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Len C. Hollaway - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chapter 2 – Advanced polymer composite materials and their components
Advanced Polymer Composites and Polymers in the Civil Infrastructure, 2020Co-Authors: Len C. Hollaway, P R HeadAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polymer matrix materials and fibers. The mechanical and physical properties of the composite are controlled by their constituent properties and by micro-structural configurations. The reinforcing of a low modulus matrix with high strength and modulus fibers utilizes the visco-elastic displacement of the low-modulus matrix under stress to transfer the load to the fiber; this results in a high strength, high modulus composite. The transfer of loads and improved toughness provided by the matrix and the interface are prerequisites for the properties of the composite but the reinforcement is primarily responsible for these properties. Advanced composites offer greatly reduced maintenance compared with steel and concrete and, therefore, offer whole life Cost benefits. Design Costs of advanced composite applications are very high because of the complexity of the design process and the need to optimize material content. The matrix material of an advanced polymer composite is a low strength and low modulus component and the fiber are of high strength and high modulus component. Several different polymer matrices can be utilized in advanced composites, but in construction only a relatively small number are actually used.
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a review of the present and future utilisation of frp composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in service properties
Construction and Building Materials, 2010Co-Authors: Len C. HollawayAbstract:Abstract The paper discusses the development of the advanced polymer composite material applications in the building and civil/structural infrastructure over the past three to four decades. It endeavours to identify and prioritise the important in-service research areas which are necessary to improve the understanding of the behaviour of FRP materials and FRP structural components. The paper demonstrates the types of structures which have been developed from the FRP composite material and the most advantageous way to employ composites in civil engineering. The material has extraordinary mechanical and important in-service properties which when combined with other materials are utilised to improve the stiffness/strength, durability, the Whole-Life Cost benefit and the environmental impact. The paper concludes by summarising key successes of the advanced polymer composite in the civil infrastructure and suggests areas in which, if they are employed innovatively, FRP composites could be used with great advantage.
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A review of the present and future utilisation of FRP composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties
Construction and Building Materials, 2010Co-Authors: Len C. HollawayAbstract:The paper discusses the development of the advanced polymer composite material applications in the building and civil/structural infrastructure over the past three to four decades. It endeavours to identify and prioritise the important in-service research areas which are necessary to improve the understanding of the behaviour of FRP materials and FRP structural components. The paper demonstrates the types of structures which have been developed from the FRP composite material and the most advantageous way to employ composites in civil engineering. The material has extraordinary mechanical and important in-service properties which when combined with other materials are utilised to improve the stiffness/ strength, durability, the Whole-Life Cost benefit and the environmental impact. The paper concludes by summarising key successes of the advanced polymer composite in the civil infrastructure and suggests areas in which, if they are employed innovatively, FRP composites could be used with great advantage. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Inés Armada Espinosa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A parametric whole life Cost model for offshore wind farms
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Mahmood Shafiee, Feargal Brennan, Inés Armada EspinosaAbstract:Purpose Life cycle Cost (LCC) considerations are of increasing importance to offshore wind farm operators and their insurers to undertake long-term profitable investments and to make electricity generation more price-competitive. This paper presents a Cost breakdown structure (CBS) and develops a whole life Cost (WLC) analysis framework for offshore wind farms throughout their life span (∼25 years). Methods A combined multivariate regression/neural network approach is developed to identify key Cost drivers and evaluate all the Costs associated with five phases of offshore wind projects, namely pre-development and consenting (P&C), production and acquisition (P&A), installation and commissioning (I&C), operation and maintenance (O&M) and decommissioning and disposal (D&D). Several critical factors such as geographical location and meteorological conditions, rated power and capacity factor of wind turbines, reliability of sub-systems and availability and accessibility of transportation means are taken into account in Cost calculations. The O&M Costs (including the Cost of renewal and replacement, Cost of lost production, Cost of skilled maintenance labour and logistics Cost) are assessed using the data available in failure databases (e.g. fault logs and O&M reports) and the data supplied by inspection agencies. A net present value (NPV) approach is used to quantify the current value of future cash flows, and then, a bottom-up estimate of the overall Cost is obtained. Results and discussion The proposed model is tested on an offshore 500-MW baseline wind farm project, and the results are compared to experimental ones reported in the literature. Our results indicate that the capital Cost of wind turbines and their installation Costs account for the largest proportion of WLC, followed by the O&M Costs. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to identify those factors having the greatest impact on levelized Cost of energy (LCOE). Conclusions The installed capacity of a wind farm, distance from shore and fault detection capability of the condition monitoring system are identified as parameters with significant influence on LCOE. Since the service lifetime of a wind farm is relatively long, a small change in interest rate leads to a large variation in the project’s total Cost. The presented models not only assist stakeholders in evaluating the performance of ongoing projects but also help the wind farm developers reduce their Costs in the medium–long term.
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A parametric whole life Cost model for offshore wind farms
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Mahmood Shafiee, Feargal Brennan, Inés Armada EspinosaAbstract:Purpose Life cycle Cost (LCC) considerations are of increasing importance to offshore wind farm operators and their insurers to undertake long-term profitable investments and to make electricity generation more price-competitive. This paper presents a Cost breakdown structure (CBS) and develops a whole life Cost (WLC) analysis framework for offshore wind farms throughout their life span (∼25 years).
Peter Jarvis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acidified and ultrafiltered recovered coagulants from water treatment works sludge for removal of phosphorus from wastewater
Water Research, 2016Co-Authors: Joe Keeley, Andrea D Smith, S J Judd, Peter JarvisAbstract:This study used a range of treated water treatment works sludge options for the removal of phosphorus (P) from primary wastewater. These options included the application of ultrafiltration for recovery of the coagulant from the sludge. The treatment performance and whole life Cost (WLC) of the various recovered coagulant (RC) configurations have been considered in relation to fresh ferric sulphate (FFS). Pre-treatment of the sludge with acid followed by removal of organic and particulate contaminants using a 2kD ultrafiltration membrane resulted in a reusable coagulant that closely matched the performance FFS. Unacidified RC showed 53% of the phosphorus removal efficiency of FFS, at a dose of 20 mg/L as Fe and a contact time of 90 min. A longer contact time of 8 h improved performance to 85% of FFS. P removal at the shorter contact time improved to 88% relative to FFS by pre-acidifying the sludge to pH 2, using an acid molar ratio of 5.2:1 mol H+:Fe. Analysis of the removal of P showed that rapid phosphate precipitation accounted for >65% of removal with FFS. However, for the acidified RC a slower adsorption mechanism dominated; this was accelerated at a lower pH. A Cost-benefit analysis showed that relative to dosing FFS and disposing waterworks sludge to land, the 20 year WLC was halved by transporting acidified or unacidified sludge up to 80 km for reuse in wastewater treatment. A maximum inter-site distance was determined to be 240 km above the current disposal route at current prices. Further savings could be made if longer contact times were available to allow greater P removal with unacidified RC.
Mahmood Shafiee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A parametric whole life Cost model for offshore wind farms
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Mahmood Shafiee, Feargal Brennan, Inés Armada EspinosaAbstract:Purpose Life cycle Cost (LCC) considerations are of increasing importance to offshore wind farm operators and their insurers to undertake long-term profitable investments and to make electricity generation more price-competitive. This paper presents a Cost breakdown structure (CBS) and develops a whole life Cost (WLC) analysis framework for offshore wind farms throughout their life span (∼25 years). Methods A combined multivariate regression/neural network approach is developed to identify key Cost drivers and evaluate all the Costs associated with five phases of offshore wind projects, namely pre-development and consenting (P&C), production and acquisition (P&A), installation and commissioning (I&C), operation and maintenance (O&M) and decommissioning and disposal (D&D). Several critical factors such as geographical location and meteorological conditions, rated power and capacity factor of wind turbines, reliability of sub-systems and availability and accessibility of transportation means are taken into account in Cost calculations. The O&M Costs (including the Cost of renewal and replacement, Cost of lost production, Cost of skilled maintenance labour and logistics Cost) are assessed using the data available in failure databases (e.g. fault logs and O&M reports) and the data supplied by inspection agencies. A net present value (NPV) approach is used to quantify the current value of future cash flows, and then, a bottom-up estimate of the overall Cost is obtained. Results and discussion The proposed model is tested on an offshore 500-MW baseline wind farm project, and the results are compared to experimental ones reported in the literature. Our results indicate that the capital Cost of wind turbines and their installation Costs account for the largest proportion of WLC, followed by the O&M Costs. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to identify those factors having the greatest impact on levelized Cost of energy (LCOE). Conclusions The installed capacity of a wind farm, distance from shore and fault detection capability of the condition monitoring system are identified as parameters with significant influence on LCOE. Since the service lifetime of a wind farm is relatively long, a small change in interest rate leads to a large variation in the project’s total Cost. The presented models not only assist stakeholders in evaluating the performance of ongoing projects but also help the wind farm developers reduce their Costs in the medium–long term.
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A parametric whole life Cost model for offshore wind farms
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Mahmood Shafiee, Feargal Brennan, Inés Armada EspinosaAbstract:Purpose Life cycle Cost (LCC) considerations are of increasing importance to offshore wind farm operators and their insurers to undertake long-term profitable investments and to make electricity generation more price-competitive. This paper presents a Cost breakdown structure (CBS) and develops a whole life Cost (WLC) analysis framework for offshore wind farms throughout their life span (∼25 years).
Joe Keeley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acidified and ultrafiltered recovered coagulants from water treatment works sludge for removal of phosphorus from wastewater
Water Research, 2016Co-Authors: Joe Keeley, Andrea D Smith, S J Judd, Peter JarvisAbstract:This study used a range of treated water treatment works sludge options for the removal of phosphorus (P) from primary wastewater. These options included the application of ultrafiltration for recovery of the coagulant from the sludge. The treatment performance and whole life Cost (WLC) of the various recovered coagulant (RC) configurations have been considered in relation to fresh ferric sulphate (FFS). Pre-treatment of the sludge with acid followed by removal of organic and particulate contaminants using a 2kD ultrafiltration membrane resulted in a reusable coagulant that closely matched the performance FFS. Unacidified RC showed 53% of the phosphorus removal efficiency of FFS, at a dose of 20 mg/L as Fe and a contact time of 90 min. A longer contact time of 8 h improved performance to 85% of FFS. P removal at the shorter contact time improved to 88% relative to FFS by pre-acidifying the sludge to pH 2, using an acid molar ratio of 5.2:1 mol H+:Fe. Analysis of the removal of P showed that rapid phosphate precipitation accounted for >65% of removal with FFS. However, for the acidified RC a slower adsorption mechanism dominated; this was accelerated at a lower pH. A Cost-benefit analysis showed that relative to dosing FFS and disposing waterworks sludge to land, the 20 year WLC was halved by transporting acidified or unacidified sludge up to 80 km for reuse in wastewater treatment. A maximum inter-site distance was determined to be 240 km above the current disposal route at current prices. Further savings could be made if longer contact times were available to allow greater P removal with unacidified RC.