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Ann L. Rypstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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predator cues and an herbicide affect activity and emigration in an agrobiont Wolf Spider
Chemosphere, 2012Co-Authors: Kerri M Wrinn, Samuel C Evans, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:Animals use chemical cues for signaling between species. However, anthropogenic chemicals might interrupt this natural chemical information flow, with potential impacts on predator–prey interactions. Our goal was to explore how Buccaneer® Plus, a common herbicide similar to Round-up® (active ingredient glyphosate), affected the interactions between intraguild predators. The Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz, 1844) is numerically dominant in agricultural systems across the eastern United States, and often falls prey to or competes with the larger Wolf Spider, Hogna helluo (Walckenaer, 1837) and/or the carabid beetle, Scarites quadriceps (Chaudoir, 1843). We tested the effects of chemical cues from these intraguild predators and exposure to herbicide on the activity, emigration, and survival of P. milvina using a full-factorial laboratory experiment. Both predator cues and herbicide led to a decrease in movement by P. milvina. However, although H. helluo cues alone decreased movement, S. quadriceps cues only decreased movement when combined with herbicide. These results indicate that predation risk and herbicide application likely interact in complex ways to affect the movement of a major arthropod predator in agricultural systems, and thus may have complex effects on the food web.
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effects of a glyphosate based herbicide on mate location in a Wolf Spider that inhabits agroecosystems
Chemosphere, 2011Co-Authors: Laurie M Griesinger, Samuel C Evans, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:Abstract Chemical communication is important to many arthropod species but the potential exists for anthropogenic chemicals to disrupt information flow. Although glyphosate-based herbicides are not acutely toxic to arthropods, little is known regarding their effects on natural chemical communication pathways. The Wolf Spider, Pardosa milvina, is abundant in agroecosystems where herbicides are regularly applied and uses air- and substrate-borne chemical signals extensively during mating. The aim of this study was to examine effects of a commercial formulation of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the ability of males to find females. In the field, virgin females, when hidden inside pitfall traps with herbicide, attracted fewer males than females with water. Likewise females in traps with a ring of herbicide surrounding the opening were less likely to attract males than those in traps surrounded by water. We explored the reaction of males to any airborne component of the herbicide in a laboratory two-choice olfactometer experiment. When no female pheromones were present, males were equally likely to select herbicide or water treated corridors and they all moved through the apparatus at similar speeds. When female pheromones were present, the males that selected control corridors moved more slowly than those that selected herbicide and, if we control for the initial decision time, more males selected the control corridors over the herbicide. These data suggest that glyphosate-based herbicides are “info-disruptors” that alter the ability of males to detect and/or react fully to female signals.
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male courtship repeatability and potential indirect genetic benefits in a Wolf Spider
Animal Behaviour, 2009Co-Authors: Chad D Hoefler, Matthew H Persons, Allison L Carlascio, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:Indirect benefits derived by females that mate with males that express preferred traits are important to our understanding of ‘good genes’ models of sexual selection. However, few studies have explored male courtship behaviours with potential indirect benefits conferred to females in order to ascertain whether these behaviours serve as honest indicators of male quality. Using a common species of Wolf Spider, Pardosa milvina, we addressed the honesty of male courtship behaviours in two laboratory experiments. In our first experiment, we quantified the repeatability of courtship rate in adult males that were manipulated to be in high or low condition and were sequentially presented with adult virgin females that similarly differed in body condition. In our second experiment, we explored the effect of male courtship rate on several measures of fitness: number of offspring produced, days until offspring emerged and offspring viability measured as offspring survival. Our experiments show that male courtship rate is statistically significantly repeatable except when males in high condition have repeated encounters with females in low condition. Our results also reveal that females have the potential to gain indirect genetic benefits by mating with males that naturally court at high rates: females produced more offspring that emerged from eggsacs sooner and survived starvation better compared to females that mated with males that naturally courted at low rates. Our study provides additional support that male courtship rate is an honest indicator of quality, and it makes the novel finding that the repeatability of courtship rate is context sensitive.
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evolutionarily costly courtship displays in a Wolf Spider a test of viability indicator theory
Behavioral Ecology, 2008Co-Authors: Chad D Hoefler, Matthew H Persons, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:The costs of secondary sexual traits are crucial to our understanding of sexual selection. Although it is broadly accepted that sexual traits are indirectly or directly costly to express, few studies have quantified such costs. Thus, it is unclear if costs are evolutionarily meaningful and to what degree. Costs play a key role in viability indicator models, which assume that 1) the expression of sexual traits reduces the fitness of the trait bearer, 2) sexual trait expression is dependent on condition, and 3) the costs of sexual trait expression are borne differentially, that is, they are less for individuals in good condition. Using 2 syntopic species of Wolf Spiders, we addressed the importance of direct predation costs on the viability indicator mechanism. Pardosa milvina is a small Wolf Spider that has conspicuous male courtship behaviors in the form of front leg raises. Hogna helluo is a large species that preys on P. milvina. In laboratory experiments, we discovered that predation risk from H. helluo was higher for courting P. milvina males than noncourting males, male P. milvina manipulated to be in good condition courted at higher rates than males manipulated to be in poor condition, and males in good condition survived predation risk better than males in poor condition. Our study suggests that predation is a significant, evolutionary cost that can satisfy viability indicator mechanism assumptions. Key words: costs, courtship, Lycosidae, predation, sexual selection, Spider. [Behav Ecol]
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sexual size dimorphism mediates the occurrence of state dependent sexual cannibalism in a Wolf Spider
Animal Behaviour, 2008Co-Authors: Shawn M Wilder, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:Most research on sexual cannibalism has focused on factors influencing female motivation to engage in cannibalism. However, a critical factor that may mediate the actual occurrence of sexual cannibalism is male vulnerability to female attacks. We tested whether sexual size dimorphism (SSD) affected whether hungry females were successful in sexual cannibalism in a moderately size dimorphic Wolf Spider, Hogna helluo. Experimentally food-limited females cannibalized males more frequently than did well-fed females. However, in a correlational study, female body condition was only a significant predictor of the occurrence of sexual cannibalism if SSD was included in the model. Our results suggest that SSD is an important factor mediating the occurrence of sexual cannibalism in H. helluo by affecting male vulnerability to female attacks. Consideration of factors affecting male vulnerability to cannibalistic attacks by females may be critical to understanding the occurrence and evolution of sexual cannibalism.
Xiaoguo Jiao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental evidence for the genetic benefits of female mate choice in the monandrous Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Animal Behaviour, 2018Co-Authors: Lelei Wen, Jian Chen, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:Material and/or genetic benefits are hypothesized to be the main drivers of female mate choice. Research on female mate choice has mainly focused on polyandrous species and has seldom considered monandrous species. Given the absence of postcopulatory mate choice in monandrous females, we predicted that precopulatory mate choice is important for monandrous species. Using the Wolf Spider Pardosa astrigera as a model monandrous species, we compared mating, reproductive output and offspring fitness between females with preferred mates (mates that were accepted on the first exposure) and females with nonpreferred mates (mates that were rejected on the first exposure but were induced to mate on the second exposure). Our results showed that the mating duration, latency to egg laying and to egg hatching, fecundity and egg hatching rate did not differ significantly between females with preferred versus nonpreferred mates. In contrast, female and male development time was significantly shorter and female carapace width was significantly greater for offspring of females with preferred versus nonpreferred mates. In addition, survival from egg hatching to maturity was twice as high for offspring of females with preferred mates. These results indicate that female mate choice by the monandrous P. astrigera provides genetic rather than material benefits.
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seasonal variations in body melanism and size of the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera araneae lycosidae
Ecology and Evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Jinjian Yang, Rong Xiao, Jian Chen, Jupeng Zhao, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:Variations in species morphology and life-history traits strongly correlate with geographic and climatic characteristics. Most studies on morphological variations in animals focus on ectotherms distributed on a large geographic scale across latitudinal and/or altitudinal gradient. However, the morphological variations of Spiders living in the same habitats across different seasons have not been reported. In this study, we used the Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera, as a model to determine seasonal differences in adult body size, melanism, fecundity, and egg diameter both in the overwintering and the first generation for 2010 and 2016. The results showed that in 2010, both females and males of the overwintering generation were significantly darker than the first generation. Moreover, the overwintering females were markedly larger and produced more and bigger eggs than the first generation in both 2010 and 2016. Considering the overwintering P. astrigera experiencing low temperature and/or desiccation stress, these results suggest that substantially darker and larger body of the overwintering generation is adaptive to adverse conditions.
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silk mediated male courtship effort in the monandrous Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera araneae lycosidae
Chemoecology, 2015Co-Authors: Rong Xiao, Yueli Yun, Jian Chen, Bo Chen, Yancong Wang, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:In nature, male Wolf Spiders may encounter silk of conspecific females, males, and/or both. It is generally accepted that males are able to discriminate maturity, sex, and mating status through silk-mediated chemical information of females. However, whether males can discriminate silk by chemical cues among virgin females of different post-maturation ages and between female silk with and without previously being occupied by other males remains largely unexplored. Given that female sexual receptivity increases in post-maturation, males are predicted to prefer old over young virgin females, and are able to discriminate silk of females which have and have not been previously being occupied by other males. In this study, we used the monandrous Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera, to test this prediction experimentally. When males were exposed to the silk of virgin females of different post-maturation ages (1-, 3-, and 6-day-old females), we found no significant differences in male courtship latency and courtship intensity to female silk across the different ages. However, males displayed significantly higher courtship intensity to the silk of females without being previously occupied by other males than to the silk of females with being previously occupied by other males. When males were directly exposed to virgin females, significantly higher courtship intensity was detected in males in response to 6-day-old females compared with 1-day-old ones. Thus, our results suggest that P. astrigera males can discriminate females using chemical cues from silk that has been previously occupied by other males and to older females with higher sexual receptivity, whereas they invest less to silk cues from virgin females regardless of their post-maturation ages.
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experimental evidence for female driven monandry in the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011Co-Authors: Xiaoguo Jiao, Lei Guo, Zhanqi Chen, Jian Chen, Fengxiang LiuAbstract:Females of many species mate multiply, yet some taxon females mate with only one male, also known as monandry. Although the underlying mechanism behind female monandry is poorly understood relative to female polyandry, there are two contrasting hypotheses, male control and female control, for the maintenance of monandry. Since females generally benefit from multiple mating for material and/or genetic benefits, cases of monandry may reflect male manipulation on female remating at the expense of female fitness (male control). Alternatively, monandry may be favored by females, if females maximize their fitness by mating once (female control). Here, we tested two hypotheses by manipulating the number of mating (repeated mating and polyandry) on female fitness in a largely monandrous Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera. We allowed females to be inseminated once, twice with the same males (repeated mating) or with two males (polyandry) and determined female fitness consequences. The number of female mating, regardless of a single mating, repeated mating, or polyandry, had no significant effects on female fecundity, fertility, and survival and size of their Spiderlings. However, the fitness cost of female multiple mating may to some extent be underestimated under laboratory conditions. In addition, female survival was adversely affected by induced multiple mating. Therefore, our results suggest that monandry of the Wolf Spider (P. astrigera) may be under the control of females, rather than under the control of males.
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chemoreceptors distribution and relative importance of male forelegs and palps in intersexual chemical communication of the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Chemoecology, 2011Co-Authors: Xiaoguo Jiao, Zhanqi Chen, Jian Chen, Fengxiang LiuAbstract:The chemoreceptors distributed on forelegs and palps of male Wolf Spiders are known to be involved in intersexual chemical communication, yet their distribution pattern and relative importance are supposed. This study employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine chemoreceptor morphology and distribution pattern on male forelegs and palps of the Wolf Spider Pardosa astrigera. We also performed behavioral assays to determine their relative importance in intersexual chemical communication. Although the fine structure of the chemoreceptors distributed on male forelegs and palps did not differ greatly, the chemoreceptors were more widely distributed on palps relative to forelegs. When the chemoreceptors of palps were chemically ablated with zinc sulfate, male courtship latency was significantly prolonged and courtship intensity significantly suppressed as compared to those of the forelegs-ablated and/or control ones. Therefore, we conclude that the contact chemoreceptors are mostly distributed on male palps, thereby males locating their mates through dragline-mediated female pheromone.
Matthew H Persons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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proximate cues governing egg sac discrimination and recognition in the Wolf Spider pardosa milvina araneae lycosidae
Journal of Arachnology, 2010Co-Authors: Theresa Culley, Jennifer E Wiley, Matthew H PersonsAbstract:Abstract Female lycosids carry their egg sacs on their spinnerets until Spiderlings emerge but Spiders are occasionally found carrying shells, dirt, or other objects on their spinnerets, suggesting recognition errors can occur. We investigated some proximate cues that may influence egg sac recognition and discrimination in the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz 1844). We tested the ability of female P. milvina to discriminate among egg sacs based on size, texture, and contrast. We also tested the ability of P. milvina to discriminate between its own or a conspecific's egg sac, and the ability to discriminate between an egg sac that had just been removed and an egg sac that was removed seven days earlier. When given a choice, females significantly chose their own egg sac over plastic beads of equal mass, preferred large plastic beads equal in mass to an egg sac over small plastic beads, round over faceted beads, and showed a non-significant tendency to attach black rather than white beads of equal mass. Wh...
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male courtship repeatability and potential indirect genetic benefits in a Wolf Spider
Animal Behaviour, 2009Co-Authors: Chad D Hoefler, Matthew H Persons, Allison L Carlascio, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:Indirect benefits derived by females that mate with males that express preferred traits are important to our understanding of ‘good genes’ models of sexual selection. However, few studies have explored male courtship behaviours with potential indirect benefits conferred to females in order to ascertain whether these behaviours serve as honest indicators of male quality. Using a common species of Wolf Spider, Pardosa milvina, we addressed the honesty of male courtship behaviours in two laboratory experiments. In our first experiment, we quantified the repeatability of courtship rate in adult males that were manipulated to be in high or low condition and were sequentially presented with adult virgin females that similarly differed in body condition. In our second experiment, we explored the effect of male courtship rate on several measures of fitness: number of offspring produced, days until offspring emerged and offspring viability measured as offspring survival. Our experiments show that male courtship rate is statistically significantly repeatable except when males in high condition have repeated encounters with females in low condition. Our results also reveal that females have the potential to gain indirect genetic benefits by mating with males that naturally court at high rates: females produced more offspring that emerged from eggsacs sooner and survived starvation better compared to females that mated with males that naturally courted at low rates. Our study provides additional support that male courtship rate is an honest indicator of quality, and it makes the novel finding that the repeatability of courtship rate is context sensitive.
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evolutionarily costly courtship displays in a Wolf Spider a test of viability indicator theory
Behavioral Ecology, 2008Co-Authors: Chad D Hoefler, Matthew H Persons, Ann L. RypstraAbstract:The costs of secondary sexual traits are crucial to our understanding of sexual selection. Although it is broadly accepted that sexual traits are indirectly or directly costly to express, few studies have quantified such costs. Thus, it is unclear if costs are evolutionarily meaningful and to what degree. Costs play a key role in viability indicator models, which assume that 1) the expression of sexual traits reduces the fitness of the trait bearer, 2) sexual trait expression is dependent on condition, and 3) the costs of sexual trait expression are borne differentially, that is, they are less for individuals in good condition. Using 2 syntopic species of Wolf Spiders, we addressed the importance of direct predation costs on the viability indicator mechanism. Pardosa milvina is a small Wolf Spider that has conspicuous male courtship behaviors in the form of front leg raises. Hogna helluo is a large species that preys on P. milvina. In laboratory experiments, we discovered that predation risk from H. helluo was higher for courting P. milvina males than noncourting males, male P. milvina manipulated to be in good condition courted at higher rates than males manipulated to be in poor condition, and males in good condition survived predation risk better than males in poor condition. Our study suggests that predation is a significant, evolutionary cost that can satisfy viability indicator mechanism assumptions. Key words: costs, courtship, Lycosidae, predation, sexual selection, Spider. [Behav Ecol]
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tradeoffs involved in site selection and foraging in a Wolf Spider effects of substrate structure and predation risk
Oikos, 2007Co-Authors: Ann L. Rypstra, Jill Devito, Jason M Schmidt, Brant D Reif, Matthew H PersonsAbstract:Understanding how animals weigh habitat features, exposure to predators and access to resources is important to determining their life history and distribution across the landscape. For example, when predators accumulate in structurally complex habitats, they face an environment with different competitive interactions, foraging opportunities and predatory risks. The Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina inhabits the soil surface of highly disturbed habitats such as agricultural fields throughout eastern North America. Pardosa displays effective antipredator behavior in the presence of chemical cues produced by a larger coexisting Wolf Spider, Hogna helluo. We used those cues to simulate predation risk in laboratory and field experiments designed to test the effects of habitat substrate and predation risk on site selection and prey consumption of Pardosa. In general, Pardosa preferred more complex substrates over bare dirt but those preferences were eliminated or reversed when cues from Hogna were present. Feeding trials revealed that substrate alone had few effects on Pardosa prey consumption, which we measured by documenting the change in the abdomen width. Although the presence of Hogna cues reduced prey consumption overall in field feeding trials, the negative effect of predation risk on prey consumption was only observed in grass and bare dirt substrates in the laboratory. We also found that prey capture was negatively affected by habitat complexity for both Spider species but that same complexity offered Pardosa protection from predation by Hogna. This study provides insight into how two predator species interact to balance site selection and feeding in order to avoid predation. Shifts in foraging and distributional patterns of predators can have profound implications for their role in the food web.
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the effect of prior exposure to predator cues on chemically mediated defensive behavior and survival in the Wolf Spider rabidosa rabida araneae lycosidae
Behaviour, 2007Co-Authors: Ben Eiben, Matthew H PersonsAbstract:Summary Adults of the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina are intraguild predators of Spiderlings of the larger co-occurring Wolf Spider Rabidosa rabida. We examined the effect of prior exposure to various Pardosa cues (visual, vibratory, and chemical) on predator-naive Rabidosa Spiderling activity and survival. Each trial consisted of a pre-exposure movement test, 24-h exposure to one of five sensory treatments, a post-exposure movement test and finally a predation experiment with live Pardosa and associated chemical cues to assay the effectiveness of the Spiderling’s response. The five 24-h sensory treatments were (N = 20/treatment): (1) Pardosa visual and vibratory cues, (2) Pardosa chemical cues only (silk and excreta), (3) visual, vibratory and chemical Pardosa cues, (4) chemical cues from a cricket (Acheta domesticus) and (5) no 24-h exposure to any Pardosa cues but chemical cues during the post-exposure movement test and during the predation experiment. In a sixth treatment we also measured Spiderling movement and survival without any prior experience and no chemical cues from a predator. Rabidosa significantly reduced activity after 24-h exposure for all sensory treatments except the cricket and two no experience control groups. Treatments involving 24-h exposure to Pardosa chemical cues resulted in increased survival in the predation portion of the experiment relative to other sensory treatments. We conclude that (1) Rabidosa innately responds to Pardosa silk and excreta, (2) extended exposure to predator chemical cues enhances Rabidosa antipredator response and survival and (3) predator recognition is influenced more strongly by chemical rather than visual or vibratory predator cues.
Jian Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental evidence for the genetic benefits of female mate choice in the monandrous Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Animal Behaviour, 2018Co-Authors: Lelei Wen, Jian Chen, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:Material and/or genetic benefits are hypothesized to be the main drivers of female mate choice. Research on female mate choice has mainly focused on polyandrous species and has seldom considered monandrous species. Given the absence of postcopulatory mate choice in monandrous females, we predicted that precopulatory mate choice is important for monandrous species. Using the Wolf Spider Pardosa astrigera as a model monandrous species, we compared mating, reproductive output and offspring fitness between females with preferred mates (mates that were accepted on the first exposure) and females with nonpreferred mates (mates that were rejected on the first exposure but were induced to mate on the second exposure). Our results showed that the mating duration, latency to egg laying and to egg hatching, fecundity and egg hatching rate did not differ significantly between females with preferred versus nonpreferred mates. In contrast, female and male development time was significantly shorter and female carapace width was significantly greater for offspring of females with preferred versus nonpreferred mates. In addition, survival from egg hatching to maturity was twice as high for offspring of females with preferred mates. These results indicate that female mate choice by the monandrous P. astrigera provides genetic rather than material benefits.
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seasonal variations in body melanism and size of the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera araneae lycosidae
Ecology and Evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Jinjian Yang, Rong Xiao, Jian Chen, Jupeng Zhao, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:Variations in species morphology and life-history traits strongly correlate with geographic and climatic characteristics. Most studies on morphological variations in animals focus on ectotherms distributed on a large geographic scale across latitudinal and/or altitudinal gradient. However, the morphological variations of Spiders living in the same habitats across different seasons have not been reported. In this study, we used the Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera, as a model to determine seasonal differences in adult body size, melanism, fecundity, and egg diameter both in the overwintering and the first generation for 2010 and 2016. The results showed that in 2010, both females and males of the overwintering generation were significantly darker than the first generation. Moreover, the overwintering females were markedly larger and produced more and bigger eggs than the first generation in both 2010 and 2016. Considering the overwintering P. astrigera experiencing low temperature and/or desiccation stress, these results suggest that substantially darker and larger body of the overwintering generation is adaptive to adverse conditions.
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silk mediated male courtship effort in the monandrous Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera araneae lycosidae
Chemoecology, 2015Co-Authors: Rong Xiao, Yueli Yun, Jian Chen, Bo Chen, Yancong Wang, Xiaoguo JiaoAbstract:In nature, male Wolf Spiders may encounter silk of conspecific females, males, and/or both. It is generally accepted that males are able to discriminate maturity, sex, and mating status through silk-mediated chemical information of females. However, whether males can discriminate silk by chemical cues among virgin females of different post-maturation ages and between female silk with and without previously being occupied by other males remains largely unexplored. Given that female sexual receptivity increases in post-maturation, males are predicted to prefer old over young virgin females, and are able to discriminate silk of females which have and have not been previously being occupied by other males. In this study, we used the monandrous Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera, to test this prediction experimentally. When males were exposed to the silk of virgin females of different post-maturation ages (1-, 3-, and 6-day-old females), we found no significant differences in male courtship latency and courtship intensity to female silk across the different ages. However, males displayed significantly higher courtship intensity to the silk of females without being previously occupied by other males than to the silk of females with being previously occupied by other males. When males were directly exposed to virgin females, significantly higher courtship intensity was detected in males in response to 6-day-old females compared with 1-day-old ones. Thus, our results suggest that P. astrigera males can discriminate females using chemical cues from silk that has been previously occupied by other males and to older females with higher sexual receptivity, whereas they invest less to silk cues from virgin females regardless of their post-maturation ages.
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experimental evidence for female driven monandry in the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011Co-Authors: Xiaoguo Jiao, Lei Guo, Zhanqi Chen, Jian Chen, Fengxiang LiuAbstract:Females of many species mate multiply, yet some taxon females mate with only one male, also known as monandry. Although the underlying mechanism behind female monandry is poorly understood relative to female polyandry, there are two contrasting hypotheses, male control and female control, for the maintenance of monandry. Since females generally benefit from multiple mating for material and/or genetic benefits, cases of monandry may reflect male manipulation on female remating at the expense of female fitness (male control). Alternatively, monandry may be favored by females, if females maximize their fitness by mating once (female control). Here, we tested two hypotheses by manipulating the number of mating (repeated mating and polyandry) on female fitness in a largely monandrous Wolf Spider, Pardosa astrigera. We allowed females to be inseminated once, twice with the same males (repeated mating) or with two males (polyandry) and determined female fitness consequences. The number of female mating, regardless of a single mating, repeated mating, or polyandry, had no significant effects on female fecundity, fertility, and survival and size of their Spiderlings. However, the fitness cost of female multiple mating may to some extent be underestimated under laboratory conditions. In addition, female survival was adversely affected by induced multiple mating. Therefore, our results suggest that monandry of the Wolf Spider (P. astrigera) may be under the control of females, rather than under the control of males.
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chemoreceptors distribution and relative importance of male forelegs and palps in intersexual chemical communication of the Wolf Spider pardosa astrigera
Chemoecology, 2011Co-Authors: Xiaoguo Jiao, Zhanqi Chen, Jian Chen, Fengxiang LiuAbstract:The chemoreceptors distributed on forelegs and palps of male Wolf Spiders are known to be involved in intersexual chemical communication, yet their distribution pattern and relative importance are supposed. This study employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine chemoreceptor morphology and distribution pattern on male forelegs and palps of the Wolf Spider Pardosa astrigera. We also performed behavioral assays to determine their relative importance in intersexual chemical communication. Although the fine structure of the chemoreceptors distributed on male forelegs and palps did not differ greatly, the chemoreceptors were more widely distributed on palps relative to forelegs. When the chemoreceptors of palps were chemically ablated with zinc sulfate, male courtship latency was significantly prolonged and courtship intensity significantly suppressed as compared to those of the forelegs-ablated and/or control ones. Therefore, we conclude that the contact chemoreceptors are mostly distributed on male palps, thereby males locating their mates through dragline-mediated female pheromone.
Qisheng Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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methamidophos influences midgut proteinase activity and subcellular structures in the Wolf Spider pardosa pseudoamulata araneae lycosidae
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Juan Wang, Qisheng Song, Yuande Peng, Huilin Yang, Zhi Wang, Qinjin Li, David StanelyAbstract:: A piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance (PQCI) sensor was used to investigate influences of the insecticide methamidophos on proteinase activity in midguts of the Wolf Spider, Pardosa pseudoamulata (Araneae: Lycosidae). Results from PQCI indicated that low-concentration dose methamidophos (0.008%) can activate the proteinase but high-concentration dose methamidophos (0.016-0.032%) can inhibit the enzyme activity. The changes in subcellular structure of Spider midgut cells were also observed. Electron micrographs of Spider midgut epithelial cells showed that the low-dose methamidophos did not visibly impact the structure of these cells. Conversely, high-concentration dose methamidophos led to severe changes in the cell structure, including the karyotheca dissolved, the nucleolus, and the endoplasmic reticulum disappeared. These may contribute to changes in proteinase activity of Spider. This work documents a feasible method for rapid and reliable detection of proteinase activity.
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biotoxicity of cry1ab protein on Wolf Spider pardosa pseudoannulata
Ecotoxicology, 2017Co-Authors: Juan Wang, Yuande Peng, Huilin Yang, Zhenzhen Yan, Yixue Shi, Chunliang Xie, Yunshan Liang, Zhi Wang, Qisheng SongAbstract:In this research, we carried out a tritrophic bioassay to assess the potential effect of Cry1Ab-expressing rice on the foraging behavior of the common Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata and its underlying molecular mechanism. Results indicated the Bt-containing Spiders expressed a higher foraging range when compared to controls. The high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing was further carried out for central nervous system (CNS) of P. pseudoannulata with and without Cry1Ab intake. We obtained 120, 985 unigenes with a mean length of 529.73 bp. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed the expression levels of genes related to energy metabolism were changed in response to Cry1Ab, which may contribute to a more active foraging behavior. In addition, some DEGs also have a function related to metal ion binding, implying a potential influence on metal ions-dependent reactions. This may be associated with Cry1Ab resistance mechanism in the Spider.
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transcriptomic response of Wolf Spider pardosa pseudoannulata to transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab protein
BMC Biotechnology, 2017Co-Authors: Juan Wang, Kaifu Xiao, Qisheng Song, Yuande Peng, Zhi Wang, Baoyang Wei, Xuguo ZhouAbstract:Bacillum thuringiensis (Bt) toxin produced in Cry1-expressing genetically modified rice (Bt rice) is highly effective to control lepidopteran pests, which reduces the needs for synthetic insecticides. Non-target organisms can be exposed to Bt toxins through direct feeding or trophic interactions in the field. The Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, one of the dominant predators in South China, plays a crucial role in the rice agroecosystem. In this study, we investigated transcriptome responses of the 5th instar Spiders fed on preys maintained on Bt- and non-Bt rice. Comparative transcriptome analysis resulted in 136 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Spiderlings preying upon N. lugens fed on Bt- and non-Bt rice (Bt- and non-Bt Spiderlings). Functional analysis indicated a potential impact of Bt toxin on the formation of new cuticles during molting. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that GO terms associated with chitin or cuticle, including “chitin binding”, “chitin metabolic process”, “chitin synthase activity”, “cuticle chitin biosynthetic process”, “cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process”, and “structural constituent of cuticle”, and an array of amino acid metabolic pathways, including “alanine, asparatate and glutamate metabolism”, “glycine, serine and theronine metabolism”, “cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “tyrosine metabolism”, “phenylalanine metabolism and phenylalanine”, and “tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis” were significantly influenced in response to Cry1Ab. The Cry1Ab may have a negative impact on the formation of new cuticles during molting, which is contributed to the delayed development of Spiderlings. To validate these transcriptomic responses, further examination at the translational level will be warranted.
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cry1ab expressing rice did not influence expression of fecundity related genes in the Wolf Spider pardosa pseudoannulata
Gene, 2016Co-Authors: Juan Wang, Yuande Peng, Huilin Yang, Yunshan Liang, Zhi Wang, Baoyang Wei, David Stanley, Qisheng SongAbstract:The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin proteins on non-target predatory arthropods is not well understood at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we investigated the potential effects of Cry1Ab expressing rice on fecundity of the Wolf Spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, and some of the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that brown planthoppers (BPHs) reared on Cry1Ab-expressing rice accumulated the Cry toxin and that reproductive parameters (pre-oviposition period, post-oviposition stage, number of eggs, and egg hatching rate) of the Spiders that consumed BPHs reared on Bt rice were not different from those that consumed BPHs reared on the non-Bt control rice. The accumulated Cry1Ab did not influence several vitellin (Vt) parameters, including stored energy and amino acid composition, during one generation. We considered the possibility that the Cry toxins exert their influence on beneficial predators via more subtle effects detectable at the molecular level in terms of gene expression. This led us to transcriptome analysis to detect differentially expressed genes in the ovaries of Spiders exposed to dietary Cry1Ab and their counterpart control Spiders. Eight genes, associated with vitellogenesis, vitellogenin receptor activity, and vitellin membrane formation were not differentially expressed between ovaries from the treated and control Spiders, confirmed by qPCR analysis. We infer that dietary Cry1Ab expressing rice does not influence fecundity, nor expression levels of Vt-associated genes in P. pseudoannulata.
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effect of cry1ab protein on hemocytes of the Wolf Spider pardosa pseudoannulata
Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Yixing Tian, Ying Zhou, Kaifu Xiao, Wang Zhi, Chen Jinjun, Qisheng SongAbstract:Abstract Studies on the effect of Cry1Ab protein on hemocytes of the Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata revealed that Cry1Ab protein could accumulate in the four-instar and adult Spiders via the food chain from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab protein through its prey brown planthoppers with approximate 20-time enrichment, but could not accumulate in hemolymph of the Spider. The accumulated Cry1Ab had no significant effects on several elements of hemolymph including stored energy, calcium ion concentration and apoptosis rate of the hemocytes, indicating that Cry1Ab could not affect the hemocytes of P. pseudoannulata.
