The Experts below are selected from a list of 1170 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jaimie F. Borisoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dynamic Wheelchair Seating positions impact cardiovascular function after spinal cord injury
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Jessica A. Inskip, Inderjeet S. Sahota, Christine Zawadzki, Lowell T. Mcphail, Jaimie F. Borisoff, H J C RavensbergenAbstract:Background Innovative Wheelchairs allow individuals to change position easily for comfort and social situations. While these Wheelchairs are beneficial in multiple ways, the effects of position changes on blood pressure might exacerbate hypotension and cerebral hypoperfusion, particularly in those with spinal cord injury (SCI) who can have injury to autonomic nerves that regulate cardiovascular control. Conversely, cardiovascular benefits may be obtained with lowered Seating. Here we investigate the effect of moderate changes in Wheelchair position on orthostatic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular reflex control. Methods Nineteen individuals with SCI and ten neurologically-intact controls were tested in supine and seated positions (neutral, lowered, and elevated) in the Elevation™ Wheelchair. Participants with SCI were stratified into two groups by the severity of injury to cardiovascular autonomic pathways. Beat-to-beat blood pressure, heart rate and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) were recorded non-invasively. Results Supine blood pressure and MCAv were reduced in individuals with lesions to autonomic pathways, and declined further with standard Seating compared to those with preserved autonomic control. Movement to the elevated position triggered pronounced blood pressure and MCAv falls in those with autonomic lesions, with minimum values significantly reduced compared to the seated and lowered positions. The cumulative duration spent below supine blood pressure was greatest in this group. Lowered Seating bolstered blood pressure in those with lesions to autonomic pathways. Conclusions Integrity of the autonomic nervous system is an important variable that affects cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress and should be considered when individuals with SCI or autonomic dysfunction are selecting Wheelchairs. Sponsorship This work was supported in part by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and the Yukon (V.E.C).
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Blood pressure and cerebral blood flow responses to different Wheelchair Seating positions.
2017Co-Authors: Jessica A. Inskip, Henrike J. C. Ravensbergen, Inderjeet S. Sahota, Christine Zawadzki, Lowell T. Mcphail, Jaimie F. Borisoff, Victoria E. ClaydonAbstract:A. Experimental protocol outline of crossover design: individuals were randomly assigned to move from the standard Seating position to the maximally elevated or lowered position, and then returned to the standard Seating position, followed by the opposite position (each block lasting 15 minutes). Throughout testing we continuously recorded blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms using the Finometer device; end tidal oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels using a gas analyser; and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) using cerebral ultrasound. B-E. Grouped mean data (± SEM) are presented in the supine, seated, elevated, and lowered Wheelchair Seating positions. Data were averaged over the last five minutes of each 15-minute trial. B. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP); C. systolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCAsys); D. diastolic arterial pressure (DAP); and E. diastolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCAdia) are presented. Vertical adjoining lines denote significant differences between indicated groups; asterisk (*) indicates significant difference from supine position; double dagger (‡) indicates significant difference from seated position; double S (§)indicates significant difference from elevated position.
Barbara Crane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of the minimally sufficient spatial sampling in pressure mapping the Wheelchair Seating interface
Technology and Disability, 2016Co-Authors: Michael Wininger, Barbara CraneAbstract:BACKGROUND: Arrays of force sensitive resistors are useful tools for measuring contact pressures, and are widely used in application to the Wheelchair Seating interface. Naturally, arrays with more sensors provide greater information content; however, operational costs increase steadily with the number of sensors. OBJECTIVE:Here we provide afirst answer to the question: “How many sensors are necessary for accurate pressure mapping?” METHODS: We simulate an ultra-high-density sampling of interfacial pressures (equivalent to a 121 × 121 array), and incrementally down-sample the data (down to a 5 × 5 array). At each simulated sampling density, we calculate three common features (average pressure, maximum pressure, and pressure gradient). Using data collected from a broadly inclusive population of Wheelchair users (N = 22), we set a threshold of 90% accuracy of feature extraction for 50% of the population (τμ )a nd for 80% of the population (τσ); data were collected using a commercially available mat with typical sensor spacing. RESULTS: We find that τμ ranged from 9–11 sensors on edge (i.e. 9 × 9t o 11× 11 grid required to faithfully reproduce the three extracted features), and τσ ranged from 13–20. CONCLUSIONS: The common 16 × 16 sensor arrays with approximately 3 cm spacing between sensors, are particularly reliable with high fidelity to grids of higher sampling density, with the possible exception of pressure gradient, which is only moderately accurate, and may require a larger sampling density (20 × 20).
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a comparison of strategies for imputing saturated pressure array data with application to the Wheelchair Seating interface
Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Michael Wininger, Barbara CraneAbstract:AbstractPurpose: The common responses to pressure sensor saturation are extreme: either discarding of data, or wholesale alteration of experimental protocol. Here, we test four simplistic strategies for restoring missing data due to sensor saturation, avoiding such drastic measures. Methods: We tested these algorithms on 62 pressure maps collected from 42 individuals (20 M/22 F, 54.1 ± 26.2 years, 1.7 ± 0.1 m, 71.9 ± 17.8 kg) under a variety of Seating conditions. These strategies were tested via a cross-validation design, censoring the maximum pressure value in the datasets and measuring prediction error. Results: The four strategies showed various prediction error rates: ? = 0.43 ± 0.14 (simple substitution), ? = 0.16 ± 0.21 (scaled substitution), ? = 0.19 ± 0.21 (feature extraction), and ? = 0.24 ± 0.32 (extrapolation by non-linear modeling). Conclusion: For single-sensor saturation, it may be possible to restore missing data using simple techniques.Implications for RehabilitationWe present a method fo...
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development and testing of an innovative user adjustable support surface for Wheelchair Seating discomfort
Assistive Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Douglas Hobson, Stephen StadelmeierAbstract:Beginning in 2000, a study of discomfort experienced by Wheelchair users and development of technology solutions were undertaken. This research culminated with the present study of a new technology targeting sitting discomfort. Support for development of the "Butt Scooter" prototype and its testing was provided through an NIH research grant. Investigators tested a prototype device, called the "Butt Scooter," and conducted a focus group to obtain expert clinical opinions about the potential usefulness of the prototype. Subject testing of the prototype device followed a single subject design (ABABA). Subjects self-administered the Tool for Assessing Wheelchair disComfort (TAWC) to evaluate their discomfort levels. Results from three subjects are reported. All three expert therapists participating in the focus group responded favorably to the prototype. In summary, results from subject testing were somewhat mixed with regard to discomfort management, however all subjects commented positively on the features of the device.
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a dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2007Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P ReedAbstract:ABSTRACT Crane BA, Holm MB, Hobson D, Cooper RA, Reed MP: A dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:988–993. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new user-adjustable Wheelchair Seating system designed to relieve discomfort for long-duration Wheelchair users. This objective was carried out using the newly developed Tool for Assessing Wheelchair disComfort (TAWC) as the primary outcome measure. Two Wheelchair users each tested two different designs and feedback from the Wheelchair users regarding the first design was used to guide development of the second design. A single-subject research methodology was used, allowing long-duration (up to 2 wks per test) evaluation of the Wheelchair Seating systems and comparison of subject discomfort levels with those experienced during a baseline period using their own Wheelchairs. The experimental Wheelchair Seating systems employed existing automotive Seating with embedded pneumatic bladders that allowed adjustment of the seat and back-support characteristics. The test Wheelchair also had tilt, recline, and elevating leg rests. The two subjects completed limited periods of testing with the first design, both finding poor results with either stable or increased levels of discomfort. Subject feedback was used to redesign the Wheelchair seat. After redesign, both subjects tested the second design and found it substantially more comfortable. The selected research methodology was a very positive method for a progressive Wheelchair Seating design and the second design provided improved comfort for both users when compared with that experienced using their own Wheelchairs and the first test Wheelchair. Future research of this type of user-controlled technology is recommended.
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test retest reliability internal item consistency and concurrent validity of the Wheelchair Seating discomfort assessment tool
Assistive Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P Reed, Steve StadelmeierAbstract:Discomfort is a common problem for Wheelchair users. Few researchers have investigated discomfort among Wheelchair users or potential solutions for this problem. One of the impediments to quantitative research on Wheelchair Seating discomfort has been the lack of a reliable method for quantifying seat discomfort. The purpose of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability, internal item consistency, and concurrent validity of a newly developed Wheelchair Seating Discomfort Assessment Tool (WcS-DAT). Thirty full-time, active Wheelchair users with intact sensation were asked to use this and other tools in order to rate their levels of discomfort in a test-retest reliability study format. Data from these measures were analyzed in SPSS using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) model (2,k) to measure the test-retest reliability. Cronbach's α was used to examine the internal consistency of the items within the WcS-DAT. Concurrent validity with similar measures was analyzed using Pearson produ...
Jessica A. Inskip - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dynamic Wheelchair Seating positions impact cardiovascular function after spinal cord injury
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Jessica A. Inskip, Inderjeet S. Sahota, Christine Zawadzki, Lowell T. Mcphail, Jaimie F. Borisoff, H J C RavensbergenAbstract:Background Innovative Wheelchairs allow individuals to change position easily for comfort and social situations. While these Wheelchairs are beneficial in multiple ways, the effects of position changes on blood pressure might exacerbate hypotension and cerebral hypoperfusion, particularly in those with spinal cord injury (SCI) who can have injury to autonomic nerves that regulate cardiovascular control. Conversely, cardiovascular benefits may be obtained with lowered Seating. Here we investigate the effect of moderate changes in Wheelchair position on orthostatic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular reflex control. Methods Nineteen individuals with SCI and ten neurologically-intact controls were tested in supine and seated positions (neutral, lowered, and elevated) in the Elevation™ Wheelchair. Participants with SCI were stratified into two groups by the severity of injury to cardiovascular autonomic pathways. Beat-to-beat blood pressure, heart rate and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) were recorded non-invasively. Results Supine blood pressure and MCAv were reduced in individuals with lesions to autonomic pathways, and declined further with standard Seating compared to those with preserved autonomic control. Movement to the elevated position triggered pronounced blood pressure and MCAv falls in those with autonomic lesions, with minimum values significantly reduced compared to the seated and lowered positions. The cumulative duration spent below supine blood pressure was greatest in this group. Lowered Seating bolstered blood pressure in those with lesions to autonomic pathways. Conclusions Integrity of the autonomic nervous system is an important variable that affects cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress and should be considered when individuals with SCI or autonomic dysfunction are selecting Wheelchairs. Sponsorship This work was supported in part by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and the Yukon (V.E.C).
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Blood pressure and cerebral blood flow responses to different Wheelchair Seating positions.
2017Co-Authors: Jessica A. Inskip, Henrike J. C. Ravensbergen, Inderjeet S. Sahota, Christine Zawadzki, Lowell T. Mcphail, Jaimie F. Borisoff, Victoria E. ClaydonAbstract:A. Experimental protocol outline of crossover design: individuals were randomly assigned to move from the standard Seating position to the maximally elevated or lowered position, and then returned to the standard Seating position, followed by the opposite position (each block lasting 15 minutes). Throughout testing we continuously recorded blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms using the Finometer device; end tidal oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels using a gas analyser; and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) using cerebral ultrasound. B-E. Grouped mean data (± SEM) are presented in the supine, seated, elevated, and lowered Wheelchair Seating positions. Data were averaged over the last five minutes of each 15-minute trial. B. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP); C. systolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCAsys); D. diastolic arterial pressure (DAP); and E. diastolic blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCAdia) are presented. Vertical adjoining lines denote significant differences between indicated groups; asterisk (*) indicates significant difference from supine position; double dagger (‡) indicates significant difference from seated position; double S (§)indicates significant difference from elevated position.
Matthew P Reed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2007Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P ReedAbstract:ABSTRACT Crane BA, Holm MB, Hobson D, Cooper RA, Reed MP: A dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:988–993. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new user-adjustable Wheelchair Seating system designed to relieve discomfort for long-duration Wheelchair users. This objective was carried out using the newly developed Tool for Assessing Wheelchair disComfort (TAWC) as the primary outcome measure. Two Wheelchair users each tested two different designs and feedback from the Wheelchair users regarding the first design was used to guide development of the second design. A single-subject research methodology was used, allowing long-duration (up to 2 wks per test) evaluation of the Wheelchair Seating systems and comparison of subject discomfort levels with those experienced during a baseline period using their own Wheelchairs. The experimental Wheelchair Seating systems employed existing automotive Seating with embedded pneumatic bladders that allowed adjustment of the seat and back-support characteristics. The test Wheelchair also had tilt, recline, and elevating leg rests. The two subjects completed limited periods of testing with the first design, both finding poor results with either stable or increased levels of discomfort. Subject feedback was used to redesign the Wheelchair seat. After redesign, both subjects tested the second design and found it substantially more comfortable. The selected research methodology was a very positive method for a progressive Wheelchair Seating design and the second design provided improved comfort for both users when compared with that experienced using their own Wheelchairs and the first test Wheelchair. Future research of this type of user-controlled technology is recommended.
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test retest reliability internal item consistency and concurrent validity of the Wheelchair Seating discomfort assessment tool
Assistive Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P Reed, Steve StadelmeierAbstract:Discomfort is a common problem for Wheelchair users. Few researchers have investigated discomfort among Wheelchair users or potential solutions for this problem. One of the impediments to quantitative research on Wheelchair Seating discomfort has been the lack of a reliable method for quantifying seat discomfort. The purpose of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability, internal item consistency, and concurrent validity of a newly developed Wheelchair Seating Discomfort Assessment Tool (WcS-DAT). Thirty full-time, active Wheelchair users with intact sensation were asked to use this and other tools in order to rate their levels of discomfort in a test-retest reliability study format. Data from these measures were analyzed in SPSS using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) model (2,k) to measure the test-retest reliability. Cronbach's α was used to examine the internal consistency of the items within the WcS-DAT. Concurrent validity with similar measures was analyzed using Pearson produ...
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development of a consumer driven Wheelchair Seating discomfort assessment tool wcs dat
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2004Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P Reed, Steve StadelmeierAbstract:This study examined the concept of Seating discomfort in a population of full-time Wheelchair users with intact sensation. The goal was to construct a tool that would quantify Seating discomfort experienced by Wheelchair users. Ten participants were interviewed using ethnographic interview techniques. Data were analyzed using a cross-classifying matrix to examine commonalities among the 10 participants' responses. There were 16 discomfort and 13 comfort descriptors used by the participants. Of these, eight discomfort and five comfort descriptors were selected to include in the Wheelchair Seating Discomfort Assessment Tool (WcS-DAT). The discomfort descriptors selected were: aches and pains, need to move, pressure points, feeling poorly positioned, unable to concentrate, instability, not comfortable, and feeling too hot, cold or damp. The comfort descriptors selected were: absence of discomfort, feeling good, having no pain, able to concentrate, and feeling stable. The WcS-DAT also includes general information, such as the amount of time spent sitting and whether the individual was transferred into the chair properly--factors thought to affect discomfort--and ratings of discomfort intensity--in general and differentiated by body area. The WcS-DAT is a comprehensive tool for quantification of Wheelchair seat discomfort for this population.
Rory A Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2007Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P ReedAbstract:ABSTRACT Crane BA, Holm MB, Hobson D, Cooper RA, Reed MP: A dynamic Seating intervention for Wheelchair Seating discomfort. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:988–993. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new user-adjustable Wheelchair Seating system designed to relieve discomfort for long-duration Wheelchair users. This objective was carried out using the newly developed Tool for Assessing Wheelchair disComfort (TAWC) as the primary outcome measure. Two Wheelchair users each tested two different designs and feedback from the Wheelchair users regarding the first design was used to guide development of the second design. A single-subject research methodology was used, allowing long-duration (up to 2 wks per test) evaluation of the Wheelchair Seating systems and comparison of subject discomfort levels with those experienced during a baseline period using their own Wheelchairs. The experimental Wheelchair Seating systems employed existing automotive Seating with embedded pneumatic bladders that allowed adjustment of the seat and back-support characteristics. The test Wheelchair also had tilt, recline, and elevating leg rests. The two subjects completed limited periods of testing with the first design, both finding poor results with either stable or increased levels of discomfort. Subject feedback was used to redesign the Wheelchair seat. After redesign, both subjects tested the second design and found it substantially more comfortable. The selected research methodology was a very positive method for a progressive Wheelchair Seating design and the second design provided improved comfort for both users when compared with that experienced using their own Wheelchairs and the first test Wheelchair. Future research of this type of user-controlled technology is recommended.
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test retest reliability internal item consistency and concurrent validity of the Wheelchair Seating discomfort assessment tool
Assistive Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P Reed, Steve StadelmeierAbstract:Discomfort is a common problem for Wheelchair users. Few researchers have investigated discomfort among Wheelchair users or potential solutions for this problem. One of the impediments to quantitative research on Wheelchair Seating discomfort has been the lack of a reliable method for quantifying seat discomfort. The purpose of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability, internal item consistency, and concurrent validity of a newly developed Wheelchair Seating Discomfort Assessment Tool (WcS-DAT). Thirty full-time, active Wheelchair users with intact sensation were asked to use this and other tools in order to rate their levels of discomfort in a test-retest reliability study format. Data from these measures were analyzed in SPSS using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) model (2,k) to measure the test-retest reliability. Cronbach's α was used to examine the internal consistency of the items within the WcS-DAT. Concurrent validity with similar measures was analyzed using Pearson produ...
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development of a consumer driven Wheelchair Seating discomfort assessment tool wcs dat
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2004Co-Authors: Barbara Crane, Rory A Cooper, Margo B Holm, Douglas Hobson, Matthew P Reed, Steve StadelmeierAbstract:This study examined the concept of Seating discomfort in a population of full-time Wheelchair users with intact sensation. The goal was to construct a tool that would quantify Seating discomfort experienced by Wheelchair users. Ten participants were interviewed using ethnographic interview techniques. Data were analyzed using a cross-classifying matrix to examine commonalities among the 10 participants' responses. There were 16 discomfort and 13 comfort descriptors used by the participants. Of these, eight discomfort and five comfort descriptors were selected to include in the Wheelchair Seating Discomfort Assessment Tool (WcS-DAT). The discomfort descriptors selected were: aches and pains, need to move, pressure points, feeling poorly positioned, unable to concentrate, instability, not comfortable, and feeling too hot, cold or damp. The comfort descriptors selected were: absence of discomfort, feeling good, having no pain, able to concentrate, and feeling stable. The WcS-DAT also includes general information, such as the amount of time spent sitting and whether the individual was transferred into the chair properly--factors thought to affect discomfort--and ratings of discomfort intensity--in general and differentiated by body area. The WcS-DAT is a comprehensive tool for quantification of Wheelchair seat discomfort for this population.
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displacement between the Seating surface and hybrid test dummy during transitions with a variable configuration Wheelchair a technical note
Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2000Co-Authors: Rory A Cooper, Michael J Dvorznak, Andrew J Rentschler, Michael L BoningerAbstract:Changing Seating posture can extend the amount of time a person can safely remain seated without damaging tissue or becoming fatigued. The Excelsior is an electrically powered Wheelchair that utilizes sit-to-stand (STS) and sit-to-recline (STR) motions to aid in pressure relief. The motion of the Wheelchair Seating system must closely follow anatomical paths or ulcers may develop from the resulting shear forces. Displacement between the person and the Wheelchair Seating surface is one measure of these shear forces. The displacement between a Hybrid II 50th percentile anthropometric test dummy (ATD) and the Seating surface of the Excelsior Wheelchair was examined during STS and STR with two cushions, a Jay Active and a low-profile Roho cushion. The difference between the backrest and ATD back angles were 4.29 degrees +/- 2.13 degrees and 1.78 degrees +/- 1.73 degrees for the Roho and Jay cushions respectively during STS and 3.32 degrees +/- 4.21 degrees and 10.71 degrees +/- 6.20 degrees during STR. These were statistically significant at p<.05. During STS, shear displacement between the Hybrid II back and Excelsior backrest did not exceed 1.5 cm for either cushion. ATD thigh-to-seat displacements were 2.5 cm for the Jay and 3.0 cm for the Roho cushion. STR produced dummy thigh-to-seat displacements of 1.5 cm and 3.5 cm for the Jay and Roho cushions respectively. Shear displacement in the ATD back was about 3.5 cm for the Roho and 6 cm for the Jay. The latter displacement should be reduced; however, the other conditions are marginal or acceptable. Hysteresis was acceptable or better for all cushion/motion combinations, with the highest net displacement of about 2.5 cm.
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Wheelchair selection and configuration
1998Co-Authors: Rory A CooperAbstract:Wheelchairs as an Extension of Self History of Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Advocacy and Technology: Partners for a Better Life Disability and Wheelchair Users Maximizing Abilities Building Coalitions: The Concept of Interdependence Get Out There Wheelchair Measurement Body Measurements Standardized Wheelchair Seating Measurements Wheelchair Engineering Fundamentals Fundamental Mechanics of Motion Basic Mechanics of Material Properties of Materials Fabrication Biomechanics and Ergonomics of Wheelchairs Wheelchair User Disability Etiology Anthropometry Related to Wheelchairs and Seating Secondary Injury Related to Wheelchair Mobility Physical Activity and Wheelchair Propulsion Biomechanics of Wheelchair Propulsion Biomechanics of Seating Access System Biomechanics Wheelchair Electronics Fundamentals Basic Electrical Parameters Basic Electronic Components Basic Electrical Safety Electromechanical Components Basic Computers Wheelchair Standards and Testing Development of Standards Information Disclosure Performance Testing Sample Normative Values Safety Testing Cost Analysis Reliability and Failure Modes Manual Wheelchairs Frame Styles Wheels and Casters The Wheelchair User Interface Leg rests Armrests and Clothing Guards Wheel Locks Propulsion and Performance Powered Mobility Differentiation of Powered Wheelchairs Assessment and Selection Access Devices Integrated Controls Batteries Electrical Systems Drive Trains Performance Characteristics Specialized Wheelchairs Reclining Wheelchairs Tilt-in-Space Wheelchairs Variable Seat Height Wheelchairs Stand-up Wheelchairs Mobile Standing Frames Stair Climbing Sports and Alternative Wheelchairs Racing Wheelchairs Field Event Chairs Off-Road Wheelchairs and All-Terrain Vehicles Beach Wheelchairs Court Sports Wheelchairs Lever-Drive Wheelchairs Arm-Crank Vehicles Selection of Seat Cushions Stresses in Seated Tissue Seating Interface Response Pressure Measurement Systems Properties of Pressure Relief Cushions Computerized Shape Measurement Specialized Seating Systems Leg and Foot Supports Armrests Pelvic Positioning Back Supports Chest Supports Head Supports Custom Postural Support Hardware Principles of Assessment and Intervention Interview Techniques Task Analysis Performance Measurement Team Assessment Computerized Assessment Service Delivery Systems Funding Considerations Documentation Quality Assurance Wheelchair Maintenance Wheelchair Adjustments Seating System Adjustments Wheelchair Manufacturing and Modifications User Maintenance Service Center Maintenance Appendices: Some Useful Mobility and Seating Definitions Example Assessment Survey Example Manual Wheelchair Order Form Example Power Wheelchair Order Form Example Seating System Order Form Example Wheelchair Standards Reporting Form Partial List of Wheelchair Manufacturers Partial List of Seating System Manufacturers Partial List of Consumer and Professional Organizations and Services United States Research and Training Funding Agencies Journals and Periodicals Related to Wheelchairs and Seating.
