The Experts below are selected from a list of 2574 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Juan Manuel Madariaga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protective ability index measurement through raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Ludovic Bellotgurlet, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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spectroscopic speciation and thermodynamic modeling to explain the degradation of Weathering Steel surfaces in so2 rich urban atmospheres
Microchemical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract The characteristic protection ability of Weathering Steel can be affected by the environment in SO 2 rich urban atmospheres. Although sulphur dioxide can partially be oxidised to sulphur trioxide, both acid gases can be dissolved either in the atmosphere or in the moisture film present on the Steel surface, forming sulphurous and/or sulphuric acid, and accelerating the corrosion of the material. Thermodynamic simulations, based on experimental data obtained by Raman and SEM–EDS techniques on different Weathering Steel sculptures located outside in Bilbao (Basque Country), were done to probe the role of SO 2 in the formation of several soluble sulphates, such as, rozenite (FeSO 4 ·4H 2 O) and retgersite (NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O). According to the results, it was confirmed that the presence of atmospheric particles of calcium carbonate does not have an outstanding negative role in the metal decaying process. However, the presence of high magnesium calcite (HMC) plays an important role in the formation of magnesioferrite, another decaying product present in the surface of the Weathering Steel . As all these sulphates are soluble, rain water can dissolve them leading into a continuous decaying and material loss process.
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Protective ability index measurement through Raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Kepa Castro, Leticia Gomez-nubla, Ludovic Bellot-gurlet, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures.
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multianalytical approach to study the dissolution process of Weathering Steel the role of urban pollution
Corrosion Science, 2013Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Iker Arrizabalaga, Nagore Prietotaboada, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract Weathering Steel , in spite of its resistance against the atmospheric corrosion can be damaged due to the affection of environmental stressors. In fact, the presence of soluble salts formed after greenhouse acid gases impact, can accelerate the corrosion process. In this work three Weathering Steel sculptures exposed to urban atmosphere were studied. Portable Raman assisted by reflectance infrared spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography were used to diagnose the decaying process suffered by these structures. The role of calcium sulfate formed in situ upon the reaction of SO 2 with calcite particles deposited on the surface of the sculptures was studied.
Julene Aramendia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protective ability index measurement through raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Ludovic Bellotgurlet, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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spectroscopic speciation and thermodynamic modeling to explain the degradation of Weathering Steel surfaces in so2 rich urban atmospheres
Microchemical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract The characteristic protection ability of Weathering Steel can be affected by the environment in SO 2 rich urban atmospheres. Although sulphur dioxide can partially be oxidised to sulphur trioxide, both acid gases can be dissolved either in the atmosphere or in the moisture film present on the Steel surface, forming sulphurous and/or sulphuric acid, and accelerating the corrosion of the material. Thermodynamic simulations, based on experimental data obtained by Raman and SEM–EDS techniques on different Weathering Steel sculptures located outside in Bilbao (Basque Country), were done to probe the role of SO 2 in the formation of several soluble sulphates, such as, rozenite (FeSO 4 ·4H 2 O) and retgersite (NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O). According to the results, it was confirmed that the presence of atmospheric particles of calcium carbonate does not have an outstanding negative role in the metal decaying process. However, the presence of high magnesium calcite (HMC) plays an important role in the formation of magnesioferrite, another decaying product present in the surface of the Weathering Steel . As all these sulphates are soluble, rain water can dissolve them leading into a continuous decaying and material loss process.
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Protective ability index measurement through Raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Kepa Castro, Leticia Gomez-nubla, Ludovic Bellot-gurlet, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures.
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multianalytical approach to study the dissolution process of Weathering Steel the role of urban pollution
Corrosion Science, 2013Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Iker Arrizabalaga, Nagore Prietotaboada, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract Weathering Steel , in spite of its resistance against the atmospheric corrosion can be damaged due to the affection of environmental stressors. In fact, the presence of soluble salts formed after greenhouse acid gases impact, can accelerate the corrosion process. In this work three Weathering Steel sculptures exposed to urban atmosphere were studied. Portable Raman assisted by reflectance infrared spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography were used to diagnose the decaying process suffered by these structures. The role of calcium sulfate formed in situ upon the reaction of SO 2 with calcite particles deposited on the surface of the sculptures was studied.
Inder Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Studies on the presence of copper in the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel and the adherence characteristic of the protective copper complex formed on galvanized Weathering Steel
Journal of Materials Science, 1995Co-Authors: A K Bhattacharjee, Inder SinghAbstract:Following the hot-dip process for zinc coating on Weathering Steel, the galvanizing bath was found to have picked up copper. The galvanizing bath was observed to pick up Cu from the Weathering Steel at an average rate of 1.83×10−3% s−1m−2 at 452±2‡C. EDAX/SEM studies exhibited a concentration gradient of copper to exist across the thickness of the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel. XRD studies revealed the formation of a protective copper complex, {Cu[(OH)2Cu]3}SO4, on galvanized coating containing 0.739% Cu, when exposed in marine and industrial atmospheres. The adherence characteristic of the copper complex to the galvanized coating was found to be very satisfactory.
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Studies on the presence of copper in the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel and the adherence characteristic of the protective copper complex formed on galvanized Weathering Steel
Journal of Materials Science, 1995Co-Authors: A K Bhattacharjee, Inder SinghAbstract:Following the hot-dip process for zinc coating on Weathering Steel, the galvanizing bath was found to have picked up copper. The galvanizing bath was observed to pick up Cu from the Weathering Steel at an average rate of 1.83×10−3% s−1m−2 at 452±2‡C. EDAX/SEM studies exhibited a concentration gradient of copper to exist across the thickness of the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel. XRD studies revealed the formation of a protective copper complex, {Cu[(OH)2Cu]3}SO4, on galvanized coating containing 0.739% Cu, when exposed in marine and industrial atmospheres. The adherence characteristic of the copper complex to the galvanized coating was found to be very satisfactory.
Kepa Castro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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protective ability index measurement through raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Ludovic Bellotgurlet, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
spectroscopic speciation and thermodynamic modeling to explain the degradation of Weathering Steel surfaces in so2 rich urban atmospheres
Microchemical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract The characteristic protection ability of Weathering Steel can be affected by the environment in SO 2 rich urban atmospheres. Although sulphur dioxide can partially be oxidised to sulphur trioxide, both acid gases can be dissolved either in the atmosphere or in the moisture film present on the Steel surface, forming sulphurous and/or sulphuric acid, and accelerating the corrosion of the material. Thermodynamic simulations, based on experimental data obtained by Raman and SEM–EDS techniques on different Weathering Steel sculptures located outside in Bilbao (Basque Country), were done to probe the role of SO 2 in the formation of several soluble sulphates, such as, rozenite (FeSO 4 ·4H 2 O) and retgersite (NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O). According to the results, it was confirmed that the presence of atmospheric particles of calcium carbonate does not have an outstanding negative role in the metal decaying process. However, the presence of high magnesium calcite (HMC) plays an important role in the formation of magnesioferrite, another decaying product present in the surface of the Weathering Steel . As all these sulphates are soluble, rain water can dissolve them leading into a continuous decaying and material loss process.
-
Protective ability index measurement through Raman quantification imaging to diagnose the conservation state of Weathering Steel structures
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Kepa Castro, Leticia Gomez-nubla, Ludovic Bellot-gurlet, Céline Paris, Philippe Colomban, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Weathering Steel was designed to resist against the atmospheric impact due to the development of a characteristic rust layer that protects the metal by reducing the corrosion rate. This rust layer is formed by different iron (oxy-hydr)oxides that acts as a barrier and provides the protective ability. In order to check the conservation state trough the protective capability, it is necessary to calculate the so-called protective ability index (PAI). It mainly takes into account the ratio (α/γ) between the mass of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), present in the rust layer of Weathering Steel. Raman spectroscopy, apart from a qualitative technique, is recently becoming a semi quantitative approach. Therefore, it is a valuable tool for the calculation of the mentioned index. This paper is a widening of a previous work in which it was uncovered a problem in different Weathering Steel sculptures which are exposed to a Cl− and SO2-rich urban atmosphere because they present different esthetical problems on their surfaces, such as detachments of Steel chips, discolorations and irregularities. In order to relate these problems on the surface and the rust layer composition, PAI calculations were performed from the phase identification obtained from Raman imaging and using spectra decomposition to quantify each compounds. Although goethite and lepidocrocite were the most commonly detected compounds, hematite, akaganeite and magnetite were also identified. Hematite is a sub product formed in rich SO2 atmospheres; therefore, a PAI with its content is proposed. Protective indexes obtained for the different artworks exposed in different places provide quantitative clues for the conservation diagnosis of Weathering Steel structures.
-
multianalytical approach to study the dissolution process of Weathering Steel the role of urban pollution
Corrosion Science, 2013Co-Authors: Julene Aramendia, Leticia Gomeznubla, Iker Arrizabalaga, Nagore Prietotaboada, Kepa Castro, Juan Manuel MadariagaAbstract:Abstract Weathering Steel , in spite of its resistance against the atmospheric corrosion can be damaged due to the affection of environmental stressors. In fact, the presence of soluble salts formed after greenhouse acid gases impact, can accelerate the corrosion process. In this work three Weathering Steel sculptures exposed to urban atmosphere were studied. Portable Raman assisted by reflectance infrared spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography were used to diagnose the decaying process suffered by these structures. The role of calcium sulfate formed in situ upon the reaction of SO 2 with calcite particles deposited on the surface of the sculptures was studied.
A K Bhattacharjee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Studies on the presence of copper in the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel and the adherence characteristic of the protective copper complex formed on galvanized Weathering Steel
Journal of Materials Science, 1995Co-Authors: A K Bhattacharjee, Inder SinghAbstract:Following the hot-dip process for zinc coating on Weathering Steel, the galvanizing bath was found to have picked up copper. The galvanizing bath was observed to pick up Cu from the Weathering Steel at an average rate of 1.83×10−3% s−1m−2 at 452±2‡C. EDAX/SEM studies exhibited a concentration gradient of copper to exist across the thickness of the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel. XRD studies revealed the formation of a protective copper complex, {Cu[(OH)2Cu]3}SO4, on galvanized coating containing 0.739% Cu, when exposed in marine and industrial atmospheres. The adherence characteristic of the copper complex to the galvanized coating was found to be very satisfactory.
-
Studies on the presence of copper in the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel and the adherence characteristic of the protective copper complex formed on galvanized Weathering Steel
Journal of Materials Science, 1995Co-Authors: A K Bhattacharjee, Inder SinghAbstract:Following the hot-dip process for zinc coating on Weathering Steel, the galvanizing bath was found to have picked up copper. The galvanizing bath was observed to pick up Cu from the Weathering Steel at an average rate of 1.83×10−3% s−1m−2 at 452±2‡C. EDAX/SEM studies exhibited a concentration gradient of copper to exist across the thickness of the galvanized coating on Weathering Steel. XRD studies revealed the formation of a protective copper complex, {Cu[(OH)2Cu]3}SO4, on galvanized coating containing 0.739% Cu, when exposed in marine and industrial atmospheres. The adherence characteristic of the copper complex to the galvanized coating was found to be very satisfactory.
