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Mika Kivimäki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Work Stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Current Cardiology Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Mika Kivimäki, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:The role of psychosocial Work Stress as a risk factor for chronic disease has been the subject of considerable debate. Many researchers argue in support of a causal connection while others remain skeptical and have argued that the effect on specific health conditions is either negligible or confounded. This review of evidence from over 600,000 men and women from 27 cohort studies in Europe, the USA and Japan suggests that Work Stressors, such as job strain and long Working hours, are associated with a moderately elevated risk of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. The excess risk for exposed individuals is 10–40 % compared with those free of such Stressors. Differences between men and women, younger versus older employees and Workers from different socioeconomic backgrounds appear to be small, indicating that the association is robust. Meta-analyses of a wider range of health outcomes show additionally an association between Work Stress and type 2 diabetes, though not with common cancers or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting outcome specificity. Few studies have addressed whether mitigation of Work Stressors would reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In view of the limited interventional evidence on benefits, harms and cost-effectiveness, definitive recommendations have not been made (e.g. by the US Preventive Services Taskforce) for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease via Workplace Stress reduction. Nevertheless, governments are already launching healthy Workplace campaigns, and preventing excessive Work Stress is a legal obligation in several countries. Promoting awareness of the link between Stress and health among both employers and Workers is an important component of Workplace health promotion.
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Work Stress and coronary heart disease : what are the mechanisms? Commentary
European Heart Journal, 2008Co-Authors: John Yarnell, Mika Kivimäki, Tarani Chandola, Annie Britton, Eric J. Brunner, Harry Hemingway, Marek Malik, Meena Kumari, Ellena Badrick, Michael G. MarmotAbstract:Aims To determine the biological and behavioural factors linking Work Stress with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A total of 10 308 London-based male and female civil servants aged 35-55 at phase 1 (1985-88) of the Whitehall II and results study were studied. Exposures included Work Stress (assessed at phases 1 and 2), and outcomes included behavioural risk factors (phase 3), the metabolic syndrome (phase 3), heart rate variability, morning rise in cortisol (phase 7), and incident CHD (phases 2-7) on the basis of CHD death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or definite angina. Chronic Work Stress was associated with CHD and this association was stronger among participants aged under 50 (RR 1.68, 95% Cl 1.17-2.42). There were similar associations between Work Stress and low physical activity, poor diet, the metabolic syndrome, its components, and lower heart rate variability. Cross-sectionally, Work Stress was associated with a higher morning rise in cortisol. Around 32% of the effect of Work Stress on CHD was attributable to its effect on health behaviours and the metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Work Stress may be an important determinant of CHD among Working-age populations, which is mediated through indirect effects on health behaviours and direct effects on neuroendocrine Stress pathways.
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Work Stress mental health and antidepressant medication findings from the health 2000 study
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2007Co-Authors: Marianna Virtanen, Teija Honkonen, Kirsi Ahola, Arpo Aromaa, Jussi Vahtera, Mika Kivimäki, Jouko LonnqvistAbstract:BACKGROUND: Population-based studies on the association between Work Stress and mental disorders are scarce, and it is not known whether Work Stress predicts mental disorders requiring treatment. AIMS: To examine the associations of Work Stress with DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent antidepressant medication. METHODS: 3366 participants from a representative sample of the Finnish Working population responded to a survey (The Health 2000 Study). 12-month prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorders was examined with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Data on antidepressant prescriptions with a 3-year follow-up period were collected from a nationwide register of Social Insurance Institution. RESULTS: In men and women, high job demands, low job control and high job strain were associated with 12-month prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorders. After adjustment for lifetime and baseline mental disorders, men with high job demands and high job strain had increased risk of future antidepressant medication. CONCLUSIONS: Work Stress is associated with mental disorders among both sexes and among men it is a risk factor for mental disorders treated with antidepressant medication.
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Work Stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease a meta analysis
Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2006Co-Authors: Mika Kivimäki, Marianna Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, Anne Kouvonen, Ari Vaananen, Jussi VahteraAbstract:OBJECTIVES: This study focused on estimating the relative risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in association with Work Stress, as indicated by the job-strain model, the effort-reward imbalance model, and the organizational injustice model. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies were carried out. Studies were eligible if they had published a quantitative estimate of the association between Work Stress and incident CHD or cardiovascular mortality by January 2006. RESULTS: Fourteen prospective cohort studies were identified. For a total of 83 014 employees, the age- and gender-adjusted relative ratio of CHD for high versus low job strain was 1.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.84], but the ratio decreased to 1.16 (95% CI 0.94-1.43) after adjustment for risk factors and potential mediators. The age- and gender-adjusted risk ratio for a combination of high efforts and low rewards was 1.58 (95% CI 0.84-2.97) for 11 528 employees, and no reduction in the risk ratio was seen after further adjustments. For organizational injustice, the age- and gender-adjusted, and multiple-adjusted relative risks were 1.62 (95% CI 1.24-2.13) and 1.47 (95% CI 1.12-1.95), respectively, for a population of 7246 men and women. There was little standardization in the assessment of Work Stress within all three Stress models, and significant heterogeneity in the effects of Stress was observed between studies. Few studies were available for female samples. CONCLUSIONS: Observational data suggest an average 50% excess risk for CHD among employees with Work Stress. Further research is needed to confirm that a reduction in Work Stress will lead to a reduction in CHD risk.
Robyn R.m. Gershon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mental physical and behavioral outcomes associated with perceived Work Stress in police officers
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2009Co-Authors: Robyn R.m. Gershon, Briana Barocas, Allison N Canton, David VlahovAbstract:This study estimates the effects of perceived Work Stress in police officers and determines the impact of coping on both perceived Work Stress and health. Officers from a large, urban police department (N = 1,072) completed detailed questionnaires. Exposure to critical incidents, Workplace discrimination, lack of cooperation among coWorkers, and job dissatisfaction correlated significantly with perceived Work Stress. Work Stress was significantly associated with adverse outcomes, including depression and intimate partner abuse. Officers who relied on negative or avoidant coping mechanisms reported both higher levels of perceived Work Stress and adverse health outcomes. Results have implications for improving Stress-reducing efforts among police officers. Interventions that address modifiable Stressors and promote effective coping and resiliency will probably be most beneficial in minimizing police Stress and associated outcomes.
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Work Stress in aging police officers
Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2002Co-Authors: Robyn R.m. Gershon, Susan LinAbstract:Data are sparse regarding the impact of psychosocial Work Stress on the health and well-being of aging Workers, even for employees Working in high-Stress occupations, such as law enforcement. To improve our understanding of this issue in older Workers, we assessed and characterized Work Stress, coping strategies, and Stress-related health outcomes in a sample of police officers aged 50 years and older (n = 105). The most important risk factors associated with officers' perceived Work Stress were maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., excessive drinking or problem gambling) (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 11.6) and exposure to critical incidents (e.g., shootings) (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.71 to 8.65). In turn, perceived Work Stress was significantly associated with anxiety (OR, 6.84; 95% CI, 2.81 to 16.65), depression (OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 3.81 to 22.54), somatization (OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 2.47 to 13.33), posttraumatic Stress symptoms (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.29 to 6.47), symptoms of "burnout" (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 2.54 to 13.86), chronic back pain (OR, = 3.55; 95% CI, 1.57 to 8.06), alcohol abuse (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.22), and inappropriately aggressive behavior (OR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.34 to 11.88). These data suggest that older Workers in high-Stress jobs may be at increased risk for Work Stress-related health problems, especially if they rely on risky health behaviors to cope with Stress. Given the size of the rapidly aging US Workforce and the likelihood that many are employed in high-Stress jobs, interventions are urgently needed to address this emerging public health issue.
Susan Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Work Stress in aging police officers
Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2002Co-Authors: Robyn R.m. Gershon, Susan LinAbstract:Data are sparse regarding the impact of psychosocial Work Stress on the health and well-being of aging Workers, even for employees Working in high-Stress occupations, such as law enforcement. To improve our understanding of this issue in older Workers, we assessed and characterized Work Stress, coping strategies, and Stress-related health outcomes in a sample of police officers aged 50 years and older (n = 105). The most important risk factors associated with officers' perceived Work Stress were maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., excessive drinking or problem gambling) (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 11.6) and exposure to critical incidents (e.g., shootings) (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.71 to 8.65). In turn, perceived Work Stress was significantly associated with anxiety (OR, 6.84; 95% CI, 2.81 to 16.65), depression (OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 3.81 to 22.54), somatization (OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 2.47 to 13.33), posttraumatic Stress symptoms (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.29 to 6.47), symptoms of "burnout" (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 2.54 to 13.86), chronic back pain (OR, = 3.55; 95% CI, 1.57 to 8.06), alcohol abuse (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.22), and inappropriately aggressive behavior (OR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.34 to 11.88). These data suggest that older Workers in high-Stress jobs may be at increased risk for Work Stress-related health problems, especially if they rely on risky health behaviors to cope with Stress. Given the size of the rapidly aging US Workforce and the likelihood that many are employed in high-Stress jobs, interventions are urgently needed to address this emerging public health issue.
Kevin Daniels - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Rethinking job characteristics in Work Stress research
Human Relations, 2006Co-Authors: Kevin DanielsAbstract:In Work Stress research, consistent relationships between job characteristics and strain have not been established across methods for assessing job characteristics. By examining the methods used to assess job characteristics in Work Stress research, I argue that this is because different methods are assessing interrelated, yet distinct, facets of job characteristics: latent, perceived and enacted facets. The article discusses the implications for Work Stress research of differentiating these facets of job characteristics.
Ichiro Kawachi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Work Stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Current Cardiology Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Mika Kivimäki, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:The role of psychosocial Work Stress as a risk factor for chronic disease has been the subject of considerable debate. Many researchers argue in support of a causal connection while others remain skeptical and have argued that the effect on specific health conditions is either negligible or confounded. This review of evidence from over 600,000 men and women from 27 cohort studies in Europe, the USA and Japan suggests that Work Stressors, such as job strain and long Working hours, are associated with a moderately elevated risk of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. The excess risk for exposed individuals is 10–40 % compared with those free of such Stressors. Differences between men and women, younger versus older employees and Workers from different socioeconomic backgrounds appear to be small, indicating that the association is robust. Meta-analyses of a wider range of health outcomes show additionally an association between Work Stress and type 2 diabetes, though not with common cancers or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting outcome specificity. Few studies have addressed whether mitigation of Work Stressors would reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. In view of the limited interventional evidence on benefits, harms and cost-effectiveness, definitive recommendations have not been made (e.g. by the US Preventive Services Taskforce) for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease via Workplace Stress reduction. Nevertheless, governments are already launching healthy Workplace campaigns, and preventing excessive Work Stress is a legal obligation in several countries. Promoting awareness of the link between Stress and health among both employers and Workers is an important component of Workplace health promotion.
