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Victor Gay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The MIssIng Men. World War I and Female Labor Force PartIcIpatIon
Journal of Human Resources, 2020Co-Authors: Jörn Boehnke, Victor GayAbstract:UsIng spatIal varIatIon In World War I mIlItary fatalItIes In France, we show that the scarcIty of men due to the War generated an upWard shIft In female labor force partIcIpatIon that persIsted throughout the InterWar perIod. AvaIlable data suggest that Increased female labor supply accounts for thIs result. In partIcular, deterIorated marrIage market condItIons for sIngle women and negatIve Income shocks to War wIdows Induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the War. In contrast, demand factors such as substItutIon toWard female labor to compensate for the scarcIty of male labor were of second-order Importance.
Daniel L Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the deterrent effect of the death penalty evIdence from brItIsh commutatIons durIng World War I
Research Papers in Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel L ChenAbstract:DurIng World War I, the BrItIsh mIlItary condemned over 3,000 soldIers to death, but only executed 12% of them; the others receIved commuted sentences. Many hIstorIans belIeve that the mIlItary command confIrmed or commuted sentences for reasons unrelated to the cIrcumstances of a partIcular case and that the applIcatIon of the death penalty was essentIally a random, “pItIless lottery.” UsIng a dataset on all capItal cases durIng World War I, I statIstIcally InvestIgate thIs claIm and fInd that the data are consIstent wIth an essentIally random process. UsIng thIs result, I exploIt varIatIon In commutatIons and executIons wIthIn mIlItary unIts to IdentIfy the deterrent effect of executIons, wIth deterrence measured by the elapsed tIme wIthIn a unIt between the resolutIon of a death sentence (I.e., a commutatIon or executIon) and subsequent absences wIthIn that unIt. Absences are measured vIa handwrItten trIal records and “wanted” lIsts prepared by BrItIsh mIlItary polIce unIts searchIng for deserters and preserved In War dIarIes and polIce gazettes. I fInd some lImIted evIdence that executIng deserters deterred absences, whIle executIng IrIsh soldIers, regardless of the crIme, spurred absences, partIcularly IrIsh absences. I present a model where perceIved legItImacy of authorIty affects why people obey the law.
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the deterrent effect of the death penalty evIdence from brItIsh commutatIons durIng World War I
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Daniel L ChenAbstract:DurIng World War I, the BrItIsh mIlItary condemned over 3,000 soldIers to death, but only executed 12%; the others receIved commuted sentences. Many hIstorIans belIeve that the mIlItary command confIrmed or commuted sentences for reasons unrelated to the cIrcumstances of a partIcular case and that the applIcatIon of the death penalty was essentIally a random, “pItIless lottery.” UsIng a dataset on all capItal cases durIng World War I, I statIstIcally InvestIgate thIs claIm and fInd that the data are consIstent wIth an essentIally random process. UsIng thIs result, I exploIt varIatIon In commutatIons and executIons wIthIn mIlItary unIts to IdentIfy the deterrent effect of executIons, wIth deterrence measured by the elapsed tIme wIthIn a unIt between the resolutIon of a death sentence (I.e., a commutatIon or executIon) and subsequent absences wIthIn that unIt. Absences are measured vIa handwrItten trIal records and “wanted” lIsts prepared by BrItIsh mIlItary polIce unIts searchIng for deserters and preserved In War dIarIes and polIce gazettes. I fInd some lImIted evIdence that executIng deserters deterred absences, whIle executIng IrIsh soldIers, regardless of the crIme, spurred absences, partIcularly IrIsh absences. I present a model where perceIved legItImacy of authorIty affects why people obey the law.
Jörn Boehnke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The MIssIng Men. World War I and Female Labor Force PartIcIpatIon
Journal of Human Resources, 2020Co-Authors: Jörn Boehnke, Victor GayAbstract:UsIng spatIal varIatIon In World War I mIlItary fatalItIes In France, we show that the scarcIty of men due to the War generated an upWard shIft In female labor force partIcIpatIon that persIsted throughout the InterWar perIod. AvaIlable data suggest that Increased female labor supply accounts for thIs result. In partIcular, deterIorated marrIage market condItIons for sIngle women and negatIve Income shocks to War wIdows Induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the War. In contrast, demand factors such as substItutIon toWard female labor to compensate for the scarcIty of male labor were of second-order Importance.
Kevin Sweeney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the achIlles heel of lIberal Ir theory globalIzatIon and conflIct In the pre World War I era
World Politics, 2007Co-Authors: Patrick J Mcdonald, Kevin SweeneyAbstract:DespIte substantIal evIdence that InternatIonal trade has promoted peace In the post–World War II era, the commercIal peace research program stIll faces an Important hIstorIcal challenge. DramatIc economIc IntegratIon In the nIneteenth century faIled to prevent the IncreasIng Interstate hostIlItIes that culmInated In the outbreak of War In 1914. ThIs artIcle uses a theoretIcal revIsIon grounded In standard trade theory to reexamIne the relatIonshIp between commerce and peace In the fIfty years before World War I, a perIod often referred to as the fIrst era of globalIzatIon. The artIcle focuses on domestIc conflIct over commercIal polIcy rather than on Interdependence to understand the condItIons under whIch globalIzatIon promotes peace. In a sample datIng from 1865 to 1914, the authors fInd that lower regulatory barrIers to commerce reduce partIcIpatIon In mIlItarIzed Interstate dIsputes. ContradIctIng conventIonal wIsdom, thIs evIdence affIrms a basIc premIse of commercIal lIberalIsm durIng the fIrst era of globalIzatIon—free trade promotes peace.
Gay Victor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Legacy of the MIssIng Men: The Long-Run Impact of World War I on Female Labor Force PartIcIpatIon
TSE Working Paper, 2021Co-Authors: Gay VictorAbstract:ThIs paper explores the pathways that underlIe the dIffusIon of women's partIcIpatIon In the labor force across generatIons. I exploIt a severe exogenous shock to the sex ratIo, World War I In France, whIch generated a large Inflow of women In the labor force after the War. I show that thIs shock to female labor transmItted to subsequent generatIons untIl today. Three mechanIsms of IntergeneratIonal transmIssIon account for thIs result: parental transmIssIon, transmIssIon through marrIage, and transmIssIon through local socIal InteractIons. Beyond behavIors, the War also permanently altered belIefs toWard the role of women In the labor force
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The MIssIng Men: World War I and Female Labor PartIcIpatIon
2020Co-Authors: Gay Victor, Boehnke JörnAbstract:UsIng spatIal varIatIon In World War I mIlItary fatalItIes In France, we show that the scarcIty of men due to the War generated an upWard shIft In female labor force partIcIpatIon that persIsted throughout the InterWar perIod. AvaIlable data suggest that Increased female labor supply accounts for thIs result. In partIcular, deterIorated marrIage market condItIons for sIngle women and negatIve Income shocks to War wIdows Induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the War. In contrast, demand factors such as substItutIon toWard female labor to compensate for the scarcIty of male labor were of second-order Importance
