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Michael B Ashworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • narrow Windrow burning canola brassica napus l residue for sclerotinia sclerotiorum lib de bary sclerotia destruction
    Pest Management Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kyran D Brooks, Sarita Jane Bennett, Leon M Hodgson, Michael B Ashworth
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Since the introduction of herbicide-tolerant varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) in 1993, global plantings have increased resulting in an increased incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infections. Developments in narrow Windrow burning techniques to destroy the seed of multiple herbicide-resistant weeds provide an opportunity to also intercept and heat-treat the S. sclerotiorum inoculum source, termed sclerotia, before it re-enters the soil to infect susceptible crop species in successive years. RESULTS Preliminary kiln studies determined that a temperature of 264 °C for 10 s was needed to destroy S. sclerotiorum sclerotia viability (LT99 ) of sclerotia 4 mm in diameter respectively. In the field, temperatures > 500 °C were maintained in the centre of burning narrow Windrows of canola residue for > 450 s and 300 °C was maintained consistently at either edge of the Windrows for the same duration. The temperatures achieved when burning canola narrow Windrows were sufficient to kill all sclerotia concentrated into the narrow Windrow. CONCLUSION As a technique, narrow Windrow burning of canola residue provides the temperature and temperature durations required to kill S. sclerotiorum sclerotia, thus providing a non-fungicidal control option as part of a wider integrated disease management approach. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Kyran D Brooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • narrow Windrow burning canola brassica napus l residue for sclerotinia sclerotiorum lib de bary sclerotia destruction
    Pest Management Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kyran D Brooks, Sarita Jane Bennett, Leon M Hodgson, Michael B Ashworth
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Since the introduction of herbicide-tolerant varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) in 1993, global plantings have increased resulting in an increased incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infections. Developments in narrow Windrow burning techniques to destroy the seed of multiple herbicide-resistant weeds provide an opportunity to also intercept and heat-treat the S. sclerotiorum inoculum source, termed sclerotia, before it re-enters the soil to infect susceptible crop species in successive years. RESULTS Preliminary kiln studies determined that a temperature of 264 °C for 10 s was needed to destroy S. sclerotiorum sclerotia viability (LT99 ) of sclerotia 4 mm in diameter respectively. In the field, temperatures > 500 °C were maintained in the centre of burning narrow Windrows of canola residue for > 450 s and 300 °C was maintained consistently at either edge of the Windrows for the same duration. The temperatures achieved when burning canola narrow Windrows were sufficient to kill all sclerotia concentrated into the narrow Windrow. CONCLUSION As a technique, narrow Windrow burning of canola residue provides the temperature and temperature durations required to kill S. sclerotiorum sclerotia, thus providing a non-fungicidal control option as part of a wider integrated disease management approach. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Druscilla S Sullivan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • long term functionality of woody debris structures for forest floor small mammals on clearcuts
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2019
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Restoration practices are much needed on clearcut openings in commercial forest landscapes where some mammal species have declined in abundance from a loss of preferred food, cover, and other components of stand structure. Retention of excess woody debris in piles and Windrows provides habitat for forest-floor small mammals and some of their predators such as small mustelids. However, it is unknown if these retention habitats are used over longer periods (>10 years) as new forests grow and develop on harvested sites, or do they become unoccupied? We tested the hypotheses (H) that (H1) abundance, species richness, and diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H2) reproduction and survival of the southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), long-tailed vole (Microtus longicaudus), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) would decline on sites with woody debris structures, compared with sites of dispersed woody debris or uncut forest, up to 12 years post-construction in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Woody debris structures provided habitat on new clearcuts for M. gapperi at comparable or higher abundance than in uncut forest and 5.0 to 7.6 times higher than on dispersed sites in the first 5-year period. Although numbers declined after the initial three years, populations of M. gapperi in debris structures recovered to earlier abundance levels at 11–12 years post-construction. Mean abundance of M. longicaudus was consistently higher (2.8 to 3.5 times) in piles and Windrows than in sites with dispersed woody debris over the first 5-year period. Populations of M. longicaudus were high in all three treatment sites at 11 years post-construction reaching mean annual peak numbers of 24, 42, and 36 voles per ha in the dispersed, piles, and Windrow sites, respectively. Mean abundance of P. maniculatus was similar among treatment sites and consistent over time. Mean abundance of total small mammals was consistently higher (1.8 to 2.4 times) in piles and Windrows than dispersed or forest sites in the first 5-year period and this pattern was continued at 11–12 years post-construction. At 11 years post-construction, all treatment sites had the highest peak numbers per ha in the study: dispersed (40.3), piles (64.1), Windrows (56.1), and forest (29.0). Our results did not support H1 as abundance, species richness, and diversity were increased or maintained in the debris structures over the 12-year period. Reproduction and survival followed the pattern of abundance for the major species, and hence H2 was not supported. Our study is the first to measure long-term (up to 12 years) responses of forest-floor small mammals to constructed piles and Windrows of woody debris as a means of habitat retention on clearcuts. These mammalian species, particularly voles, may then serve as prey for marten and other mustelids. This relationship provides further support for piles and Windrows to act as baseline trophic structures in ecological restoration of cutover forest land.

  • mammalian responses to Windrows of woody debris on clearcuts abundance and diversity of forest floor small mammals and presence of small mustelids
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan, Hazelrah J Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Forest harvesting often leaves excess woody debris on the forest floor that could provide habitat for small mammals and mustelid predators. A Windrow or series of piles constructed from woody debris may connect patches of mature forest and riparian areas to allow small mammals and some of their predators to use clearcut openings. We tested two hypotheses (H) that woody debris arranged in Windrows connecting reserves of uncut forest, on newly clearcut sites, would increase (H 1 ) abundance of the major vole species and total abundance, species richness, and species diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H 2 ) presence of small mustelids in response to abundance of small mammal prey; compared with sites of dispersed woody debris or uncut forest. We measured abundance and diversity of small mammals and the presence of small mustelids (American marten, Martes americana ; short-tailed weasel, Mustela erminea ; long-tailed weasel, M. frenata ) from 2012 to 2016 in replicated treatments of woody debris in Windrow and dispersed sites compared with uncut forest sites at two study areas near Elkhart and Golden in south-central British Columbia, Canada. At Elkhart, mean abundance of total voles and total small mammals per index-line were higher in the Windrow than dispersed sites, and higher or similar to forest sites. At Golden, mean abundance of total voles was similar, but the dispersed and Windrow sites had higher numbers of total small mammals than the forest sites. Mean species richness and diversity were highest in the Windrow sites at both study areas. Thus, the predictions of H 1 were supported, except for total voles at Golden. Mean abundance of the southern red-backed vole ( Myodes gapperi ), a principal prey species for mustelids, was higher in Windrow than dispersed sites, and similar or lower than forest sites. M. gapperi , along with the long-tailed vole ( Microtus longicaudus ) dominated the overall vole population in Windrows at Elkhart. M. longicaudus dominated the Windrows and dispersed sites at Golden. Deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) and northwestern chipmunks ( Neotamias amoenus ) were at similar numbers in dispersed and Windrow sites, but shrews ( Sorex spp.) showed a positive response to Windrows. Overall mean presence by marten and small weasels were, on average, 3.3–4.8 times higher in Windrow than dispersed sites, and higher or similar to forest sites, which supported H 2 . Our study is the first to connect Windrows to patches and larger units of uncut forest and to cover a 5-year period since harvest. Responses in mean total abundance, species richness, and diversity of small mammals in Windrows were maintained throughout the 5-year period. This consistent result was likely related to the connectivity between Windrows and uncut forests. Strategic management of post-harvest woody debris in a network of Windrows or piles will help to maintain abundance and diversity of forest mammals, both predator and prey species, on clearcuts.

  • responses of red backed voles myodes gapperi to Windrows of woody debris along forest clearcut edges
    Wildlife Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Context Southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) disappear from clearcuts within the first year or two after harvest, at least in studies in coniferous and mixed forests of western North America. Post-harvest woody debris arranged in large piles and Windrows supports populations of M. gapperi on clearcuts and may extend their persistence there. Aims To test the hypotheses (H) that for M. gapperi, (H1) population parameters of abundance, reproduction, and survival would be higher in Windrow–forest than isolated Windrow sites, and higher or similar to those in interior old forest sites; (H2) connectivity provided by Windrow-forest structures will mitigate potential negative effects of clearcuts and abundance of M. gapperi will remain similar at the abrupt edge between forest and new clearcuts; and (H3) connectivity provided by Windrow–forest structures will allow increased movements between both habitats. Methods Study areas were located in three forest ecological zones in southern British Columbia, Canada. Populations of M. gapperi were sampled from 2010 to 2012 in three types of habitats on new clearcuts: isolated Windrows of woody debris, Windrows attached to uncut old forest, and in uncut old forest. Key results Higher mean values of abundance and number of juvenile recruits of M. gapperi in the isolated Windrow and Windrow–forest sites than forest sites was contrary to our prediction for H1. In support of H2, we could not detect any differences in the mean number of captures among forest, edge and Windrow sections of the Windrow–forest sites, nor in the mean range length among the three habitat types. For H3, connectivity provided by Windrow–forest structures may mitigate potential negative effects on abundance for M. gapperi at the abrupt edge between forest and new clearcuts. Conclusions and Implications Voles did not commonly move between the forest and Windrow habitats, but did move readily within forest and within Windrows. Substantial movement by M. gapperi within Windrows suggested that this microtine will move along Windrows and potentially use these paths of connectivity to cross clearcuts. If the prey base is present, Windrow connectivity may enhance these open areas for small mustelids and other carnivores and help maintain abundance and diversity of some forest mammals on clearcuts.

Thomas P Sullivan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • long term functionality of woody debris structures for forest floor small mammals on clearcuts
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2019
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Restoration practices are much needed on clearcut openings in commercial forest landscapes where some mammal species have declined in abundance from a loss of preferred food, cover, and other components of stand structure. Retention of excess woody debris in piles and Windrows provides habitat for forest-floor small mammals and some of their predators such as small mustelids. However, it is unknown if these retention habitats are used over longer periods (>10 years) as new forests grow and develop on harvested sites, or do they become unoccupied? We tested the hypotheses (H) that (H1) abundance, species richness, and diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H2) reproduction and survival of the southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), long-tailed vole (Microtus longicaudus), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) would decline on sites with woody debris structures, compared with sites of dispersed woody debris or uncut forest, up to 12 years post-construction in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Woody debris structures provided habitat on new clearcuts for M. gapperi at comparable or higher abundance than in uncut forest and 5.0 to 7.6 times higher than on dispersed sites in the first 5-year period. Although numbers declined after the initial three years, populations of M. gapperi in debris structures recovered to earlier abundance levels at 11–12 years post-construction. Mean abundance of M. longicaudus was consistently higher (2.8 to 3.5 times) in piles and Windrows than in sites with dispersed woody debris over the first 5-year period. Populations of M. longicaudus were high in all three treatment sites at 11 years post-construction reaching mean annual peak numbers of 24, 42, and 36 voles per ha in the dispersed, piles, and Windrow sites, respectively. Mean abundance of P. maniculatus was similar among treatment sites and consistent over time. Mean abundance of total small mammals was consistently higher (1.8 to 2.4 times) in piles and Windrows than dispersed or forest sites in the first 5-year period and this pattern was continued at 11–12 years post-construction. At 11 years post-construction, all treatment sites had the highest peak numbers per ha in the study: dispersed (40.3), piles (64.1), Windrows (56.1), and forest (29.0). Our results did not support H1 as abundance, species richness, and diversity were increased or maintained in the debris structures over the 12-year period. Reproduction and survival followed the pattern of abundance for the major species, and hence H2 was not supported. Our study is the first to measure long-term (up to 12 years) responses of forest-floor small mammals to constructed piles and Windrows of woody debris as a means of habitat retention on clearcuts. These mammalian species, particularly voles, may then serve as prey for marten and other mustelids. This relationship provides further support for piles and Windrows to act as baseline trophic structures in ecological restoration of cutover forest land.

  • mammalian responses to Windrows of woody debris on clearcuts abundance and diversity of forest floor small mammals and presence of small mustelids
    Forest Ecology and Management, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan, Hazelrah J Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Forest harvesting often leaves excess woody debris on the forest floor that could provide habitat for small mammals and mustelid predators. A Windrow or series of piles constructed from woody debris may connect patches of mature forest and riparian areas to allow small mammals and some of their predators to use clearcut openings. We tested two hypotheses (H) that woody debris arranged in Windrows connecting reserves of uncut forest, on newly clearcut sites, would increase (H 1 ) abundance of the major vole species and total abundance, species richness, and species diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H 2 ) presence of small mustelids in response to abundance of small mammal prey; compared with sites of dispersed woody debris or uncut forest. We measured abundance and diversity of small mammals and the presence of small mustelids (American marten, Martes americana ; short-tailed weasel, Mustela erminea ; long-tailed weasel, M. frenata ) from 2012 to 2016 in replicated treatments of woody debris in Windrow and dispersed sites compared with uncut forest sites at two study areas near Elkhart and Golden in south-central British Columbia, Canada. At Elkhart, mean abundance of total voles and total small mammals per index-line were higher in the Windrow than dispersed sites, and higher or similar to forest sites. At Golden, mean abundance of total voles was similar, but the dispersed and Windrow sites had higher numbers of total small mammals than the forest sites. Mean species richness and diversity were highest in the Windrow sites at both study areas. Thus, the predictions of H 1 were supported, except for total voles at Golden. Mean abundance of the southern red-backed vole ( Myodes gapperi ), a principal prey species for mustelids, was higher in Windrow than dispersed sites, and similar or lower than forest sites. M. gapperi , along with the long-tailed vole ( Microtus longicaudus ) dominated the overall vole population in Windrows at Elkhart. M. longicaudus dominated the Windrows and dispersed sites at Golden. Deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) and northwestern chipmunks ( Neotamias amoenus ) were at similar numbers in dispersed and Windrow sites, but shrews ( Sorex spp.) showed a positive response to Windrows. Overall mean presence by marten and small weasels were, on average, 3.3–4.8 times higher in Windrow than dispersed sites, and higher or similar to forest sites, which supported H 2 . Our study is the first to connect Windrows to patches and larger units of uncut forest and to cover a 5-year period since harvest. Responses in mean total abundance, species richness, and diversity of small mammals in Windrows were maintained throughout the 5-year period. This consistent result was likely related to the connectivity between Windrows and uncut forests. Strategic management of post-harvest woody debris in a network of Windrows or piles will help to maintain abundance and diversity of forest mammals, both predator and prey species, on clearcuts.

  • responses of red backed voles myodes gapperi to Windrows of woody debris along forest clearcut edges
    Wildlife Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Thomas P Sullivan, Druscilla S Sullivan
    Abstract:

    Context Southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) disappear from clearcuts within the first year or two after harvest, at least in studies in coniferous and mixed forests of western North America. Post-harvest woody debris arranged in large piles and Windrows supports populations of M. gapperi on clearcuts and may extend their persistence there. Aims To test the hypotheses (H) that for M. gapperi, (H1) population parameters of abundance, reproduction, and survival would be higher in Windrow–forest than isolated Windrow sites, and higher or similar to those in interior old forest sites; (H2) connectivity provided by Windrow-forest structures will mitigate potential negative effects of clearcuts and abundance of M. gapperi will remain similar at the abrupt edge between forest and new clearcuts; and (H3) connectivity provided by Windrow–forest structures will allow increased movements between both habitats. Methods Study areas were located in three forest ecological zones in southern British Columbia, Canada. Populations of M. gapperi were sampled from 2010 to 2012 in three types of habitats on new clearcuts: isolated Windrows of woody debris, Windrows attached to uncut old forest, and in uncut old forest. Key results Higher mean values of abundance and number of juvenile recruits of M. gapperi in the isolated Windrow and Windrow–forest sites than forest sites was contrary to our prediction for H1. In support of H2, we could not detect any differences in the mean number of captures among forest, edge and Windrow sections of the Windrow–forest sites, nor in the mean range length among the three habitat types. For H3, connectivity provided by Windrow–forest structures may mitigate potential negative effects on abundance for M. gapperi at the abrupt edge between forest and new clearcuts. Conclusions and Implications Voles did not commonly move between the forest and Windrow habitats, but did move readily within forest and within Windrows. Substantial movement by M. gapperi within Windrows suggested that this microtine will move along Windrows and potentially use these paths of connectivity to cross clearcuts. If the prey base is present, Windrow connectivity may enhance these open areas for small mustelids and other carnivores and help maintain abundance and diversity of some forest mammals on clearcuts.

Sarita Jane Bennett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • narrow Windrow burning canola brassica napus l residue for sclerotinia sclerotiorum lib de bary sclerotia destruction
    Pest Management Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kyran D Brooks, Sarita Jane Bennett, Leon M Hodgson, Michael B Ashworth
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Since the introduction of herbicide-tolerant varieties of canola (Brassica napus L.) in 1993, global plantings have increased resulting in an increased incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infections. Developments in narrow Windrow burning techniques to destroy the seed of multiple herbicide-resistant weeds provide an opportunity to also intercept and heat-treat the S. sclerotiorum inoculum source, termed sclerotia, before it re-enters the soil to infect susceptible crop species in successive years. RESULTS Preliminary kiln studies determined that a temperature of 264 °C for 10 s was needed to destroy S. sclerotiorum sclerotia viability (LT99 ) of sclerotia 4 mm in diameter respectively. In the field, temperatures > 500 °C were maintained in the centre of burning narrow Windrows of canola residue for > 450 s and 300 °C was maintained consistently at either edge of the Windrows for the same duration. The temperatures achieved when burning canola narrow Windrows were sufficient to kill all sclerotia concentrated into the narrow Windrow. CONCLUSION As a technique, narrow Windrow burning of canola residue provides the temperature and temperature durations required to kill S. sclerotiorum sclerotia, thus providing a non-fungicidal control option as part of a wider integrated disease management approach. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.