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Antoni Sanchez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a complete mass balance of a complex combined anaerobic aerobic municipal source separated Waste Treatment Plant
Waste Management, 2012Co-Authors: Michele Pognani, Raquel Barrena, Xavier Font, Antoni SanchezAbstract:In this study a combined anaerobic/aerobic full-scale Treatment Plant designed for the Treatment of the source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid Waste (OFMSW) was monitored over a period of one year. During this period, full information was collected about the Waste input material, the biogas production, the main rejects and the compost characteristics. The Plant includes mechanical pre-Treatment, dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion, tunnel composting system and a curing phase to produce compost. To perform the monitoring of the entire Plant and the individual steps, traditional chemical methods were used but they present important limitations in determining the critical points and the efficiency of the stabilization of the organic matter. Respiration indices (dynamic and cumulative) allowed for the quantitative calculation of the efficiency of each Treatment unit. The mass balance was calculated and expressed in terms of Mgy(-1) of wet (total) matter, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Results show that during the pre-Treatment step about 32% of the initial wet matter is rejected without any Treatment. This also reduces the biodegradability of the organic matter that continues to the Treatment process. About 50% of the initial nitrogen and 86.4% of the initial phosphorus are found in the final compost. The final compost also achieves a high level of stabilization with a dynamic respiration index of 0.3±0.1g O(2) per kg of total solids per hour, which implies a reduction of 93% from that of the raw OFMSW, without considering the losses of biodegradable organic matter in the refuse (32% of the total input). The anaerobic digestion process is the main contributor to this stabilization.
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Detection, Composition and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waste Treatment Plants
Sensors (Basel Switzerland), 2011Co-Authors: Xavier Font, Adriana Artola, Antoni SanchezAbstract:Environmental policies at the European and global level support the diversion of Wastes from landfills for their Treatment in different facilities. Organic Waste is mainly treated or valorized through composting, anaerobic digestion or a combination of both Treatments. Thus, there are an increasing number of Waste Treatment Plants using this type of biological Treatment. During Waste handling and biological decomposition steps a number of gaseous compounds are generated or removed from the organic matrix and emitted. Different families of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) can be found in these emissions. Many of these compounds are also sources of odor nuisance. In fact, odors are the main source of complaints and social impacts of any Waste Treatment Plant. This work presents a summary of the main types of VOC emitted in organic Waste Treatment facilities and the methods used to detect and quantify these compounds, together with the Treatment methods applied to gaseous emissions commonly used in composting and anaerobic digestion facilities.
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monitoring the organic matter properties in a combined anaerobic aerobic full scale municipal source separated Waste Treatment Plant
Bioresource Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Michele Pognani, Raquel Barrena, Xavier Font, Barbara Scaglia, Fabrizio Adani, Antoni SanchezAbstract:Abstract Respiration indices (dynamic and cumulative) and the anaerobic biogasification potential are applied to the quantitative calculation of the biodegradation efficiency in a combined anaerobic/aerobic Treatment for the organic fraction of municipal solid Waste (OFMSW). They also permit to observe possible deficiencies in some parts of the entire sequence of organic matter decomposition. On the contrary, chemical methods presented a limited utility. Dynamic respiration indices highlighted that anaerobic digestion was the most efficient step to reduce the respiration activity of the Waste (61% calculated on a DRI 24h basis). Respirometric activity of final compost was 93% lower than initial OFMSW confirming the overall efficiency of the Plant studied and the stability of the final product (0.3 g O 2 kg TS −1 h −1 ). Finally, the use of an advanced methodology such as the Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transformed (DRIFT) allows the determination of the main functional groups of organic matter, which significantly change during the biological Treatment of organic matter.
S.p. Reidel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reducing Uncertainty in the Seismic Design Basis for the Waste Treatment Plant, Hanford, Washington
2007Co-Authors: T.m. Brouns, A.c. Rohay, S.p. Reidel, M.g. GardnerAbstract:The seismic design basis for the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) at the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hanford Site near Richland was re-evaluated in 2005, resulting in an increase by up to 40% in the seismic design basis. The original seismic design basis for the WTP was established in 1999 based on a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis completed in 1996. The 2005 analysis was performed to address questions raised by the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB) about the assumptions used in developing the original seismic criteria and adequacy of the site geotechnical surveys. The updated seismic response analysis used existing and newly acquired seismic velocity data, statistical analysis, expert elicitation, and ground motion simulation to develop interim design ground motion response spectra which enveloped the remaining uncertainties. The uncertainties in these response spectra were enveloped at approximately the 84 th percentile to produce conservative design spectra, which contributed significantly to the increase in the seismic design basis. A key uncertainty identified in the 2005 analysis was the velocity contrasts between the basalt flows and sedimentary interbeds below the WTP. The velocity structure of the upper four basalt flows (Saddle Mountains Basalt) and the interlayered sedimentary interbeds (Ellensburg Formation) produces strong reductions in modeled earthquake ground motions propagating through them. Uncertainty in the strength of velocity contrasts between these basalts and interbeds primarily resulted from an absence of measured shear wave velocities (Vs) in the interbeds. For this study, Vs in the interbeds was estimated from older, limited compressional wave velocity (Vp) data using estimated ranges for the ratio of the two velocities (Vp/Vs) based on analogues in similar materials. A range of possible Vs for the interbeds and basalts was used and produced additional uncertainty in the resulting response spectra. Because of the sensitivity of the calculated response spectra to the velocity contrasts between the basalts and interbedded sediments, DOE initiated an effort to emplace additional boreholes at the WTP site and obtain direct Vs measurements and other physical property measurements in these layers. One corehole and three boreholes have been installed at the WTP site to a maximum depth of 1468 ft (447 m) below ground surface. The three boreholes are within 500 ft (152 m) of and surrounding the high level Waste vitrification and preTreatment facilities of the WTP, which were the Performance Category 3 (PC-3) structures affected by the interim design spectra. The corehole is co-located with the borehole closest to the two PC-3 structures. These new measurements are expected to reduce the uncertainty in the modeled site response that is caused by the lack of direct knowledge of the Vs contrasts within these layers.
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Geology of the Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Boreholes
2007Co-Authors: D. Brent Barnett, S.p. Reidel, Bruce N. Bjornstad, Karl R. Fecht, David C. Lanigan, Colleen F. RustAbstract:In 2006, DOE-ORP initiated the Seismic Boreholes Project (SBP) to emplace boreholes at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) site in order to obtain direct Vs measurements and other physical property measurements in Columbia River basalt and interbedded sediments of the Ellensburg Formation. The goal was to reduce the uncertainty in the response spectra and seismic design basis, and potentially recover design margin for the WTP. The characterization effort within the deep boreholes included 1) downhole measurements of the velocity properties of the suprabasalt, basalt, and sedimentary interbed sequences, 2) downhole measurements of the density of the subsurface basalt and sediments, and 3) confirmation of the geometry of the contact between the various basalt and interbedded sediments through examination of retrieved core from the corehole and data collected through geophysical logging of each borehole. This report describes the results of the geologic studies from three mud-rotary boreholes and one cored borehole at the WTP. All four boreholes penetrated the entire Saddle Mountains Basalt and the upper part of the Wanapum Basalt where thick sedimentary interbeds occur between the lava flows. The basalt flows penetrated in Saddle Mountains Basalt included the Umatilla Member, Esquatzel Member, Pomona Member and the Elephant Mountain Member. The underlying Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt was also penetrated. The Ellensburg Formation sediments consist of the Mabton Interbed, the Cold Creek Interbed, the Selah Interbed and the Rattlesnake Ridge Interbed; the Byron Interbed occurs between two flows of the Priest Rapids Member. The Mabton Interbed marks the contact between the Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts. The thicknesses of the basalts and interbedded sediments were within expected limits. However, a small reverse fault was found in the Pomona Member flow top. This fault has three periods of movement and less than 15 feet of repeated section. Most of the movement on the fault appears to have occurred before the youngest lava flow, the 10.5 million year old Elephant Mountain Member was emplaced above the Pomona Member
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Sampling and Analysis Plan - Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Boreholes Project
2006Co-Authors: S.p. ReidelAbstract:This sampling and analysis plan (SAP) describes planned data collection activities for four entry boreholes through the sediment overlying the basalt, up to three new deep rotary boreholes through the basalt and sedimentary interbeds, and one corehole through the basalt and sedimentary interbeds at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) site. The SAP will be used in concert with the quality assurance plan for the project to guide the procedure development and data collection activities needed to support borehole drilling, geophysical measurements, and sampling. This SAP identifies the American Society of Testing Materials standards, Hanford Site procedures, and other guidance to be followed for data collection activities.
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Site-Specific Seismic Site Response Model for the Waste Treatment Plant, Hanford, Washington
2005Co-Authors: A.c. Rohay, S.p. ReidelAbstract:This interim report documents the collection of site-specific geologic and geophysical data characterizing the Waste Treatment Plant site and the modeling of the site-specific structure response to earthquake ground motions.
Colleen F. Rust - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geology of the Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Boreholes
2007Co-Authors: D. Brent Barnett, Bruce N. Bjornstad, Karl R. Fecht, David C. Lanigan, Stephen P. Reidel, Colleen F. RustAbstract:In 2006, the U.S. Department of Energy initiated the Seismic Boreholes Project (SBP) to emplace boreholes at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) site in order to obtain direct shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements and other physical property measurements in Columbia River basalt and interbedded sediments of the Ellensburg Formation. The goal was to reduce the uncertainty in the response spectra and seismic design basis, and potentially recover design margin for the WTP. The characterization effort within the deep boreholes included 1) downhole measurements of the velocity properties of the suprabasalt, basalt, and sedimentary interbed sequences, 2) downhole measurements of the density of the subsurface basalt and sediments, and 3) geologic studies to confirm the geometry of the contact between the various basalt and interbedded sediments through examination of retrieved core from the core hole and data collected through geophysical logging of each borehole. This report describes the results of the geologic studies from three mud-rotary boreholes and one cored borehole at the WTP. All four boreholes penetrated the entire Saddle Mountains Basalt and the upper part of the Wanapum Basalt where thick sedimentary interbeds occur between the lava flows. The basalt flows penetrated in Saddle Mountains Basalt included the Umatilla Member, Esquatzel Member, Pomona Member, and the Elephant Mountain Member. The underlying Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt also was penetrated. The Ellensburg Formation sediments consist of the Mabton Interbed, the Cold Creek Interbed, the Selah Interbed, and the Rattlesnake Ridge Interbed; the Byron Interbed occurs between two flows of the Priest Rapids Member. The Mabton Interbed marks the contact between the Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts. The thicknesses of the basalts and interbedded sediments were within expected limits. However, a small reverse fault was found in the Pomona Member flow top. This fault has three periods of movement and less than 15 ft of repeated section. Most of the movement on the fault appears to have occurred before the youngest lava flow, the 10.5-million-year-old Elephant Mountain Member, was emplaced above the Pomona Member
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Geology of the Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Boreholes
2007Co-Authors: D. Brent Barnett, S.p. Reidel, Bruce N. Bjornstad, Karl R. Fecht, David C. Lanigan, Colleen F. RustAbstract:In 2006, DOE-ORP initiated the Seismic Boreholes Project (SBP) to emplace boreholes at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) site in order to obtain direct Vs measurements and other physical property measurements in Columbia River basalt and interbedded sediments of the Ellensburg Formation. The goal was to reduce the uncertainty in the response spectra and seismic design basis, and potentially recover design margin for the WTP. The characterization effort within the deep boreholes included 1) downhole measurements of the velocity properties of the suprabasalt, basalt, and sedimentary interbed sequences, 2) downhole measurements of the density of the subsurface basalt and sediments, and 3) confirmation of the geometry of the contact between the various basalt and interbedded sediments through examination of retrieved core from the corehole and data collected through geophysical logging of each borehole. This report describes the results of the geologic studies from three mud-rotary boreholes and one cored borehole at the WTP. All four boreholes penetrated the entire Saddle Mountains Basalt and the upper part of the Wanapum Basalt where thick sedimentary interbeds occur between the lava flows. The basalt flows penetrated in Saddle Mountains Basalt included the Umatilla Member, Esquatzel Member, Pomona Member and the Elephant Mountain Member. The underlying Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt was also penetrated. The Ellensburg Formation sediments consist of the Mabton Interbed, the Cold Creek Interbed, the Selah Interbed and the Rattlesnake Ridge Interbed; the Byron Interbed occurs between two flows of the Priest Rapids Member. The Mabton Interbed marks the contact between the Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts. The thicknesses of the basalts and interbedded sediments were within expected limits. However, a small reverse fault was found in the Pomona Member flow top. This fault has three periods of movement and less than 15 feet of repeated section. Most of the movement on the fault appears to have occurred before the youngest lava flow, the 10.5 million year old Elephant Mountain Member was emplaced above the Pomona Member
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Borehole Summary Report for Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Borehole C4993
2007Co-Authors: Colleen F. Rust, D. Brent Barnett, Nathan A. Bowles, Jake A HornerAbstract:A core hole (C4998) and three boreholes (C4993, C4996, and C4997) were drilled to acquire stratigraphic and downhole seismic data to model potential seismic impacts and to refine design specifications and seismic criteria for the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) under construction on the Hanford Site. Borehole C4993 was completed through the Saddle Mountains Basalt, the upper portion of the Wanapum Basalt, and associated sedimentary interbeds, to provide a continuous record of the rock penetrated by all four holes and to provide access to the subsurface for geophysical measure¬ment. Presented and compiled in this report are field-generated records for the deep mud rotary borehole C4993 at the WTP site. Material for C4993 includes borehole logs, lithologic summary, and record of rock chip samples collected during drilling through the months of August through early October. The borehole summary report also includes documentation of the mud rotary drilling, borehole logging, and sample collection.
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Borehole Summary Report for Waste Treatment Plant Seismic Borehole C4996
2007Co-Authors: S. C. Adams, Stephen T. Ahlquist, Jeffree R. Fetters, Ben Garcia, Colleen F. RustAbstract:This report presents the field-generated borehole log, lithologic summary, and the record of samples collected during the recent drilling and sampling of the basalt interval of borehole C4996 at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) on the Hanford Site. Borehole C4996 was one of four exploratory borings, one core hole and three boreholes, drilled to investigate and acquire detailed stratigraphic and down-hole seismic data. This data will be used to define potential seismic impacts and refine design specifications for the Hanford Site WTP.
Xavier Font - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Including an Odor Impact Potential in Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Treatment Plants
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Erasmo Cadena, Xavier Font, Fabrizio Adani, Adriana ArtolaAbstract:Odors occupy a leading position among air quality issues of growing concern. Odors can be emitted from different economic sectors, from industrial to agricultural, including Waste Treatment activities. Although there are different techniques to determine odor emissions, a standardized indicator has not still been defined to include odor impact into methodological tools such as Life Cycle Assessment. In this sense, some proposals can be found in current literature. Considering these approaches, the present work proposes the Odor Impact Potential, an indicator to be used in Life Cycle Assessment or in Waste Treatment technologies benchmarking. A simple method is reported to calculate the Odor Impact Potential value from different types of data: chemical analysis of odorants or olfactometric determinations. Data obtained in a previous work for an industrial scale anaerobic digestion Plant have been used to present an example of application. Additional Odor Impact Potential calculations from other published data (thermal Waste Treatment Plant and Wastewater Treatment Plant) are also included. The aim of Odor Impact Potential is not to replace parameters such as odor emission rates, odor concentration, or odor emission factors but to use those values to calculate the odor-derived impact in Life Cycle Assessment studies.
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a complete mass balance of a complex combined anaerobic aerobic municipal source separated Waste Treatment Plant
Waste Management, 2012Co-Authors: Michele Pognani, Raquel Barrena, Xavier Font, Antoni SanchezAbstract:In this study a combined anaerobic/aerobic full-scale Treatment Plant designed for the Treatment of the source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid Waste (OFMSW) was monitored over a period of one year. During this period, full information was collected about the Waste input material, the biogas production, the main rejects and the compost characteristics. The Plant includes mechanical pre-Treatment, dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion, tunnel composting system and a curing phase to produce compost. To perform the monitoring of the entire Plant and the individual steps, traditional chemical methods were used but they present important limitations in determining the critical points and the efficiency of the stabilization of the organic matter. Respiration indices (dynamic and cumulative) allowed for the quantitative calculation of the efficiency of each Treatment unit. The mass balance was calculated and expressed in terms of Mgy(-1) of wet (total) matter, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Results show that during the pre-Treatment step about 32% of the initial wet matter is rejected without any Treatment. This also reduces the biodegradability of the organic matter that continues to the Treatment process. About 50% of the initial nitrogen and 86.4% of the initial phosphorus are found in the final compost. The final compost also achieves a high level of stabilization with a dynamic respiration index of 0.3±0.1g O(2) per kg of total solids per hour, which implies a reduction of 93% from that of the raw OFMSW, without considering the losses of biodegradable organic matter in the refuse (32% of the total input). The anaerobic digestion process is the main contributor to this stabilization.
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Detection, Composition and Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waste Treatment Plants
Sensors (Basel Switzerland), 2011Co-Authors: Xavier Font, Adriana Artola, Antoni SanchezAbstract:Environmental policies at the European and global level support the diversion of Wastes from landfills for their Treatment in different facilities. Organic Waste is mainly treated or valorized through composting, anaerobic digestion or a combination of both Treatments. Thus, there are an increasing number of Waste Treatment Plants using this type of biological Treatment. During Waste handling and biological decomposition steps a number of gaseous compounds are generated or removed from the organic matrix and emitted. Different families of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) can be found in these emissions. Many of these compounds are also sources of odor nuisance. In fact, odors are the main source of complaints and social impacts of any Waste Treatment Plant. This work presents a summary of the main types of VOC emitted in organic Waste Treatment facilities and the methods used to detect and quantify these compounds, together with the Treatment methods applied to gaseous emissions commonly used in composting and anaerobic digestion facilities.
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monitoring the organic matter properties in a combined anaerobic aerobic full scale municipal source separated Waste Treatment Plant
Bioresource Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Michele Pognani, Raquel Barrena, Xavier Font, Barbara Scaglia, Fabrizio Adani, Antoni SanchezAbstract:Abstract Respiration indices (dynamic and cumulative) and the anaerobic biogasification potential are applied to the quantitative calculation of the biodegradation efficiency in a combined anaerobic/aerobic Treatment for the organic fraction of municipal solid Waste (OFMSW). They also permit to observe possible deficiencies in some parts of the entire sequence of organic matter decomposition. On the contrary, chemical methods presented a limited utility. Dynamic respiration indices highlighted that anaerobic digestion was the most efficient step to reduce the respiration activity of the Waste (61% calculated on a DRI 24h basis). Respirometric activity of final compost was 93% lower than initial OFMSW confirming the overall efficiency of the Plant studied and the stability of the final product (0.3 g O 2 kg TS −1 h −1 ). Finally, the use of an advanced methodology such as the Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transformed (DRIFT) allows the determination of the main functional groups of organic matter, which significantly change during the biological Treatment of organic matter.
Farn-yuh Menq - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Deep Downhole Seismic Testing at the Waste Treatment Plant Site, Hanford, WA. Volume I P-Wave Measurements in Borehole C4993 Seismic Records, Wave-Arrival Identifications and Interpreted P-Wave Velocity Profile.
2007Co-Authors: Kenneth H. Stokoe, Brady R. Cox, Farn-yuh MenqAbstract:In this volume (I), all P-wave measurements are presented that were performed in Borehole C4993 at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) with T-Rex as the seismic source and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 3-D wireline geophone as the at-depth borehole receiver. P-wave measurements were performed over the depth range of 370 to 1400 ft, typically in 10-ft intervals. However, in some interbeds, 5-ft depth intervals were used, while below about 1200 ft, depth intervals of 20 ft were used. Compression (P) waves were generated by moving the base plate of T-Rex for a given number of cycles at a fixed frequency as discussed in Section 2. This process was repeated so that signal averaging in the time domain was performed using 3 to about 15 averages, with 5 averages typically used. In addition to the LBNL 3-D geophone, called the lower receiver herein, a 3-D geophone from Redpath Geophysics was fixed at a depth of 22 ft in Borehole C4993, and a 3-D geophone from the University of Texas was embedded near the borehole at about 1.5 ft below the ground surface. This volume is organized into 12 sections as follows: Section 1: Introduction, Section 2: Explanation of Terminology, Section 3: Vp Profile at Borehole C4993, Sections 4 to 6: Unfiltered P-wave records of lower vertical receiver, reaction mass, and reference receiver, Sections 7 to 9: Filtered P-wave signals of lower vertical receiver, reaction mass and reference receiver, Section 10: Expanded and filtered P-wave signals of lower vertical receiver, and Sections 11 and 12: Waterfall plots of unfiltered and filtered lower vertical receiver signals
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Deep Downhole Seismic Testing at the Waste Treatment Plant Site, Hanford, WA. Volume III P-Wave Measurements in Borehole C4997 Seismic Records, Wave-Arrival Identifications and Interpreted P-Wave Velocity Profile.
2007Co-Authors: Kenneth H. Stokoe, Brady R. Cox, Farn-yuh MenqAbstract:In this volume (III), all P-wave measurements are presented that were performed in Borehole C4997 at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) with T-Rex as the seismic source and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 3-D wireline geophone as the at-depth borehole receiver. P-wave measurements were performed over the depth range of 390 to 1220 ft, typically in 10-ft intervals. However, in some interbeds, 5-ft depth intervals were used. Compression (P) waves were generated by moving the base plate of T-Rex for a given number of cycles at a fixed frequency as discussed in Section 2. This process was repeated so that signal averaging in the time domain was performed using 3 to about 15 averages, with 5 averages typically used. In addition to the LBNL 3-D geophone, called the lower receiver herein, a 3-D geophone from Redpath Geophysics was fixed at a depth of 40 ft (later relocated to 27.5 ft due to visibility in borehole after rain) in Borehole C4997, and a 3-D geophone from the University of Texas was embedded near the borehole at about 1.5 ft below the ground surface. This volume is organized into 12 sections as follows: Section 1: Introduction, Section 2: Explanation of Terminology, Section 3: Vp Profile at Borehole C4997, Sections 4 to 6: Unfiltered P-wave records of lower vertical receiver, reaction mass, and reference receiver, Sections 7 to 9: Filtered P-wave signals of lower vertical receiver, reaction mass and reference receiver, Section 10: Expanded and filtered P-wave signals of lower vertical receiver, and Sections 11 and 12: Waterfall plots of unfiltered and filtered lower vertical receiver signals
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Deep Downhole Seismic Testing at the Waste Treatment Plant Site, Hanford, WA. Volume IV S-Wave Measurements in Borehole C4993 Seismic Records, Wave-Arrival Identifications and Interpreted S-Wave Velocity Profile.
2007Co-Authors: Kenneth H. Stokoe, Brady R. Cox, Farn-yuh MenqAbstract:In this volume (IV), all S-wave measurements are presented that were performed in Borehole C4993 at the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) with T-Rex as the seismic source and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 3-D wireline geophone as the at-depth borehole receiver. S-wave measurements were performed over the depth range of 370 to 1300 ft, typically in 10-ft intervals. However, in some interbeds, 5-ft depth intervals were used, while below about 1200 ft, depth intervals of 20 ft were used. Shear (S) waves were generated by moving the base plate of T-Rex for a given number of cycles at a fixed frequency as discussed in Section 2. This process was repeated so that signal averaging in the time domain was performed using 3 to about 15 averages, with 5 averages typically used. In addition, a second average shear wave record was recorded by reversing the polarity of the motion of the T-Rex base plate. In this sense, all the signals recorded in the field were averaged signals. In all cases, the base plate was moving perpendicular to a radial line between the base plate and the borehole which is in and out of the plane of the figure shown in Figure 1.1. The definition of “in-line”, “cross-line”, “forward”, and “reversed” directions in items 2 and 3 of Section 2 was based on the moving direction of the base plate. In addition to the LBNL 3-D geophone, called the lower receiver herein, a 3-D geophone from Redpath Geophysics was fixed at a depth of 22 ft in Borehole C4993, and a 3-D geophone from the University of Texas (UT) was embedded near the borehole at about 1.5 ft below the ground surface. The Redpath geophone and the UT geophone were properly aligned so that one of the horizontal components in each geophone was aligned with the direction of horizontal shaking of the T-Rex base plate. This volume is organized into 12 sections as follows. Section 1: Introduction, Section 2: Explanation of Terminology, Section 3: Vs Profile at Borehole C4993, Sections 4 to 6: Unfiltered S-wave records of lower horizontal receiver, reaction mass, and reference receiver, respectively, Sections 7 to 9: Filtered S-wave signals of lower horizontal receiver, reaction mass and reference receiver, respectively, Section 10: Expanded and filtered S-wave signals of lower horizontal receiver, and Sections 11 and 12: Waterfall plots of unfiltered and filtered lower horizontal receiver signals, respectively