followed by Lake Persian wal...
Elizabeth J. Mitcham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts ii insect mortality and product quality
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:This paper reports on the second part of a scaling-up study investigating the technical feasibility of using radio frequency (RF) energy in commercial postharvest insect control in in-shell Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. A large-scale treatment for conveyorized Walnuts was designed based on a 25 kW, 27 MHz RF system to achieve an average walnut surface temperature of 60 ◦ C, and minimum temperature of 52 ◦ C, for 5 min. The treatment caused 100% mortality of fifth-instar navel orangeworm larvae, the most heat tolerant target pest, in both unwashed and air-dried Walnuts, and was effective over a relatively wide range of walnut moisture contents (3–7.5%). Walnut quality was not affected by the RF treatments; kernel color, peroxide values and fatty acid values of treated Walnuts were similar to untreated controls after 20 days at 35 ◦ C simulating 2 years of storage under commercial conditions at 4 ◦ C. The RF treatment slightly reduced the moisture content of the Walnuts, especially the shells. The RF treatment developed in this study should also control codling moth, Indianmeal moth and red flour beetle in in-shell Walnuts. This treatment will provide an effective and environmentally friendly phytosanitary treatment technology for the walnut industry. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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industrial scale radio frequency treatments for insect control in Walnuts i heating uniformity and energy efficiency
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, J. A. Johnson, Mario Monzon, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Juming TangAbstract:Conducting industrial-scale confirmatory treatments is the final step in developing commercially and environmentally sound insect control technologies for in-shell Walnuts using radio frequency (RF) energy as an alternative to chemical fumigation. Improving heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts in the industrial process is essential to ensure insect control without quality degradation. An industrial-scale 27 MHz, 25 kW RF system was used to determine the heating uniformity of in-shell Walnuts. Non-uniform vertical temperature distributions were measured in the RF unit, indicating that mixing and circulated hot air were needed to obtain the required treatment uniformity. Using a uniformity index derived experimentally for the RF unit, we showed that a single mixing of the Walnuts was required to optimize heating uniformity. The predicted standard deviation of walnut surface temperatures was verified experimentally. The average energy efficiency of two RF units in series was estimated to be 79.5% when heating Walnuts at 1561.7 kg/h. This study provided the basis for subsequent evaluations of treatment efficacy and product quality needed in developing an industrial-scale RF process to control insect pests in Walnuts. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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considerations in design of commercial radio frequency treatments for postharvest pest control in in shell Walnuts
Journal of Food Engineering, 2006Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, Juming Tang, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, T Sun, T Koral, Sohan BirlaAbstract:Scaling-up radio frequency (RF) treatment protocols to control insect pests in in-shell Walnuts is an essential step to transfer laboratory results to industrial applications. Practical considerations in this effort should include walnut orientation, differential heating between open and closed shell Walnuts after bleaching, intermittent mixing to improve heating uniformity, nut quality after storage, and energy costs. A pilot-scale 27 MHz, 6 kW/12 kW RF system was used to determine the effect of process parameters on walnut temperature distribution. Temperatures of vertically oriented Walnuts were 7.4 � C higher than those of horizontally oriented Walnuts. The open shell Walnuts heated much faster in RF systems than closed shell Walnuts after 1.5 min of bleaching. Mixing the Walnuts twice during 3 min of RF treatment improved the heating uniformity of final walnut temperatures by reducing non-uniformity of the electromagnetic field in the RF system. The accelerated shelf life tests at 35 � C for 10 and 20 days provided accurate simulations of actual storage at 4 � C for 1- and 2-year periods, respectively, based on similar peroxide and free fatty acid values. The energy costs of treating 4540 kg/h was only $0.23 cents/kg. This study should provide useful information for designing an industrial scale quarantine security process against insect pests in Walnuts as an alternative to chemical fumigation. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
-
Application of radio frequency treatments to control insects in in-shell Walnuts
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Rebecca H. Veltman, Xuqiao Feng, Judy A. Johnson, Tiffanie Simpson, E Castro, Shaojin Wang, William V. Biasi, Juming TangAbstract:Codling moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella [Walker]), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella [Hubner]) are common insect pests in Walnuts (Juglans regia [L.]). Currently, exported in-shell Walnuts are disinfested using methyl bromide fumigation. Restrictions on methyl bromide use have increased interest in developing alternative postharvest treatments. Radio frequency (RF) heating is such an alternative. Our tests have shown that heating Walnuts with radio frequency energy to temperatures lethal to these important insect pests has no negative effects on walnut quality, and may even reduce the susceptibility of Walnuts to becoming rancid in storage. Radio frequency treatments provided acceptable rates of heating (5–6 ◦ C min −1 ) for in-shell Walnuts to lethal temperatures. Heating Walnuts to 55 ◦ C or higher resulted in 100% mortality of fifth instar navel orangeworm, which is the most resistant of the three insect pests. Moisture content of Walnuts is an important factor affecting heating rates during radio frequency treatments. The relationship between average moisture content and average heating rate was linear, and the variability in moisture content and heating rates was higher with a higher average moisture content. Radio frequency treatments reduce the moisture content of Walnuts. A combined system of radio frequency heating with hot air has the potential to accelerate or even replace batch drying of Walnuts in the future. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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radio frequency treatments to control codling moth in in shell Walnuts
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2001Co-Authors: Shaojin Wang, Juming Tang, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, J N Ikediala, James D Hansen, R Mao, Barry G. SwansonAbstract:‘Diamond’ Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in the shell were treated with radio frequency (RF) energy in a 27 MHz pilot-scale system to determine the treatment effect on third- and fourth-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), mortality and walnut quality. After 2 and 3 min of RF treatments, infested in-shell Walnuts were heated to 43 and 53°C. The corresponding insect mortality reached 78.6 and 100%. The fatty acid (FA) concentration of treated Walnuts was not affected by RF treatments. The FA values were B 0.1% after accelerated storage times up to 30 days at 35°C, simulating storage at 4°C for up to 3 years. The effect of RF treatments on walnut oil peroxide values (PV) was not significant. The PV value of Walnuts was less than 1.0 meq:kg (the upper limit for good quality Walnuts), after 20 days storage at 35°C that simulated 2 year storage at 4°C. The PV was about 1.2 meg:kg after 30 days storage at 35°C. RF treatments can, therefore, potentially provide an effective and rapid quarantine security protocol against codling moth larvae in Walnuts as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
