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J. Julio Camarero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shifts of irrigation in Aleppo pine under semi-arid conditions reveal uncoupled growth and carbon storage and legacy effects on Wood Anatomy
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018Co-Authors: Arturo Pacheco, J. Julio Camarero, Marco CarrerAbstract:Climate models forecast progressive aridification in the Mediterranean region. These warmer and drier conditions will probably lead to a decrease in carbon fixation and growth rates of drought-prone forests. To improve our knowledge on how water availability drives radial growth, Wood Anatomy and carbon storage we compared changes during a 40-year period in tree-ring width, Wood-anatomical traits (tracheid lumen area, cell-wall thickness and parenchyma area), and stem sapWood non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentrations. We studied the drought-tolerant Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) comparing trees subjected to three irrigation regimes (control trees, no irrigation; IR trees, irrigated trees; TI trees, temporarily irrigated trees). Tree-ring width of TI trees widely overtook growth rates shown by IR trees during the irrigation treatment (1980s), whereas transversal lumen area and cell-wall thickness presented similar values in both groups of trees. Non-irrigated trees showed the lowest growth rates and also formed tracheids with the smallest lumen area and the narrowest cell walls. After the irrigation period, TI and trees without irrigation showed similar year-to-year growth variability. Lumen area of TI trees took 4–5 years to show values similar to those of the non-irrigated group. The TI trees had lower ray parenchyma area percentages during the irrigation period; afterwards both TI and non-irrigated trees formed similar amounts of ray parenchyma which were always higher than in IR trees. NSC concentrations were lower for IR trees suggesting either a dilution effect due to their significantly larger biomass or a higher demand for NSC by other carbon sinks such as primary growth. Aleppo pine may coordinate carbon supply and demand (growth) under changing conditions of water availability but long-term modification in soil moisture lead to legacy effects on Wood Anatomy.
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prior height growth and Wood Anatomy differently predispose to drought induced dieback in two mediterranean oak speciesk
Annals of Forest Science, 2016Co-Authors: J. Julio Camarero, Gabriel Sanguesabarreda, Marta VergarecheaAbstract:Coexisting Mediterranean oaks are differently predisposed to heat- and drought-induced dieback as a function of height, prior growth, Wood Anatomy, and growth responsiveness to temperatures. To forecast post-dieback damage, the variability of species and individual traits must be considered. Forests are susceptible to drought-induced dieback. However, considerable variability in how drought translates into tree damage exists in coexisting species. This study aimed to assess if tree size, radial growth, and Wood Anatomy predisposed trees to drought damage, measured as defoliation and changes in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations. We measured radial growth, Wood Anatomy, and post-drought NSC concentrations in highly defoliated and less defoliated holm oak (Quercus ilex) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) trees co-occurring in a coppice stand. Highly defoliated trees showed a lower height than less defoliated individuals. In holm oak, a reduced previous growth and the formation of vessels with smaller lumen areas predisposed to drought damage, which suggests hydraulic deterioration. In Portuguese oak, most defoliated trees grew less in response to elevated growing season temperatures. SapWood starch and NSC concentrations decrease in defoliated holm oaks. A height-dependent predisposition modulates the responses to drought-induced dieback in Mediterranean oak coppices. Coexisting oak species presented different predisposing factors to drought-induced dieback related to growth (holm oak) and its sensitivity to temperature (Portuguese oak). To forecast post-dieback damage, we should consider the variability of traits between and within species.
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linking Wood Anatomy and xylogenesis allows pinpointing of climate and drought influences on growth of coexisting conifers in continental mediterranean climate
Tree Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Arturo Pacheco, J. Julio Camarero, Marco CarrerAbstract:Forecasted warmer and drier conditions will probably lead to reduced growth rates and decreased carbon fixation in long-term Woody pools in drought-prone areas. We therefore need a better understanding of how climate stressors such as drought constrain Wood formation and drive changes in Wood Anatomy. Drying trends could lead to reduced growth if they are more intense in spring, when radial growth rates of conifers in continental Mediterranean climates peak. Since tree species from the aforementioned areas have to endure dry summers and also cold winters, we chose two coexisting species: Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensisMill., Pinaceae) and Spanish juniper (Juniperus thuriferaL., Cupressaceae) (10 randomly selected trees per species), to analyze how growth (tree-ring width) and Wood-anatomical traits (lumen transversal area, cell-wall thickness, presence of intra-annual density fluctuations-IADFs-in the lateWood) responded to climatic variables (minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture deficit) calculated for different time intervals. Tree-ring width and mean lumen area showed similar year-to-year variability, which indicates that they encoded similar climatic signals. Wet and cool late-winter to early-spring conditions increased lumen area expansion, particularly in pine. In juniper, cell-wall thickness increased when early summer conditions became drier and the frequency of lateWood IADFs increased in parallel with late-summer to early-autumn wet conditions. Thus, lateWood IADFs of the juniper capture increased water availability during the late growing season, which is reflected in larger tracheid lumens. Soil water availability was one of the main drivers of Wood formation and radial growth for the two species. These analyses allow long-term (several decades) growth and Wood-anatomical responses to climate to be inferred at intra-annual scales, which agree with the growing patterns already described by xylogenesis approaches for the same species. A plastic bimodal growth behavior, driven by dry summer conditions, is coherent with the presented Wood-anatomical data. The different Wood-anatomical responses to drought stress are observed as IADFs with contrasting characteristics and responses to climate. These different responses suggest distinct capacities to access soil water between the two conifer species.
Marco Carrer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shifts of irrigation in Aleppo pine under semi-arid conditions reveal uncoupled growth and carbon storage and legacy effects on Wood Anatomy
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2018Co-Authors: Arturo Pacheco, J. Julio Camarero, Marco CarrerAbstract:Climate models forecast progressive aridification in the Mediterranean region. These warmer and drier conditions will probably lead to a decrease in carbon fixation and growth rates of drought-prone forests. To improve our knowledge on how water availability drives radial growth, Wood Anatomy and carbon storage we compared changes during a 40-year period in tree-ring width, Wood-anatomical traits (tracheid lumen area, cell-wall thickness and parenchyma area), and stem sapWood non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentrations. We studied the drought-tolerant Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) comparing trees subjected to three irrigation regimes (control trees, no irrigation; IR trees, irrigated trees; TI trees, temporarily irrigated trees). Tree-ring width of TI trees widely overtook growth rates shown by IR trees during the irrigation treatment (1980s), whereas transversal lumen area and cell-wall thickness presented similar values in both groups of trees. Non-irrigated trees showed the lowest growth rates and also formed tracheids with the smallest lumen area and the narrowest cell walls. After the irrigation period, TI and trees without irrigation showed similar year-to-year growth variability. Lumen area of TI trees took 4–5 years to show values similar to those of the non-irrigated group. The TI trees had lower ray parenchyma area percentages during the irrigation period; afterwards both TI and non-irrigated trees formed similar amounts of ray parenchyma which were always higher than in IR trees. NSC concentrations were lower for IR trees suggesting either a dilution effect due to their significantly larger biomass or a higher demand for NSC by other carbon sinks such as primary growth. Aleppo pine may coordinate carbon supply and demand (growth) under changing conditions of water availability but long-term modification in soil moisture lead to legacy effects on Wood Anatomy.
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linking Wood Anatomy and xylogenesis allows pinpointing of climate and drought influences on growth of coexisting conifers in continental mediterranean climate
Tree Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Arturo Pacheco, J. Julio Camarero, Marco CarrerAbstract:Forecasted warmer and drier conditions will probably lead to reduced growth rates and decreased carbon fixation in long-term Woody pools in drought-prone areas. We therefore need a better understanding of how climate stressors such as drought constrain Wood formation and drive changes in Wood Anatomy. Drying trends could lead to reduced growth if they are more intense in spring, when radial growth rates of conifers in continental Mediterranean climates peak. Since tree species from the aforementioned areas have to endure dry summers and also cold winters, we chose two coexisting species: Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensisMill., Pinaceae) and Spanish juniper (Juniperus thuriferaL., Cupressaceae) (10 randomly selected trees per species), to analyze how growth (tree-ring width) and Wood-anatomical traits (lumen transversal area, cell-wall thickness, presence of intra-annual density fluctuations-IADFs-in the lateWood) responded to climatic variables (minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture deficit) calculated for different time intervals. Tree-ring width and mean lumen area showed similar year-to-year variability, which indicates that they encoded similar climatic signals. Wet and cool late-winter to early-spring conditions increased lumen area expansion, particularly in pine. In juniper, cell-wall thickness increased when early summer conditions became drier and the frequency of lateWood IADFs increased in parallel with late-summer to early-autumn wet conditions. Thus, lateWood IADFs of the juniper capture increased water availability during the late growing season, which is reflected in larger tracheid lumens. Soil water availability was one of the main drivers of Wood formation and radial growth for the two species. These analyses allow long-term (several decades) growth and Wood-anatomical responses to climate to be inferred at intra-annual scales, which agree with the growing patterns already described by xylogenesis approaches for the same species. A plastic bimodal growth behavior, driven by dry summer conditions, is coherent with the presented Wood-anatomical data. The different Wood-anatomical responses to drought stress are observed as IADFs with contrasting characteristics and responses to climate. These different responses suggest distinct capacities to access soil water between the two conifer species.
Shuichi Noshiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lack of latitudinal trends in Wood Anatomy of dodonaea viscosa sapindaceae a species with a worldwide distribution
American Journal of Botany, 2003Co-Authors: Jianquan Liu, Shuichi NoshiroAbstract:Latitudinal or altitudinal variation in several anatomical characters of Wood is common for Woody dicotyledonous genera with a wide distribution, but whether such variation exists at the species level is disputed. Latitudinal and altitudinal trends in Wood Anatomy of Dodonaea viscosa were studied, using 102 samples collected between 41.2degrees S and 33.3degrees N latitude and 7-2750 in altitude. We studied variation in four quantitative features: vessel element length, fiber length, vessel frequency, and tangential vessel diameter. Ontogenetic trends were minimal with a slight decrease or increase in the innermost stem and were negligible among the studied specimens. Throughout the distributional range of the species, no latitudinal trends were detected in either the Northern or Southern Hemispheres, Altitudinal trends were also nonexistent, except for two features in specimens from China and Japan. Absence of latitudinal or altitudinal trends in this widely distributed species suggests that in some species the species-level variation in Wood Anatomy is not controlled by ecological gradients.
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latitudinal trends in Wood Anatomy within species and genera case study in cornus s l cornaceae
American Journal of Botany, 2000Co-Authors: Shuichi Noshiro, Pieter BaasAbstract:Latitudinal trends in Wood anatomical characters in three Asiatic species of Cornus sensu lato (s.l.) were studied and compared with those for the whole genus based on an extensive sampling covering the specific distribution ranges and the generic data from a previous study. We studied 124 specimens of C. controversa growing between 31.58 and 45.38 N, 54 of C. kousa between 24.48 and 40.58 N, and 64 of C. macrophylla between 27.88 and 41.08 N. Characters studied were vessel element length, fiber length, vessel frequency, tangential vessel diameter, and vessel grouping index. At the species level no latitudinal trends were detected throughout the distribution ranges of the species. Neither tree size, altitude, nor climatic factors had a significant correlation with Wood anatomical characters. In contrast, at the genus level, latitudinal trends were significant not just for the whole genus, but for both New and Old World species groups. At the genus level, latitude and three climatic factors all had a significant correlation with Wood anatomical characters, but correlation coefficients with latitude were markedly high. The difference in latitudinal trends between the genus and species levels may be due to the radiation of Cornus along paleoclimatic gradients in the early Tertiary. The systematic Wood Anatomy of Cornaceae and allies (Noshiro and Baas, 1998) showed the existence of clear latitudinal trends in three genera with a wide geographical distribution: Cornus s.l., Garrya, and Alangium excluding sect. Constigma. Vessel element length and fiber length of these three genera and tangential vessel diameter of Cornus s.l. showed a nearly linear decrease with increasing latitude with values at ;408 about half those of equatorial values. When Cornus species were roughly divided into large trees, medium-sized trees, small trees, and shrubs, latitudinal trends for vessel element length were apparent within each size group. Latitudinal trends in several Wood anatomical characters seem to be a general phenomenon for Woody dicotyledonous genera with a wide geographical distribution. The trends have been detected in Ilex (Baas, 1973), Symplocos (van den Oever, Baas, and Zandee, 1981) and 17 smaller genera of 14 families (van der Graaff and Baas, 1974). These studies only described correlations between latitude and Wood anatomical characters and discussed the trends in terms of the tropical to the arctic climatic gradient. None has tried statistical comparison of Wood anatomical variation with more precise climatic data. At the species level, variation in Wood structure has been studied more in relation to altitude than to latitude. Latitudinal and altitudinal trends in Wood structure at the species level are either not detected, present but not pronounced, or obvious. Van der Graaff and Baas (1974) found no altitudinal trends in six species nor latitudinal ones in one species. Sastrapradja and Lamoureux (1969) did not find any altitudinal trends in 1
Sherwin Carlquist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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logistic regression in comparative Wood Anatomy tracheid types Wood anatomical terminology and new inferences from the carlquist and hoekman southern californian data set
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007Co-Authors: Julieta A Rosell, Rebeca Aguirrehernandez, Mark E. Olson, Sherwin CarlquistAbstract:Despite collecting copious amounts of data, Wood anatomists rarely perform appropriate statistical analyses, especially in the case of categorical variables. Nevertheless, anatomists have succeeded in identifying strong ecological trends. We show that, with only a slightly more sophisticated analysis, the strength and significance of ‘well-known’ associations can be quantified, and new associations pinpointed. Using logistic regression to reanalyse the classic Carlquist and Hoekman data set for the southern Californian flora, we show strong support for the notion that true tracheid presence lowers vessel grouping; in contrast, vasicentric tracheids are associated with a diversity of vessel grouping strategies. We show that statistical models can refine anatomical interpretations by identifying unusual species. For example, Fremontodendron californicum and Baccharis salicifolia (= B. glutinosa) were identified as unusual in lacking vasicentric tracheids; a consultation of preparations revealed that they are indeed present. For purposes of ecological Wood Anatomy, anatomical terminology should reflect cell function; we suggest that terminological systems that yield better predictive power in statistical models such as ours are preferable. Finally, we make recommendations ranging from the statistical, e.g. the need to check assumptions and the need for the inclusion of phylogeny, to the biological, e.g. gathering data expressly designed to test functional hypotheses rather than all of the information in standardized lists. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 154, 331–351.
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Asteropeia and Physena (Caryophyllales): A case study in comparative Wood Anatomy
Brittonia, 2006Co-Authors: Sherwin CarlquistAbstract:Previous analyses of Asteropeia and Physena have not compared the Wood Anatomy of these genera to those of Caryophyllales s.l. Molecular evidence shows that the two genera from a clade that is a sister group of the core Caryophyllales. Synapomorphies of the Asteropeia-Physena clade include small circular alternate pits on vessels, presence of vasicentric tracheids plus fiber-tracheids, presence of abaxial-confluent plus diffuse axial parenchyma, and presence of predominantly uniseriate rays. These features are analyzed with respect to habit and ecology of the two genera. Solitary vessels, present in both genera, are related to the presence of vasicentric tracheids. Autapomorphies in the two genera seem related to adaptations by Physena as a shrub of moderately dry habitats (e.g., narrower vessel elements, abundant vasicentric tracheids, square to erect cells in rays) as compared to alternate character expressions that seem related to the arboreal habit and humid forest ecology of Asteropeia . The functional significance of vasicentric tracheids and fiber-tracheids in dicotyledons is briefly reviewed in the light of Wood Anatomy of the two genera.
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stem and root anatomical correlations with life form diversity ecology and systematics in moringa moringaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001Co-Authors: Mark E. Olson, Sherwin CarlquistAbstract:Abstract Four life forms (habits) are identified in the 13 species of Moringa (bottle trees, sarcorhizal trees, slender trees, and tuberous shrubs) which are examined for Wood anatomical correlations with habit, ecology, and systematics. Wood Anatomy is similar within habit classes except for the sarcorhizal trees. The four bottle tree species and M. arborea (one of the sarcorhizal trees) are characterized by bands of confluent paratracheal parenchyma alternating with bands of libriform fibres, some of which may be parenchyma-like. The other sarcorhizal tree, M. ruspoliana , is characterized by alternating bands of parenchyma-like and long, slender libriform fibres. Root secondary xylem of all these species is characterized by bands of parenchyma and fibres. Slender trees do not show bands of fibres of different shapes and have fibrous roots with less parenchyma than the other species. Tuberous shrubs have stems mostly composed of long, slender fibres and large underground tubers mostly composed of parenchyma. Quantitative trends between ecologically different localities include wider vessel elements and higher conductive area in moister localities. Wood Anatomy provides characters that are of potential phylogenetic utility at a variety of levels of relationship. Based on Wood Anatomy and geography, the most likely sister taxon to Moringa is Cylicomorpha (Caricaceae).
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Wood Anatomy stem Anatomy and cambial activity of barbeuia caryophyllales
Iawa Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Sherwin CarlquistAbstract:Liquid-preserved material of mature sterns of Barbeuia madagascariensis Steud. permiUed analysis of meristematic activities. The species has successive cambia, each producing secondary xylem and phloem; outside of these vascular strands is a nondiffuse lateral meristem, probably functionally a single cell in thickness, which produces radial files of secondary cortex to the outside and conjunctive tissue and vascular cambia to the inside. The secondary xylem of Barbeuia has dimorphism in vessel diameter, reminiscent of vessel dimorphism in other lianas, such as Agdestis. Diffuse parenchyma and tracheids, found in Barbeuia, also occur in Stegnosperma and Agdestis but not other Phytolaccaceae s.l., and are traditionally considered primitive features. Wood Anatomy and lateral meristem activity of Barbeuia are distinctive enough to support segregation of the genus from Phytolaccaceae s. s.
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Wood Anatomy of drosophyllum droseraceae ecological and phylogenetic considerations
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1995Co-Authors: Sherwin Carlquist, Erika J WilsonAbstract:CARLQUIST, SHERWIN AND ERIKA J. WILSON (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105). Wood Anatomy of Drosophyllum: ecological and phylogenetic considerations. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122:185-189.-Drosophyllum lusitanicum, the sole Woody species of Droseraceae, has Wood anatomical features very much like those of Dioncophyllaceae and Nepenthaceae. Features in common include vessel elements with simple perforation plates, fibriform vessel elements, tracheids with large fully bordered pits, diffuse (plus variously grouped) axial parenchyma, and paedomorphic rays 1-2 cells wide. Wood Anatomy thus validates the close relationships claimed among Drosophyllum, Dioncophyllaceae, and Nepenthaceae on the basis of recent DNA studies. Wood Anatomy of Drosophyllum is xeromorphic, in accord with the dry habitats of the species.
Marta Vergarechea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prior height growth and Wood Anatomy differently predispose to drought induced dieback in two mediterranean oak speciesk
Annals of Forest Science, 2016Co-Authors: J. Julio Camarero, Gabriel Sanguesabarreda, Marta VergarecheaAbstract:Coexisting Mediterranean oaks are differently predisposed to heat- and drought-induced dieback as a function of height, prior growth, Wood Anatomy, and growth responsiveness to temperatures. To forecast post-dieback damage, the variability of species and individual traits must be considered. Forests are susceptible to drought-induced dieback. However, considerable variability in how drought translates into tree damage exists in coexisting species. This study aimed to assess if tree size, radial growth, and Wood Anatomy predisposed trees to drought damage, measured as defoliation and changes in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations. We measured radial growth, Wood Anatomy, and post-drought NSC concentrations in highly defoliated and less defoliated holm oak (Quercus ilex) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) trees co-occurring in a coppice stand. Highly defoliated trees showed a lower height than less defoliated individuals. In holm oak, a reduced previous growth and the formation of vessels with smaller lumen areas predisposed to drought damage, which suggests hydraulic deterioration. In Portuguese oak, most defoliated trees grew less in response to elevated growing season temperatures. SapWood starch and NSC concentrations decrease in defoliated holm oaks. A height-dependent predisposition modulates the responses to drought-induced dieback in Mediterranean oak coppices. Coexisting oak species presented different predisposing factors to drought-induced dieback related to growth (holm oak) and its sensitivity to temperature (Portuguese oak). To forecast post-dieback damage, we should consider the variability of traits between and within species.
