West Indian Manatee

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John A Bowden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • per and polyfluoroalkyl substances pfas in plasma of the West Indian Manatee trichechus manatus
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

Robert K Bonde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • genetic connectivity of the West Indian Manatee in the southern range and limited evidence of hybridization with amazonian Manatees
    Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Fabia De Oliveira Luna, Robert K Bonde, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Caitlin E Beaver, Coralie Nourisson, Adriana Vieira De Miranda, Juan Pablo Torresflorez, Glaucia Pereira De Sousa, Jose Zanon De Oliveira Passavante, Margaret E Hunter
    Abstract:

    The Antillean subspecies of the West Indian Manatee is classified as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. In Brazil, the Manatee population is listed as endangered with an estimated population size of 500 - 1‚000. Historic hunting, recent habitat degradation, and fisheries bycatch have decreased the population size. The Amazonian Manatee is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN with unknown population sizes within Brazil. The Antillean Manatee occurs in sympatry with the Amazonian Manatee in Brazil and hybridization has been previously indicated. To provide information on the genetic structure, diversity, and degree of hybridization in the sympatric zone near the Amazon River mouth, the mitochondrial DNA control region and 13 nuclear microsatellite markers were assessed on the two species. Samples were analyzed from the Antillean subspecies across its distribution in Brazil (n=78) and from the Amazonian species (n=17) at the Amazon river mouth and inland mainstem river. To assess the previously defined evolutionary significant units of Antillean Manatees in the area, an additional 11 samples from Venezuela and Guyana were included. The Antillean Manatee was found to be a single population in Brazil and had lower than average number of alleles (3.00), expected heterozygosity (0.34), and haplotype diversity (0.15) when compared to many other Manatee populations. The low values may be influenced by the small population size and extended pressures from anthropogenic threats. Gene flow was identified with Venezuela/Guyana in admixed Antillean Brazil samples, although the two populations were found to be moderately divergent. The nuclear loci in Venezuela/Guyana Antillean Manatee samples indicated high differentiation from the samples collected in the Amazon River (FST=0.35 and RST=0.18, p=0.0001). No indication of nuclear hybridization was found except for a single sample, ‘Poque’ that had been identified previously. The distribution of Antillean Manatees in Brazil is extensive and the areas with unique habitat and threats would benefit from independent management and conservation actions. Gene flow, genetic diversity, and long-term population stability could be improved through habitat restoration, protected area -- particularly for parturition and neonatal calves, and the designation of travel corridors throughout the southern range.

  • per and polyfluoroalkyl substances pfas in plasma of the West Indian Manatee trichechus manatus
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

  • internal parasites of the two subspecies of the West Indian Manatee trichechus manatus
    Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2018
    Co-Authors: Heidi Wyrosdick, Antonio A Mignuccigiannoni, Alycia Chapman, Carla I Riveraperez, Robert K Bonde
    Abstract:

    The West Indian Manatee Trichechus manatus is divided into 2 subspecies: the Antillean (T. m. manatus) and Florida (T. m. latirostris) Manatees. This study reports sample prevalence of Manatee parasites from populations of these 2 subspecies in different geographical locations. Although necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for parasite infections, the need for antemortem diagnostic techniques is important. Fecal samples collected during necropsies of Antillean Manatees (n = 3) in Puerto Rico and Florida Manatees (n = 10) in Crystal River, Florida, as well as from live-captured Florida Manatees (n = 11) were evaluated using centrifugal flotation with sucrose and ethyl acetate sedimentation to compare parasites from each of the populations. Although both fecal examination methods provided similar results, the centrifugal flotation method required less time for diagnosis. The most common parasite eggs found in both populations included the trematodes Pulmonicola cochleotrema and Nudacotyle undicola, oocysts of the coccidian Eimeria spp., and eggs of the ascarid Heterocheilus tunicatus. Eggs of the trematode Chiorchis groschafti were found in both populations of Manatees; however, eggs of a related species, Chiorchis fabaceus, were abundant in the Florida samples, but not found in Puerto Rico populations. Trematode eggs of Moniligerum blairi were found in both populations, but were more common in the Florida Manatee (42%) than the Antillean Manatee (33%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of both Eimeria manatus and Eimeria nodulosa oocysts in Antillean Manatees from Puerto Rico.

  • a review of the key genetic tools to assist imperiled species conservation analyzing West Indian Manatee populations
    Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Robert K Bonde, Peter M Mcguire, Margaret E Hunter
    Abstract:

    Managers faced with decisions on threatened and endangered wildlife populations often are lacking detailed information about the species of concern. Integration of genetic applications will provide management teams with a better ability to assess and monitor recovery efforts on imperiled species. The field of molecular biology continues to progress rapidly and many tools are currently available. Presently, little guidance is available to assist researchers and managers with the appropriate selection of genetic tools to study the status of wild Manatee populations. We discuss several genetic tools currently employed in the application of conservation genetics, and address the utility of using these tools to determine population status to aid in conservation efforts. As an example, special emphasis is focused on the endangered West Indian Manatee (Order Sirenia). All four extant species of sirenians are imperiled throughout their range, predominately due to anthropogenic sources; therefore, the need for genetic information on their population status is direly needed. [JMATE. 2012;5(1):8-19]

Kady Palmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • per and polyfluoroalkyl substances pfas in plasma of the West Indian Manatee trichechus manatus
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019
    Co-Authors: Kady Palmer, Robert K Bonde, Jacqueline T Bangma, Jessica L Reiner, Jeffrey E Korte, Ashley S P Boggs, John A Bowden
    Abstract:

    Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in Manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every Manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the Manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.

Wildlife Service - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Frequently Asked Questions- 90-Day Substantial Finding on Petition to Reclassify the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) From Endangered to Threatened
    2014
    Co-Authors: U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    A1: A petition is a request filed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by an interested party asking that a species be listed on, delisted from, or reclassified on the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Q2: What is a 90-day Finding? A2: Section 4(b)(3)(A) of the ESA requires the Service to make a finding on whether a petition to list, delist, or reclassify a species presents substantial scientific or commercial information (see Q6 below for more information on this standard) indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted. The Service bases this finding on information provided in the petition, supporting information submitted with the petition, and information otherwise available in our files at the time the petition was received. To the maximum extent practicable, the Service is to make this finding within 90 days of the receipt of the petition, and publish notice of this finding in the Federal Register. Q3: Who petitioned the Service and what did they request? A3: On December 14, 2012, the Service received a petition requesting that the West Indian Manatee and its subspecies, the Florida Manatee and Antillean Manatee, be reclassified from endangered to threatened under the ESA. The petition was submitted by the Pacific Legal Foundation (PLF), on behalf of Save Crystal River, Inc., and included as supporting information an analysis of the Service’s 2007 West Indian Manatee Five-Year Review which recommended reclassification. The Service subsequently sent letters to the petitioner o

  • West Indian Manatee ((Trichechus manatus manatus)
    2013
    Co-Authors: Antillean Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their nearest relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986). The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). The Antillean Manatee is found in eastern Mexico, Central America, northern and eastern South America, and in the Greater Antilles (Lefebvre et al., 1989). In Puerto Rico, the Manatee is most abundant along the south and east coasts, particularly in the area of Fajardo and Ceiba (Roosevelt Roads Naval Station) and in the Jobos Bay area between Guayama and Salinas. In general, Manatees are not abundant on the north coast although they are infrequently seen in areas immediately to the West of San Juan (Mignucci Giannoni, 1989, Caribbean Stranding Network, unpubl. data). Manatees are rarely seen near Culebra Island and are generally absent from Mona Island and the Virgin Islands (Caribbean Stranding Network, unpubl. data). The U.S. has jurisdictional responsibilities for the Antillean subspecies only in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. POPULATION SIZE The exact number of Antillean Manatees known to occur in Puerto Rico is unknown but, based on aerial surveys conducted on July 16 and 17, 1994, this population includes at least 86 individuals (Oland, pers. comm.). Manatees are virtually unknown from the U.S. Virgin Islands (Lefebvre et al., 1989). A rare sighting and stranding was reported here i

  • September 2000 APPENDIX V: West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris):
    2012
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures, the Manatee's winter range has expanded significantly (Beeler and O'Shea, 1988). On the east coast, Manatees are now known to winter as far north as southeastern Georgia and, on the West coast, as far north as Crystal River, Florida. Documentation of Manatee movements between Gulf and Atlantic coast populations in far south Florida is lacking, presumably because lack of suitable habitat in Florida Bay is not conducive to such movements, but significant genetic variation between coastal populations has not bee

  • APPENDIX IV. West Indian Manatees stock assessments- Florida and Antilles stocks. West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
    2012
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures

  • APPENDIX V: West Indian Manatees stock assessments- Florida and Antilles stocks West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris):
    2000
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures, the Manatee's winter range has expanded significantly (Beeler and O'Shea, 1988). On the east coast, Manatees are now known to winter as far north as southeaster

Florida Stock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    2015
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock
    Abstract:

    The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) is found in coastal and riverine areas of North America, Central America, and South America and in islands in the Caribbean basin. Two subspecies are recognized. In 1934, Hatt (1934) identified an Antillean and a Florida subspecies, Trichechus manatus manatus and Trichechus manatus latirostris, respectively, and Domning and Hayek (1986) subsequently reported that the two subspecies could be identified based on cranial characteristics. They suggested that this subspeciation could reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek 1986). Within the jurisdictional waters of the United States (US), Florida Manatees are found throughout the southeastern US and Antillean Manatees are found in Puerto Rico and perhaps the US Virgin Islands (Lefebvre et al. 2001). Genetic differences between the Antillean and Florida subspecies have been identifie

  • West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    2013
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock
    Abstract:

    The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus), is found in coastal and riverine areas of North America, Central America, and South America and in islands in the Caribbean basin. Manatees found within the jurisdictional waters of the United States (US) include Florida and Antillean Manatees, subspecies of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris and Trichechus manatus manatus, respectively). Within these waters, Florida Manatees are found throughout the southeastern US and Antillean Manatees are found in Puerto Rico. Significant genetic differences between the Manatees of Florida and Puerto Rico exist and, as a result, these populations are identified as two separate stocks (Vianna et al. 2006, Kellogg 2008, and Tucker et al. 2011). Vianna et al. (2006) identified a gene flow barrier between Florida and Puerto Rico using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. Florida Manatees are generally restricted to the inland and coastal waters of peninsular Florida during the winter, when they shelter in and/or near warm-water springs, heated industrial effluents, and other warm water sites (Hartman 1979, Lefebvre et al. 2001, Stith et al. 2006). In warmer months, Manatees leave these sites and can disperse great distances (Figure 1). Individuals have been sighted as far north as Massachusetts, as far West as Texas, and in all states in between (Rathbun et al. 1982, Rathbun et al. 1990, Schwartz 1995, Fertl et al. 2005). On rare occasions, known Florida Manatees have been sighted in Cuba and the Bahamas (Alvarez-Alemán et al 2010, Melillo-Sweeting et al. 2011). Warm weather sightings are most common in Florida, coastal Georgia, and Alabama (Rathbun e

  • September 2000 APPENDIX V: West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris):
    2012
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures, the Manatee's winter range has expanded significantly (Beeler and O'Shea, 1988). On the east coast, Manatees are now known to winter as far north as southeastern Georgia and, on the West coast, as far north as Crystal River, Florida. Documentation of Manatee movements between Gulf and Atlantic coast populations in far south Florida is lacking, presumably because lack of suitable habitat in Florida Bay is not conducive to such movements, but significant genetic variation between coastal populations has not bee

  • APPENDIX IV. West Indian Manatees stock assessments- Florida and Antilles stocks. West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
    2012
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures

  • APPENDIX V: West Indian Manatees stock assessments- Florida and Antilles stocks West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris):
    2000
    Co-Authors: Florida Stock, U. S. Fish, Wildlife Service
    Abstract:

    Manatees are typically found in the temperate and equatorial waters of the southeastern U.S., the Caribbean basin, northern and northeastern South America, and equatorial West Africa. Their near relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), is found in the Indo-Pacific region. At present, Manatees of the genus Trichechus are represented by three allopatric species: T. senegalensis, the West African Manatee, T. inunguis, the Amazonian Manatee, and T. manatus, the West Indian Manatee. The West Indian species is subdivided into two subspecies, the Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). Such subspeciation may reflect reproductive isolation brought on by the intemperate northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and characteristically strong currents found in the Straits of Florida (Domning and Hayek, 1986). Historically, the winter range of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was thought to focus on south Florida, with some animals ranging north of Charlotte Harbor on Florida's West coast and north of Sebastian on Florida's east coast. Extralimital movements occurred and were typically seasonal, with animals travelling north during warmer periods and travelling south as temperatures declined. While most Manatees wintered in south Florida, some were known to winter in natural spring areas to the north (Hartman, 1974). With the advent of artificial warm water refugia, the spread of exotic submerged aquatic vegetation, and increased protective measures, the Manatee's winter range has expanded significantly (Beeler and O'Shea, 1988). On the east coast, Manatees are now known to winter as far north as southeaster

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