assessing blue and green Water Utilisation in wheat production of china from the perspectives of Water footprint and total Water use

The aim of this study is to estimate the green and blue Water footprint (WF) and the total Water use (TWU) of wheat crop in China in both irrigated and rainfed productions. Crop evapotranspiration and Water evaporation loss are both considered when calculating the Water footprint in irrigated fields. We compared the Water use for per-unit product between irrigated and rainfed crops and analyzed the relationship between promoting the yield and conserving Water resources. The national total and per-unit-product WF of wheat production in 2010 were approximately 111.5 Gm 3 (64.2% green and 35.8% blue) and 0.968 m 3 kg −1 , respectively. There is a large difference in the Water footprint of the per-kilogram wheat product (WFP) among different provinces: the WFP is low in the provinces in and around the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, while it is relatively high in the provinces south of the Yangtze River and in northwestern China. The major portion of WF (80.9%) comes from irrigated farmland, and the remaining 19.1% is rainfed. Green Water dominates the area south of the Yangtze River, whereas low green Water proportions are found in the provinces located in northern China, especially northwestern China. The national TWU and total Water use of the per-kilogram wheat product (TWUP) are 142.5 Gm 3 and 1.237 m 3 kg −1 , respectively, containing approximately 21.7% blue Water percolation (BW p ). The values of WFP for irrigated (WFP I ) and rainfed (WFP R ) crops are 0.911 and 1.202 m 3 kg −1 , respectively. Irrigation plays an important role in food production, promoting the wheat yield by 170% and reducing the WFP by 24% compared to those of rainfed wheat production. Due to the low irrigation efficiency, more Water is needed per kilogram in irrigated farmland in many arid regions, such as the Xinjiang, Ningxia and Gansu Provinces. We divided the 30 provinces of China into three categories according to the relationship between the TWUP I (TWU for per-unit product in irrigated farmland) and TWUP R (TWU for per-unit product in rainfed farmland): (I) TWUP I R , (II) TWUP I = TWUP R , and (III) TWUP I > TWUP R . Category II, which contains the major wheat-producing areas in the North China Plain, produces nearly 75% of the wheat of China. The double benefits of conserving Water and promoting production can be achieved by irrigating wheat in Category I provinces. Nevertheless, the provinces in this category produce only 1.1% of the national wheat yield.

GroundWater and surface-Water Utilisation using a bank infiltration technique in Malaysia

ResumenLa infiltración de banco (BI) es una de las soluciones para proporcionar agua cruda para el abastecimiento pública en países tropicales. Este estudio en Malasia explora el uso de BI para suplementar con agua subterránea una fuente de agua superficial contaminada. Se investigaron tres factores mayores: (1) la contribución de agua superficial a través de BI a la extracción resultante, (2) entrada de agua subterránea local, y (3) características de la calidad del agua de abastecimiento resultante. Se empleó un método geofísico para definir la geología de subsuelo y la hidrogeología, y se llevaron a cabo técnicas isotópicas para identificar la fuente de la recarga del agua subterránea y de la interacción entre el agua superficial y el agua subterránea. Los parámetros físico químicos y microbiológicos de los cuerpos locales de agua superficial y agua subterránea se analizaron antes y durante la extracción del agua. El agua extraída reveló una disminución del 5–98 % en la turbidez, así como reducciones en las concentraciones de HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ y As comparadas con aquellas del agua del Río Langat. Además se redujeron significativamente las cantidades de E. coli , coliformes totales y Giardia (99.9 %). Sin embargo, las muestras de agua de los pozos de prueba durante el bombeo mostraron altas concentraciones de Fe^2+ y Mn^2+. Los resultados de los ensayos de bombeo indican que los dos pozos usados en el estudio eran capaces para sostener los rendimientos.AbstractBank infiltration (BI) is one of the solutions to providing raw Water for public supply in tropical countries. This study in Malaysia explores the use of BI to supplement a polluted surface-Water resource with groundWater. Three major factors were investigated: (1) contribution of surface Water through BI to the resulting abstraction, (2) input of local groundWater, and (3) Water-quality characteristics of the resulting Water supply. A geophysical method was employed to define the subsurface geology and hydrogeology, and isotope techniques were performed to identify the source of groundWater recharge and the interaction between surface Water and groundWater. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the local surface-Water bodies and groundWater were analyzed before and during Water abstraction. Extracted Water revealed a 5–98 % decrease in turbidity, as well as reductions in HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ and As concentrations compared with those of Langat River Water. In addition, amounts of E. coli , total coliform and Giardia were significantly reduced (99.9 %). However, Water samples from test wells during pumping showed high concentrations of Fe^2+ and Mn^2+. Pumping test results indicate that the two wells used in the study were able to sustain yields.RésuméL’infiltration en berge (IB) est une des solutions pour l’alimentation en eau brute dans les pays tropicaux. Cette étude en Malaisie explore l’Utilisation de l’IB pour compléter avec de l’eau souterraine une ressource en eau de surface polluée. Trois principaux facteurs ont été étudiés : (1) la contribution d’eau de surface infiltrée en berge au débit pompé résultant, (2) l’apport d’eau souterraine locale et (3) les caractéristiques qualitatives de l’eau d’alimentation qui en résulte. Une méthode géophysique a été employée pour définir la structure géologique et le fonctionnement hydrogéologique et des techniques isotopiques ont été mises en œuvre pour identifier la source de recharge de l’eau souterraine et les interactions entre eau souterraine et eau de surface. Les paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des différentes eaux de surface locales et de l’eau souterraine ont été analysés avant et pendant le pompage. Les eaux pompées révèlent une diminution de 5 à 98 % de la turbidité, ainsi que des réductions des concentrations en HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ et As par rapport à celles de l’eau de la rivière Langat. En outre, les quantités d’ E. coli , de coliformes totaux et de Giardia sont significativement réduites (99.9 %).Cependant, les échantillons d’eau prélevés durant le pompage sur les puits d’essai montrent de fortes concentrations en Fe^2+ et Mn^2+. Les résultats des pompages d’essai indiquent que les deux puits utilisés lors de l’étude sont capables de fournir le débit attendu.摘要岸边渗滤(BI)是在热带国家为公众提供水源之一的解决方案。本研究在马来西亚探讨了采用岸边渗滤技术使用地下水来补充受污染的地表水资源。三个主要的因素如:(1)通过BI所贡献地表水的抽水产生,(2)当地输入地下水,以及(3)所产生水供应的质量。本研究使用地球物理方法来确定地下地质和水文地质的位置及地下水源,和利用同位素技术进行了则查地表水和地下水之间的相互作用。接着,进行了在取水之前和之后的当地地表水体以及地下水体的理化和微生物指标分析。以冷岳河的水相比较,取水结果显示,浊度减少了5-98 %,以及HCO_3 ^− ,Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ 和As含量也减少了。此外,大肠杆菌,总大肠菌群和贾第鞭毛虫的金额显著减少( 99.9 % ) 。然而,从试验井抽水的水样本显示高浓度的Fe^2 +和Mn^2 + 。这抽水试验的结果表明,在该研究中使用的两个井能够维持足够的产量。ResumoA técnica de bancos filtrantes (BF) é uma das soluções para a produção de água para abastecimento público em países tropicais. Este estudo na Malásia investiga a utilização de BF para complementar, com água subterrânea, a exploração de uma massa de água superficial contaminada. Foram estudados três grandes fatores: (1) a contribuição da água superficial através dos BF para a extração resultante; (2) a entrada de água subterrânea local e (3) as caraterísticas de qualidade da água resultante para abastecimento. Foi aplicado um método geofísico para definir a geologia e hidrogeologia subsuperficiais e foram empregues técnicas isotópicas para identificar a origem da recarga da água subterrânea e a interação entre água superficial e água subterrânea. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos das massas de água superficiais locais e da água subterrânea foram analisados antes e durante a extração de água. A água extraída revelou uma diminuição da turvação de 5–98 %, assim como um decréscimo nas concentrações de HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ e As, comparativamente àquilo que se observa na água do Rio Langat. Adicionalmente, as quantidades de E. coli , coliformes totais e Giardia foram significativamente reduzidas (99.9 %). No entanto, amostras de água colhidas durante o bombeamento em poços de ensaio mostraram concentrações elevadas de Fe^2+ e Mn^2+. Os resultados dos ensaios de bombeamento indicam que os dois poços usados neste estudo foram capazes de sustentar a exploração.

GroundWater and surface-Water Utilisation using a bank infiltration technique in Malaysia

Bank infiltration (BI) is one of the solutions to providing raw Water for public supply in tropical countries. This study in Malaysia explores the use of BI to supplement a polluted surface-Water resource with groundWater. Three major factors were investigated: (1) contribution of surface Water through BI to the resulting abstraction, (2) input of local groundWater, and (3) Water-quality characteristics of the resulting Water supply. A geophysical method was employed to define the subsurface geology and hydrogeology, and isotope techniques were performed to identify the source of groundWater recharge and the interaction between surface Water and groundWater. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the local surface-Water bodies and groundWater were analyzed before and during Water abstraction. Extracted Water revealed a 5–98 % decrease in turbidity, as well as reductions in HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, NO3 −, Ca2+, Al3+ and As concentrations compared with those of Langat River Water. In addition, amounts of E. coli, total coliform and Giardia were significantly reduced (99.9 %). However, Water samples from test wells during pumping showed high concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+. Pumping test results indicate that the two wells used in the study were able to sustain yields.

assessing blue and green Water Utilisation in wheat production of china from the perspectives of Water footprint and total Water use

The aim of this study is to estimate the green and blue Water footprint (WF) and the total Water use (TWU) of wheat crop in China in both irrigated and rainfed productions. Crop evapotranspiration and Water evaporation loss are both considered when calculating the Water footprint in irrigated fields. We compared the Water use for per-unit product between irrigated and rainfed crops and analyzed the relationship between promoting the yield and conserving Water resources. The national total and per-unit-product WF of wheat production in 2010 were approximately 111.5 Gm 3 (64.2% green and 35.8% blue) and 0.968 m 3 kg −1 , respectively. There is a large difference in the Water footprint of the per-kilogram wheat product (WFP) among different provinces: the WFP is low in the provinces in and around the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, while it is relatively high in the provinces south of the Yangtze River and in northwestern China. The major portion of WF (80.9%) comes from irrigated farmland, and the remaining 19.1% is rainfed. Green Water dominates the area south of the Yangtze River, whereas low green Water proportions are found in the provinces located in northern China, especially northwestern China. The national TWU and total Water use of the per-kilogram wheat product (TWUP) are 142.5 Gm 3 and 1.237 m 3 kg −1 , respectively, containing approximately 21.7% blue Water percolation (BW p ). The values of WFP for irrigated (WFP I ) and rainfed (WFP R ) crops are 0.911 and 1.202 m 3 kg −1 , respectively. Irrigation plays an important role in food production, promoting the wheat yield by 170% and reducing the WFP by 24% compared to those of rainfed wheat production. Due to the low irrigation efficiency, more Water is needed per kilogram in irrigated farmland in many arid regions, such as the Xinjiang, Ningxia and Gansu Provinces. We divided the 30 provinces of China into three categories according to the relationship between the TWUP I (TWU for per-unit product in irrigated farmland) and TWUP R (TWU for per-unit product in rainfed farmland): (I) TWUP I R , (II) TWUP I = TWUP R , and (III) TWUP I > TWUP R . Category II, which contains the major wheat-producing areas in the North China Plain, produces nearly 75% of the wheat of China. The double benefits of conserving Water and promoting production can be achieved by irrigating wheat in Category I provinces. Nevertheless, the provinces in this category produce only 1.1% of the national wheat yield.

GroundWater and surface-Water Utilisation using a bank infiltration technique in Malaysia

ResumenLa infiltración de banco (BI) es una de las soluciones para proporcionar agua cruda para el abastecimiento pública en países tropicales. Este estudio en Malasia explora el uso de BI para suplementar con agua subterránea una fuente de agua superficial contaminada. Se investigaron tres factores mayores: (1) la contribución de agua superficial a través de BI a la extracción resultante, (2) entrada de agua subterránea local, y (3) características de la calidad del agua de abastecimiento resultante. Se empleó un método geofísico para definir la geología de subsuelo y la hidrogeología, y se llevaron a cabo técnicas isotópicas para identificar la fuente de la recarga del agua subterránea y de la interacción entre el agua superficial y el agua subterránea. Los parámetros físico químicos y microbiológicos de los cuerpos locales de agua superficial y agua subterránea se analizaron antes y durante la extracción del agua. El agua extraída reveló una disminución del 5–98 % en la turbidez, así como reducciones en las concentraciones de HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ y As comparadas con aquellas del agua del Río Langat. Además se redujeron significativamente las cantidades de E. coli , coliformes totales y Giardia (99.9 %). Sin embargo, las muestras de agua de los pozos de prueba durante el bombeo mostraron altas concentraciones de Fe^2+ y Mn^2+. Los resultados de los ensayos de bombeo indican que los dos pozos usados en el estudio eran capaces para sostener los rendimientos.AbstractBank infiltration (BI) is one of the solutions to providing raw Water for public supply in tropical countries. This study in Malaysia explores the use of BI to supplement a polluted surface-Water resource with groundWater. Three major factors were investigated: (1) contribution of surface Water through BI to the resulting abstraction, (2) input of local groundWater, and (3) Water-quality characteristics of the resulting Water supply. A geophysical method was employed to define the subsurface geology and hydrogeology, and isotope techniques were performed to identify the source of groundWater recharge and the interaction between surface Water and groundWater. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the local surface-Water bodies and groundWater were analyzed before and during Water abstraction. Extracted Water revealed a 5–98 % decrease in turbidity, as well as reductions in HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ and As concentrations compared with those of Langat River Water. In addition, amounts of E. coli , total coliform and Giardia were significantly reduced (99.9 %). However, Water samples from test wells during pumping showed high concentrations of Fe^2+ and Mn^2+. Pumping test results indicate that the two wells used in the study were able to sustain yields.RésuméL’infiltration en berge (IB) est une des solutions pour l’alimentation en eau brute dans les pays tropicaux. Cette étude en Malaisie explore l’Utilisation de l’IB pour compléter avec de l’eau souterraine une ressource en eau de surface polluée. Trois principaux facteurs ont été étudiés : (1) la contribution d’eau de surface infiltrée en berge au débit pompé résultant, (2) l’apport d’eau souterraine locale et (3) les caractéristiques qualitatives de l’eau d’alimentation qui en résulte. Une méthode géophysique a été employée pour définir la structure géologique et le fonctionnement hydrogéologique et des techniques isotopiques ont été mises en œuvre pour identifier la source de recharge de l’eau souterraine et les interactions entre eau souterraine et eau de surface. Les paramètres physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des différentes eaux de surface locales et de l’eau souterraine ont été analysés avant et pendant le pompage. Les eaux pompées révèlent une diminution de 5 à 98 % de la turbidité, ainsi que des réductions des concentrations en HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ et As par rapport à celles de l’eau de la rivière Langat. En outre, les quantités d’ E. coli , de coliformes totaux et de Giardia sont significativement réduites (99.9 %).Cependant, les échantillons d’eau prélevés durant le pompage sur les puits d’essai montrent de fortes concentrations en Fe^2+ et Mn^2+. Les résultats des pompages d’essai indiquent que les deux puits utilisés lors de l’étude sont capables de fournir le débit attendu.摘要岸边渗滤(BI)是在热带国家为公众提供水源之一的解决方案。本研究在马来西亚探讨了采用岸边渗滤技术使用地下水来补充受污染的地表水资源。三个主要的因素如:(1)通过BI所贡献地表水的抽水产生,(2)当地输入地下水,以及(3)所产生水供应的质量。本研究使用地球物理方法来确定地下地质和水文地质的位置及地下水源,和利用同位素技术进行了则查地表水和地下水之间的相互作用。接着,进行了在取水之前和之后的当地地表水体以及地下水体的理化和微生物指标分析。以冷岳河的水相比较,取水结果显示,浊度减少了5-98 %,以及HCO_3 ^− ,Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ 和As含量也减少了。此外,大肠杆菌,总大肠菌群和贾第鞭毛虫的金额显著减少( 99.9 % ) 。然而,从试验井抽水的水样本显示高浓度的Fe^2 +和Mn^2 + 。这抽水试验的结果表明,在该研究中使用的两个井能够维持足够的产量。ResumoA técnica de bancos filtrantes (BF) é uma das soluções para a produção de água para abastecimento público em países tropicais. Este estudo na Malásia investiga a utilização de BF para complementar, com água subterrânea, a exploração de uma massa de água superficial contaminada. Foram estudados três grandes fatores: (1) a contribuição da água superficial através dos BF para a extração resultante; (2) a entrada de água subterrânea local e (3) as caraterísticas de qualidade da água resultante para abastecimento. Foi aplicado um método geofísico para definir a geologia e hidrogeologia subsuperficiais e foram empregues técnicas isotópicas para identificar a origem da recarga da água subterrânea e a interação entre água superficial e água subterrânea. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos das massas de água superficiais locais e da água subterrânea foram analisados antes e durante a extração de água. A água extraída revelou uma diminuição da turvação de 5–98 %, assim como um decréscimo nas concentrações de HCO_3 ^−, Cl^−, SO_4 ^2−, NO_3 ^−, Ca^2+, Al^3+ e As, comparativamente àquilo que se observa na água do Rio Langat. Adicionalmente, as quantidades de E. coli , coliformes totais e Giardia foram significativamente reduzidas (99.9 %). No entanto, amostras de água colhidas durante o bombeamento em poços de ensaio mostraram concentrações elevadas de Fe^2+ e Mn^2+. Os resultados dos ensaios de bombeamento indicam que os dois poços usados neste estudo foram capazes de sustentar a exploração.

GroundWater and surface-Water Utilisation using a bank infiltration technique in Malaysia

Bank infiltration (BI) is one of the solutions to providing raw Water for public supply in tropical countries. This study in Malaysia explores the use of BI to supplement a polluted surface-Water resource with groundWater. Three major factors were investigated: (1) contribution of surface Water through BI to the resulting abstraction, (2) input of local groundWater, and (3) Water-quality characteristics of the resulting Water supply. A geophysical method was employed to define the subsurface geology and hydrogeology, and isotope techniques were performed to identify the source of groundWater recharge and the interaction between surface Water and groundWater. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the local surface-Water bodies and groundWater were analyzed before and during Water abstraction. Extracted Water revealed a 5–98 % decrease in turbidity, as well as reductions in HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, NO3 −, Ca2+, Al3+ and As concentrations compared with those of Langat River Water. In addition, amounts of E. coli, total coliform and Giardia were significantly reduced (99.9 %). However, Water samples from test wells during pumping showed high concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+. Pumping test results indicate that the two wells used in the study were able to sustain yields.

Corrigendum to "Assessing blue and green Water Utilisation in wheat production of China from the perspectives of Water footprint and total Water use" published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3165-3178, 2014