The Experts below are selected from a list of 39 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Laura Salisbury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Women's Income and Marriage Markets in the United States: Evidence from the Civil War Pension
2014Co-Authors: Laura SalisburyAbstract:Under the Civil War Pension act of 1862, the widow of a Union Army soldier was entitled to a Pension if her husband died as a direct result of his military service; however, she lost her right to the Pension if she remarried. I analyze the effect this had on the rate of remarriage among these Widows. This study fits into a modern literature on the behavioral effects of marriage penalties. In addition, it offers a unique perspective on 19th century marriage markets, which are little understood. Using a new database compiled from Widows' Pension files, I estimate the effect of the Pension on the hazard rate of remarriage using variation in Pension processing times. Taking steps to account for the potential endogeneity of processing times to marital outcomes, I find that receiving a Pension lowered the hazard rate of remarriage by 25 percent, which implies an increase in the median time to remarriage of 3.5 years. Among older women and women with children, this effect is substantially greater. This indicates that women were willing to substitute away from marriage if the alternatives were favorable enough, suggesting that changes in the desirability of marriage to women may account for some of the aggregate patterns of first marriage documented for this period.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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Women's Income and Marriage Markets in the United States: Evidence from the Civil War Pension
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014Co-Authors: Laura SalisburyAbstract:Under the Civil War Pension act of 1862, the widow of a Union Army soldier was entitled to a Pension if her husband died as a direct result of his military service; however, she lost her right to the Pension if she remarried. I analyze the effect this had on the rate of remarriage among these Widows. This study fits into a modern literature on the behavioral effects of marriage penalties. In addition, it offers a unique perspective on 19th century marriage markets, which are little understood. Using a new database compiled from Widows' Pension files, I estimate the effect of the Pension on the hazard rate of remarriage using variation in Pension processing times. Taking steps to account for the potential endogeneity of processing times to marital outcomes, I find that receiving a Pension lowered the hazard rate of remarriage by 25 percent, which implies an increase in the median time to remarriage of 3.5 years. Among older women and women with children, this effect is substantially greater. This indicates that women were willing to substitute away from marriage if the alternatives were favorable enough, suggesting that changes in the desirability of marriage to women may account for some of the aggregate patterns of first marriage documented for this period.
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Women's Income and Marriage Markets in the United States: Evidence from the Civil War Pension
2014Co-Authors: Laura SalisburyAbstract:Under the Civil War Pension act of 1862, Union Army Widows were entitled to Pensions; however, they lost these Pensions if they remarried. Using a database compiled from Widows' Pension files, I estimate the effect this had on Widows' remarriage decisions. I find that receiving a Pension lowered the hazard rate of remarriage by 25 percent, which implies an increase in the median time to remarriage of 3.5 years. Among older women, the effect is greater. These results suggest that many Union Army Widows faced highly unfavorable marriage prospects.
Angela Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Discourses of morality and truth in social welfare: the surveillance of British Widows of the First World War
Social Semiotics, 2010Co-Authors: Angela SmithAbstract:Drawing on Sarangi and Slembrouck's work on the language of State-sanctioned bureaucracy, this paper will explore one of the ways in which this developed in Britain in the early twentieth century. Looking in particular at the war Widows' Pension scheme as implemented under the Royal Warrant of 1916, this paper will explore how the first (financially) non-contributory Pension, and the first specifically directed towards women in Britain, developed a system of State-sanctioned surveillance and parsimony that continues to this day. The data used draw upon a number of individual case studies, showing how the State saw part of its role as the obligation to subject women to scrutiny and judgement, making infidelity and misbehaviour grounds for the denial of their Widows' Pension. As this article will explore, a wide variety of agents positioned themselves as, in some way, responsible for the moral surveillance of Widows and even the most gossipy reports appear to have been treated with some degree of seriousnes...
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'Pitied but distrusted' : discourses surrounding British Widows of the First World War
2007Co-Authors: Angela SmithAbstract:This thesis employs critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 1995) to unpick the discourses surrounding British Widows of men who died as a result of the First World War. The war Widows’ Pension scheme, as implemented under the Royal Warrant of 1916, was the first (financially) non-contributory Pension, and the first specifically directed towards women in Britain. Implemented against a backdrop of the first mass, industrialised war of the modern era, the discourses and ideologies underpinning it are firmly rooted in those of the previous century. At a time when the State was intervening in the life of its citizens in more extensive way than at any previous time, it also sought to distance itself from these citizens through the use of an impersonal style of communication. This was used to present war Widows’ Pension legislation that was framed around discourses of morality and nationalism that masks underlying parsimony and patriarchy. This thesis draws on a wide range of resources such as charitable records, media sources and Hansard reports, concentrating on a selection of 200 individual case files relating to claims for a war widow’s Pension, held in the National Archive, Kew. Two case files are analysed in detail using discourse-historical analysis (Wodak, 2001) as a framework for a linguistic analysis. The two case files chosen represent Widows whose experiences are typical of those found in the corpus. One widow is representative of the sizeable group of women who had their Pensions stopped because of ‘improper’ behaviour, the correspondence in her file revealing how discourses of morality, social welfare and national identity are employed interdiscursively to deny her State funds. The second case study is more diachronic, showing how one widow, in common with thousands of others, was denied a Pension on grounds on ineligibility. She employs discourses of social welfare and nationalism to support her claim over a period of nearly 40 years. Over the course of the 20th century, the relationship between the State and the public altered, and this case file offers an opportunity to explore this in some detail.
Collins Kristin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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\u27Petitions Without Number\u27: Widows\u27 Petitions and the Early Nineteenth-Century Origins of Public Marriage-Based Entitlements
Scholarly Commons at Boston University School of Law, 2013Co-Authors: Collins KristinAbstract:Between 1792 and 1858, Congress enacted approximately seventy-six public law statutes granting cash subsidies to large classes of military Widows. War Widows’ Pensions were not wholly unknown in Anglo-American law before this time, but the Widows’ Pension system of the early nineteenth century was distinctive in both scope and kind: Congress rejected the class-based approach that had characterized war Widows’ Pensions of the eighteenth century by Pensioning Widows of rank-and-file soldiers, not just Widows of officers, and by extending Pensions to Widows of veterans. This significant equalization and expansion of Widows’ Pensions resulted in the creation of the first broad-scale system of marriage-based entitlements in America. This article seeks to explain the blossoming of this system and argues that Widows’ petitioning efforts played a central role. Unlike the women who used the petition to oppose slavery and Indian removal during the same period, Widows seeking Pensions did not overtly challenge socio-political conventions by petitioning Congress. Rather, in both locution and purpose, Widows’ Pension petitions conformed to and reinforce dominant views concerning men’s and women’s social roles and responsibilities. And it was precisely the conformist nature of Widows’ petitions that made them effective in precipitating the development of a substantial system of public marriage-based entitlements. Attention to these overlooked sources helps explain the emergence of marriage-based entitlements in American law, and enables us to construct a more textured picture of how, in the early nineteenth century, the law shaped women’s lives and women shaped the law
Smith Julie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Australian state income taxation: a historical perspective
Taxation Institute of Australia, 2016Co-Authors: Smith JulieAbstract:Contrasting with social insurance taxes and the key revenue raising role of VAT for northern European welfare states, Australia’s income tax has funded expansion of Australia’s social security system. The uniform income tax plan of 1942 unified Australia’s system of income taxes, and was central to funding the introduction of Australia’s unique social security system, establishing national child endowment, unemployment benefits and the Widows’ Pension in 1944. This article will describe the increasing reliance of Australian states on income taxation during the period 1915 to 1942, and the constraints arising from the increasing mobility of taxpayers and post-Federation economic integration; show how these states’ income tax policies responded to the economic shocks of the Depression which depleted the states’ revenues contemporaneously with increasing demands on governments to provide social protection; and identify how the concepts, design and administration of state income taxes were embedded in Australia’s national tax and social security systems established between 1942 and 1944. The design of Australia’s unified income tax system was not based on a clean slate, nor was it simply an expedient response to wartime revenue or macroeconomic management needs. In this article, it is shown to be based on an income tax template derived closely from Australian state income taxes during the interwar period, reconfigured by the economic shocks of the Depression years, and glued together by federal/state finance institutions and agreements which redistributed national revenues to less affluent jurisdictions. Income tax unification addressed the key barriers to funding adequate social protection that had confronted states during the Depression
Ida Blom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Widows, widowers and the construction of the Norwegian welfare society, c. 1900-1960s
Scandinavian Journal of History, 2004Co-Authors: Ida BlomAbstract:The paper analyses the gradual changes in assistance offered to Widows and widowers between 1900 and 1964. It highlights the conflicts between the principle of the family as provider of welfare and the principle of self-help embodied in poor relief, in varying municipal Pensions during the inter-war period and in the right to economic assistance legitimised through the Mothers' and Widows' Pension Act in 1964. The development is seen as part of the construction of a welfare society, built on the perception of men as wage-earners and providers, women as wives and mothers. These perceptions of masculinity and femininity resulted in gender-differentiated needs in the case of widowhood, and in gender-differentiated means of covering such needs. Civil status had no importance for men's role as wage-earners, while it was decisive for the economic situation of women. Focusing on the problem of economic support, the paper discusses solutions at the individual private level, at the municipal level and at the natio...