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Chokri Cherif - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process influence of pattern and Knitting yarn tension on the geometry of the textile fabric
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    This paper is part of a series dealing with the application of the extended Warp‐Knitting Process for the production of textile fabrics for composites. Further studies will examine the properties of thermoplastic composites and textile reinforced concrete made of stitch‐bonded multi‐plies. It is known that Knitting yarn pattern and Knitting yarn tension during fabric production affect the properties of stitch‐bonded multi‐plies and composites made thereof. This paper describes the effects of those two parameters on the fabric as produced with the extended stitch‐bonding Process. It can be shown in which way pattern and yarn tension can be chosen to reduce compression of the Warp threads in the fabric as well as to avoid unwanted displacement of threads caused by handling.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process reinforcements with symmetrical layer arrangement for concrete
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Regine Ortlepp, Enrico Lorenz, Anna Lundahl, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    With the development of the extended stitch‐bonding Process, an important modification of the production Process for stitch‐bonded fabrics was realized. Through the introduction of a lateral shift of the needle bar, the stitch‐bonding Process is essentially being changed compared with the working method used before. This has made possible the manufacturing of optimally adjusted textile semi‐finished products for numerous applications in the field of composite material. One such application – the usage of stitch‐bonded fabrics as a textile reinforcement for concrete – is analyzed in this article. It was observed that promising possibilities for the use of the extended stitch‐bonding Process result from overcoming the known restrictions during the production with conventional stitch‐bonding machines. A markedly improved quality of textile reinforcement is achieved through the new binding patterns and the free arrangement of the layers. The reinforcement shows a verifiable better bonding behavior than the co...

  • effizienzsteigerung von textilbeton durch einsatz textiler bewehrungen nach dem erweiterten naehwirkverfahren efficiency increase of textile reinforced concrete by use of textile reinforcements from the extended Warp Knitting Process
    Beton- Und Stahlbetonbau, 2011
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp, Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Textilbeton ist ein neuer, effektiver und sehr innovativer Baustoff zur Verstaerkung von Tragwerken. Im Rahmen der laufenden Forschung stehen die weitere Verbesserung des Verstaerkungsverfahrens und die stetige Weiterentwicklung der Faser-Matrix-Kombination im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der hohen Garnzugfestigkeiten sind bei der Verwendung textiler Bewehrungen aus Carbon sehr effektive Verstaerkungen herstellbar. Bei unguenstiger Konfiguration der textilen Bewehrungen koennen jedoch verbund- und festigkeitsschaedigende Rissbildungen innerhalb zugbeanpruchter Textilbetonbauteile auftreten. Diese Rissbildungseffekte werden in Abhaengigkeit von der Belastung massgeblich durch die wirkenden Verbundkraefte und die verarbeitungsbedingte Garnwelligkeit beeinflusst. Dabei ist die Gefahr eines Verbundversagens durch Delamination besonders in den Bereichen der Lasteintragung in die textile Bewehrung, wie zum Beispiel Endverankerungen und Uebergreifungsstoesse, kritisch. Dies fuehrt zu einer Reduzierung der nutzbaren Zugtragfaehigkeit der textilen Bewehrung im Gesamtbauteil. Um die Effizienz der textilen Bewehrung zu erhoehen, wurde daher ein verbessertes Textilherstellungsverfahren auf Basis der Naehwirktechnik entwickelt. Dadurch wird die unguenstig wirkende Garnwelligkeit deutlich reduziert. Der Beitrag beschreibt vergleichende Untersuchungen der Verbund- und Festigkeitseigenschaften zugbeanspruchter Textilbetonbauteile. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der Entwicklung des erweiterten Naehwirkprozesses ein massgebender Schritt im Hinblick auf eine weitere Verbesserung der Eigenschaften des Textilbetons erreicht werden konnte. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The composite material textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new, effective and very innovative method for the strengthening of load bearing structures. Apart from further improvements to the strengthening methods, a continual further development of the fibre-matrix combination is at the centre of ongoing research. Due to the high tensile strengths of textile reinforcements made of carbon, it enables very effective strengthening of concrete constructions. However, if the textile fabrics are unfavourably configured, bond and strength damaging crack formations within TRC members can occur. Depending on the load, these crack formation effects are substantially influenced by the bond and the size of yarn undulation, which depends on the Processing of the fabric. The danger of bond failure by delamination, which particularly occurs in areas of concentrated load introduction into the textile reinforcement, such as final anchorages and overlaps, is especially critical. It results in a reduction of the usable tensile load bearing capacity in the entire member. For this reason, an improved textile manufacturing method based on Warp Knitting technology was developed. By means of this method, yarn undulation can be reduced considerably. The article describes comparative examinations of the bond and strength properties of tensile loaded TRC elements. The results show that the development of the extended Warp Knitting Process was a substantial step toward a further improvement of the properties of TRC. (A)

  • improvements in the Warp Knitting Process and new patterning techniques for stitch bonded textiles
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Stitch-bonding technology offers a highly effective Process of manufacturing reinforcement textiles for composite materials. This innovative technology is based on joining layers of threads and fabric with a Knitting thread to create a layered structure, a multi-ply. Thus far, the Knitting thread has restricted the positioning of individual layers in the fabric. It has been impossible, until now, to position Warp layers symmetrically in one step as the outer layers of the fabric. It has been accomplished as a multi-step Process, which in turn compromises productivity and quality. With the needle shift technique as an extension of the stitch-bonding Process, all previous restrictions on multi-plies are eliminated. Both outer Warp layers can be secured in one procedure by incorporating a shift of the needle bar during the stitching Process, creating endless possibilities for the arrangement and patterns in the stitch-bonding Process. For the numerical description and diagramming of the new patterning techni...

Jan Hausding - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process influence of pattern and Knitting yarn tension on the geometry of the textile fabric
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    This paper is part of a series dealing with the application of the extended Warp‐Knitting Process for the production of textile fabrics for composites. Further studies will examine the properties of thermoplastic composites and textile reinforced concrete made of stitch‐bonded multi‐plies. It is known that Knitting yarn pattern and Knitting yarn tension during fabric production affect the properties of stitch‐bonded multi‐plies and composites made thereof. This paper describes the effects of those two parameters on the fabric as produced with the extended stitch‐bonding Process. It can be shown in which way pattern and yarn tension can be chosen to reduce compression of the Warp threads in the fabric as well as to avoid unwanted displacement of threads caused by handling.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process reinforcements with symmetrical layer arrangement for concrete
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Regine Ortlepp, Enrico Lorenz, Anna Lundahl, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    With the development of the extended stitch‐bonding Process, an important modification of the production Process for stitch‐bonded fabrics was realized. Through the introduction of a lateral shift of the needle bar, the stitch‐bonding Process is essentially being changed compared with the working method used before. This has made possible the manufacturing of optimally adjusted textile semi‐finished products for numerous applications in the field of composite material. One such application – the usage of stitch‐bonded fabrics as a textile reinforcement for concrete – is analyzed in this article. It was observed that promising possibilities for the use of the extended stitch‐bonding Process result from overcoming the known restrictions during the production with conventional stitch‐bonding machines. A markedly improved quality of textile reinforcement is achieved through the new binding patterns and the free arrangement of the layers. The reinforcement shows a verifiable better bonding behavior than the co...

  • effizienzsteigerung von textilbeton durch einsatz textiler bewehrungen nach dem erweiterten naehwirkverfahren efficiency increase of textile reinforced concrete by use of textile reinforcements from the extended Warp Knitting Process
    Beton- Und Stahlbetonbau, 2011
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp, Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Textilbeton ist ein neuer, effektiver und sehr innovativer Baustoff zur Verstaerkung von Tragwerken. Im Rahmen der laufenden Forschung stehen die weitere Verbesserung des Verstaerkungsverfahrens und die stetige Weiterentwicklung der Faser-Matrix-Kombination im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der hohen Garnzugfestigkeiten sind bei der Verwendung textiler Bewehrungen aus Carbon sehr effektive Verstaerkungen herstellbar. Bei unguenstiger Konfiguration der textilen Bewehrungen koennen jedoch verbund- und festigkeitsschaedigende Rissbildungen innerhalb zugbeanpruchter Textilbetonbauteile auftreten. Diese Rissbildungseffekte werden in Abhaengigkeit von der Belastung massgeblich durch die wirkenden Verbundkraefte und die verarbeitungsbedingte Garnwelligkeit beeinflusst. Dabei ist die Gefahr eines Verbundversagens durch Delamination besonders in den Bereichen der Lasteintragung in die textile Bewehrung, wie zum Beispiel Endverankerungen und Uebergreifungsstoesse, kritisch. Dies fuehrt zu einer Reduzierung der nutzbaren Zugtragfaehigkeit der textilen Bewehrung im Gesamtbauteil. Um die Effizienz der textilen Bewehrung zu erhoehen, wurde daher ein verbessertes Textilherstellungsverfahren auf Basis der Naehwirktechnik entwickelt. Dadurch wird die unguenstig wirkende Garnwelligkeit deutlich reduziert. Der Beitrag beschreibt vergleichende Untersuchungen der Verbund- und Festigkeitseigenschaften zugbeanspruchter Textilbetonbauteile. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der Entwicklung des erweiterten Naehwirkprozesses ein massgebender Schritt im Hinblick auf eine weitere Verbesserung der Eigenschaften des Textilbetons erreicht werden konnte. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The composite material textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new, effective and very innovative method for the strengthening of load bearing structures. Apart from further improvements to the strengthening methods, a continual further development of the fibre-matrix combination is at the centre of ongoing research. Due to the high tensile strengths of textile reinforcements made of carbon, it enables very effective strengthening of concrete constructions. However, if the textile fabrics are unfavourably configured, bond and strength damaging crack formations within TRC members can occur. Depending on the load, these crack formation effects are substantially influenced by the bond and the size of yarn undulation, which depends on the Processing of the fabric. The danger of bond failure by delamination, which particularly occurs in areas of concentrated load introduction into the textile reinforcement, such as final anchorages and overlaps, is especially critical. It results in a reduction of the usable tensile load bearing capacity in the entire member. For this reason, an improved textile manufacturing method based on Warp Knitting technology was developed. By means of this method, yarn undulation can be reduced considerably. The article describes comparative examinations of the bond and strength properties of tensile loaded TRC elements. The results show that the development of the extended Warp Knitting Process was a substantial step toward a further improvement of the properties of TRC. (A)

  • improvements in the Warp Knitting Process and new patterning techniques for stitch bonded textiles
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Stitch-bonding technology offers a highly effective Process of manufacturing reinforcement textiles for composite materials. This innovative technology is based on joining layers of threads and fabric with a Knitting thread to create a layered structure, a multi-ply. Thus far, the Knitting thread has restricted the positioning of individual layers in the fabric. It has been impossible, until now, to position Warp layers symmetrically in one step as the outer layers of the fabric. It has been accomplished as a multi-step Process, which in turn compromises productivity and quality. With the needle shift technique as an extension of the stitch-bonding Process, all previous restrictions on multi-plies are eliminated. Both outer Warp layers can be secured in one procedure by incorporating a shift of the needle bar during the stitching Process, creating endless possibilities for the arrangement and patterns in the stitch-bonding Process. For the numerical description and diagramming of the new patterning techni...

Regine Ortlepp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Efficiency Increase of TRC by Using Textile Reinforcements from the Extended Warp Knitting Process
    Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites, 2018
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp
    Abstract:

    In practice, there are different possibilities to strengthen load bearing structures by sensible combinations of different materials. The composite material, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an effective and very innovative strengthening method. Due to the increased lateral tensile loading, there exists the danger of an early failure by delamination in end anchorages and overlaps, where loads are transferred to the textile reinforcement. This leads to a reduction in the tensile load bearing capacity of the textile in the entire structural member. The crack formation effects, which depend on loading, are substantially influenced by existing bond between fiber and matrix and by the size of the Process-related fiber undulations. An improved textile manufacturing method was developed by the Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology in Dresden, Germany, to increase the efficiency of the textile reinforcement. The so-called needle shift technology in the extended Warp Knitting Process considerably reduces the thread waviness (undulations) compared to the standard textile manufacturing method. The article in hand describes comparative tests of the bond and strength properties using textiles manufactured with the standard and the extended Warp Knitting Process. The new developed textile fabrics did not only increase the tensile strength of the TRC specimens but also significantly reduced cracking. The results show that, with the developments in needle shift, a substantial improvement in TRC is possible.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process reinforcements with symmetrical layer arrangement for concrete
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Regine Ortlepp, Enrico Lorenz, Anna Lundahl, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    With the development of the extended stitch‐bonding Process, an important modification of the production Process for stitch‐bonded fabrics was realized. Through the introduction of a lateral shift of the needle bar, the stitch‐bonding Process is essentially being changed compared with the working method used before. This has made possible the manufacturing of optimally adjusted textile semi‐finished products for numerous applications in the field of composite material. One such application – the usage of stitch‐bonded fabrics as a textile reinforcement for concrete – is analyzed in this article. It was observed that promising possibilities for the use of the extended stitch‐bonding Process result from overcoming the known restrictions during the production with conventional stitch‐bonding machines. A markedly improved quality of textile reinforcement is achieved through the new binding patterns and the free arrangement of the layers. The reinforcement shows a verifiable better bonding behavior than the co...

  • effizienzsteigerung von textilbeton durch einsatz textiler bewehrungen nach dem erweiterten naehwirkverfahren efficiency increase of textile reinforced concrete by use of textile reinforcements from the extended Warp Knitting Process
    Beton- Und Stahlbetonbau, 2011
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp, Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Textilbeton ist ein neuer, effektiver und sehr innovativer Baustoff zur Verstaerkung von Tragwerken. Im Rahmen der laufenden Forschung stehen die weitere Verbesserung des Verstaerkungsverfahrens und die stetige Weiterentwicklung der Faser-Matrix-Kombination im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der hohen Garnzugfestigkeiten sind bei der Verwendung textiler Bewehrungen aus Carbon sehr effektive Verstaerkungen herstellbar. Bei unguenstiger Konfiguration der textilen Bewehrungen koennen jedoch verbund- und festigkeitsschaedigende Rissbildungen innerhalb zugbeanpruchter Textilbetonbauteile auftreten. Diese Rissbildungseffekte werden in Abhaengigkeit von der Belastung massgeblich durch die wirkenden Verbundkraefte und die verarbeitungsbedingte Garnwelligkeit beeinflusst. Dabei ist die Gefahr eines Verbundversagens durch Delamination besonders in den Bereichen der Lasteintragung in die textile Bewehrung, wie zum Beispiel Endverankerungen und Uebergreifungsstoesse, kritisch. Dies fuehrt zu einer Reduzierung der nutzbaren Zugtragfaehigkeit der textilen Bewehrung im Gesamtbauteil. Um die Effizienz der textilen Bewehrung zu erhoehen, wurde daher ein verbessertes Textilherstellungsverfahren auf Basis der Naehwirktechnik entwickelt. Dadurch wird die unguenstig wirkende Garnwelligkeit deutlich reduziert. Der Beitrag beschreibt vergleichende Untersuchungen der Verbund- und Festigkeitseigenschaften zugbeanspruchter Textilbetonbauteile. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der Entwicklung des erweiterten Naehwirkprozesses ein massgebender Schritt im Hinblick auf eine weitere Verbesserung der Eigenschaften des Textilbetons erreicht werden konnte. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The composite material textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new, effective and very innovative method for the strengthening of load bearing structures. Apart from further improvements to the strengthening methods, a continual further development of the fibre-matrix combination is at the centre of ongoing research. Due to the high tensile strengths of textile reinforcements made of carbon, it enables very effective strengthening of concrete constructions. However, if the textile fabrics are unfavourably configured, bond and strength damaging crack formations within TRC members can occur. Depending on the load, these crack formation effects are substantially influenced by the bond and the size of yarn undulation, which depends on the Processing of the fabric. The danger of bond failure by delamination, which particularly occurs in areas of concentrated load introduction into the textile reinforcement, such as final anchorages and overlaps, is especially critical. It results in a reduction of the usable tensile load bearing capacity in the entire member. For this reason, an improved textile manufacturing method based on Warp Knitting technology was developed. By means of this method, yarn undulation can be reduced considerably. The article describes comparative examinations of the bond and strength properties of tensile loaded TRC elements. The results show that the development of the extended Warp Knitting Process was a substantial step toward a further improvement of the properties of TRC. (A)

Enrico Lorenz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Efficiency Increase of TRC by Using Textile Reinforcements from the Extended Warp Knitting Process
    Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites, 2018
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp
    Abstract:

    In practice, there are different possibilities to strengthen load bearing structures by sensible combinations of different materials. The composite material, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an effective and very innovative strengthening method. Due to the increased lateral tensile loading, there exists the danger of an early failure by delamination in end anchorages and overlaps, where loads are transferred to the textile reinforcement. This leads to a reduction in the tensile load bearing capacity of the textile in the entire structural member. The crack formation effects, which depend on loading, are substantially influenced by existing bond between fiber and matrix and by the size of the Process-related fiber undulations. An improved textile manufacturing method was developed by the Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology in Dresden, Germany, to increase the efficiency of the textile reinforcement. The so-called needle shift technology in the extended Warp Knitting Process considerably reduces the thread waviness (undulations) compared to the standard textile manufacturing method. The article in hand describes comparative tests of the bond and strength properties using textiles manufactured with the standard and the extended Warp Knitting Process. The new developed textile fabrics did not only increase the tensile strength of the TRC specimens but also significantly reduced cracking. The results show that, with the developments in needle shift, a substantial improvement in TRC is possible.

  • application of stitch bonded multi plies made by using the extended Warp Knitting Process reinforcements with symmetrical layer arrangement for concrete
    Journal of The Textile Institute, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jan Hausding, Regine Ortlepp, Enrico Lorenz, Anna Lundahl, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    With the development of the extended stitch‐bonding Process, an important modification of the production Process for stitch‐bonded fabrics was realized. Through the introduction of a lateral shift of the needle bar, the stitch‐bonding Process is essentially being changed compared with the working method used before. This has made possible the manufacturing of optimally adjusted textile semi‐finished products for numerous applications in the field of composite material. One such application – the usage of stitch‐bonded fabrics as a textile reinforcement for concrete – is analyzed in this article. It was observed that promising possibilities for the use of the extended stitch‐bonding Process result from overcoming the known restrictions during the production with conventional stitch‐bonding machines. A markedly improved quality of textile reinforcement is achieved through the new binding patterns and the free arrangement of the layers. The reinforcement shows a verifiable better bonding behavior than the co...

  • effizienzsteigerung von textilbeton durch einsatz textiler bewehrungen nach dem erweiterten naehwirkverfahren efficiency increase of textile reinforced concrete by use of textile reinforcements from the extended Warp Knitting Process
    Beton- Und Stahlbetonbau, 2011
    Co-Authors: Enrico Lorenz, Regine Ortlepp, Jan Hausding, Chokri Cherif
    Abstract:

    Textilbeton ist ein neuer, effektiver und sehr innovativer Baustoff zur Verstaerkung von Tragwerken. Im Rahmen der laufenden Forschung stehen die weitere Verbesserung des Verstaerkungsverfahrens und die stetige Weiterentwicklung der Faser-Matrix-Kombination im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der hohen Garnzugfestigkeiten sind bei der Verwendung textiler Bewehrungen aus Carbon sehr effektive Verstaerkungen herstellbar. Bei unguenstiger Konfiguration der textilen Bewehrungen koennen jedoch verbund- und festigkeitsschaedigende Rissbildungen innerhalb zugbeanpruchter Textilbetonbauteile auftreten. Diese Rissbildungseffekte werden in Abhaengigkeit von der Belastung massgeblich durch die wirkenden Verbundkraefte und die verarbeitungsbedingte Garnwelligkeit beeinflusst. Dabei ist die Gefahr eines Verbundversagens durch Delamination besonders in den Bereichen der Lasteintragung in die textile Bewehrung, wie zum Beispiel Endverankerungen und Uebergreifungsstoesse, kritisch. Dies fuehrt zu einer Reduzierung der nutzbaren Zugtragfaehigkeit der textilen Bewehrung im Gesamtbauteil. Um die Effizienz der textilen Bewehrung zu erhoehen, wurde daher ein verbessertes Textilherstellungsverfahren auf Basis der Naehwirktechnik entwickelt. Dadurch wird die unguenstig wirkende Garnwelligkeit deutlich reduziert. Der Beitrag beschreibt vergleichende Untersuchungen der Verbund- und Festigkeitseigenschaften zugbeanspruchter Textilbetonbauteile. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der Entwicklung des erweiterten Naehwirkprozesses ein massgebender Schritt im Hinblick auf eine weitere Verbesserung der Eigenschaften des Textilbetons erreicht werden konnte. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The composite material textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new, effective and very innovative method for the strengthening of load bearing structures. Apart from further improvements to the strengthening methods, a continual further development of the fibre-matrix combination is at the centre of ongoing research. Due to the high tensile strengths of textile reinforcements made of carbon, it enables very effective strengthening of concrete constructions. However, if the textile fabrics are unfavourably configured, bond and strength damaging crack formations within TRC members can occur. Depending on the load, these crack formation effects are substantially influenced by the bond and the size of yarn undulation, which depends on the Processing of the fabric. The danger of bond failure by delamination, which particularly occurs in areas of concentrated load introduction into the textile reinforcement, such as final anchorages and overlaps, is especially critical. It results in a reduction of the usable tensile load bearing capacity in the entire member. For this reason, an improved textile manufacturing method based on Warp Knitting technology was developed. By means of this method, yarn undulation can be reduced considerably. The article describes comparative examinations of the bond and strength properties of tensile loaded TRC elements. The results show that the development of the extended Warp Knitting Process was a substantial step toward a further improvement of the properties of TRC. (A)

Khokar Nandan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 3D-Weaving and Noobing: Characterization of Interlaced and Non-interlaced 3D Fabric Forming Principles
    Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, 1997
    Co-Authors: Khokar Nandan
    Abstract:

    TEXTILE-based composite materials are the rapidly developing light-weight engineering materials. Fabrics constitute the reinforcement component of the composite material. The fabrics used in composites manufacture are referred to as preforms and are especially engineered as a single-fabric system to impart reliability and performance. Preforms constituting continuous-fibres are producible through fabric manufacturing methods of weaving, Knitting, braiding and certain nonwoven techniques. A number of novel techniques have evolved, particularly in the last three decades, to engineer 3D fabrics. However, these new indispensable 3D fabric manufacturing methods, which have been primarily devised to organize and assemble essentially three orthogonal sets of yarn (in the fabric-length, -width and thickness directions), have not been a matter of examination from the point of textile technology. A consequence of this has been the misrepresentation of a unique nonwoven 3D fabric-forming principle and Process as 3D-weaving. The lack of proper technical information, terms and definitions have led to the mistaken classification of the patents of the various nonwoven 3D fabric manufacturing developments in the weaving category over the years. To represent the nonwoven 3D fabric-forming Processes as 3D-weaving is technically not correct even if they bear certain similarities with the weaving Process design. This is because in these new Processes, the foremost operation of shedding, which is central to the weaving principle and without which the weaving Process cannot technically progress, is totally dispensed with. Consequently the obtaining Process ceases to comply with the principle of weaving and the resulting 3D fabric is a non-interlaced construction. Clearly this non-interlacing Process happens to be fundamentally different from the firmly established interlacing characteristics of the weaving Process. The nonwoven 3D fabric-forming Process is now recognized by the term 'noobing' and it is designed essentially to assemble three orthogonal sets of yarn, without interlacing them, into a 3D fabric. With this, the constituent yarns of the fabric are free of any crimp. In the absence of any interlacement, the fabric integrity has to be realized through a compulsory binding operation. Because the fabric integrity results from the outermost opposite `interconnected yarns', there is the risk of the fabric splitting up if cut at the surface or internally. The development of an experimental noobing device has upheld these integral characteristics. The noobing Process can be classified into uniaxial and multiaxial types, of which the former is comprehensively analysed here as this Process type has been mistaken for the 3D-weaving Process. The newly gained understanding shows this Process could be utilized in the production of certain technical textiles other than preforms as it has a limited near-net shaping capability to produce few `simple' solid cross-sectional profiles. This Process can also be employed to produce thick-walled tubular fabrics. The multiaxial noobing Process, which has been regarded as multiaxial Warp `Knitting' Process, does not figure in the main focus of the present study. To characterize the practically unknown 3D-weaving Process, the concept of 'dual-directional shedding' operation is introduced. The shedding operation of the conventional 2D-weaving Process is limited in its design to form a shed in only the fabric-width direction to enable interlacement of two orthogonal sets of yarn (a weft and either a single or a multiple layer Warp). In the 3D-weaving Process, the dual-directional shedding operation forms multiple sheds in the fabric-width and also the fabric-thickness direction to effect interlacement of three orthogonal sets of yarn (two orthogonal sets of weft and a multilayer Warp). Two distinct dual-directional shedding methods have been developed to demonstrate the practicability of the new concept. These methods have been specifically developed to provide `yarn-to-yarn interconnectivity' for producing a network-like 3D woven 3D fabric block. From such a block, preforms of any desired shape, not only cross-sectional profile, could be cut without the risk of its splitting. Such a course of preform manufacture, referred to as universal preforming, could be a new approach to produce preforms for certain composite material applications