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B F Nowak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vaccination against Yersiniosis
2014Co-Authors: A R Bridle, B F NowakAbstract:Yersiniosis is a disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri , which mostly affects salmonids during their hatchery stage. Vaccines against Yersiniosis have been commercially available for more than 40 years. These vaccines are inactivated bacterins, and are mostly applied by immersion. Boosters are often required to ensure longevity of protection. Since the late 1980s, biotype 2 variants of Y. ruckeri started to cause infections and are now the major variants causing Yersiniosis throughout the US and Europe. This emergence of new variants resulted in the changes in the biotypes used for vaccine production.
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identification of surrogates of protection against Yersiniosis in immersion vaccinated atlantic salmon
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: A R Bridle, Ben F Koop, B F NowakAbstract:Simple cost-effective bacterins are the earliest and most successfully used commercial vaccines in fish. In particular, those prepared from Yersinia ruckeri have proven effective at controlling Enteric Red Mouth Disease (ERM) and Yersiniosis in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, respectively. However, the emergence of outbreaks of ERM caused by atypical biotypes of Y. ruckeri and reports of vaccine failure resulting in mass mortality of hatchery Atlantic salmon has reinvigorated interest in vaccines against fish bacterial diseases. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify surrogates of protection against Yersiniosis using cDNA microarray to characterise the response of host genes in the gills of unvaccinated and vaccinated Atlantic salmon challenged with Y. ruckeri. Differentially expressed genes were identified using two-way ANOVA and restricted to those with >2.5-fold change at P<0.05. Using cDNA microarray we identified the expression of 6 genes in response to infection and 4 genes associated with the protective host response to Yersiniosis. Analysis by real-time PCR confirmed that three immunologically relevant genes, namely a cathelicidin (47-fold) and a C-type lectin (19-fold) increased in response to Yersiniosis. Including collagenase (17-fold increase), an important tissue remodelling and repair enzyme, these genes represent 3 of 6 non-protective and/or pathological responses to Yersiniosis. Genes associated with the protective host response included an immunoglobulin gene and a selenoprotein that showed significant fold changes (15-fold increases each), highlighting the importance of antibody-mediated protection against Yersiniosis. These findings provide much needed knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction in response to bacterial infection and immunisation in fish. Significantly, we identified a transcriptional biosignature consisting of predominantly immune-relevant genes (14 up and 3 down-regulated) in the gills of Atlantic salmon after immersion vaccination and before bacterial challenge. This biosignature may be used as a surrogate of protection and therefore as a predictor of vaccine success against Yersiniosis.
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effect of vaccination against Yersiniosis on the relative percent survival bactericidal and lysozyme response of atlantic salmon salmo salar
Aquaculture, 2011Co-Authors: Amanda A Costa, A R Bridle, M J Leef, J Carson, B F NowakAbstract:Abstract The bacterium Yersinia ruckeri serovar O1b causes Yersiniosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the southern hemisphere. Despite vaccination this disease has resulted in significant hatchery losses in the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. A poor response to vaccination in juveniles, 1–5 g, has lead to the investigation of the suitability of the current formalin killed whole-cell vaccine Yersinivac-B. In this study trypsin was added to the Yersinivac-B to expose the bacteria's protective O-antigen to make the vaccine more immunogenic. At six weeks post vaccination, the effect of Yersinivac-B and the novel trypsinated Yersinivac-B vaccine on body mucus lysozyme and mucus and serum bactericidal activity of fish was determined over a 48 h period following challenge with Y. ruckeri. Body and gill mucus lysozyme and mucus and serum bactericidal activity was also determined in surviving fish at 10 weeks post Y. ruckeri challenge. Following the challenge period of 14 days the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish demonstrated a significantly higher percent survival compared to the Yersinivac-B and control unvaccinated fish. Body mucus lysozyme concentration was also significantly elevated at 8 h post challenge in the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish compared to controls. This variable however appears unlikely to play a significant role in protection as positive bactericidal activity was not found in the mucus of any fish following challenge. Bactericidal activity was not observed in the serum or mucus of any challenge survivors. At 8 h post challenge the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish demonstrated the highest serum bactericidal activity. However, the unvaccinated control fish also displayed positive serum bactericidal activity despite being unlikely to have been previously exposed to Y. ruckeri. A significantly higher gill mucus lysozyme concentration in control survivors compared to vaccinated fish suggests that this response may be important in the protection of unvaccinated fish against Yersiniosis. This research has highlighted the potential use of trypsin to increase the efficacy of Yersinivac-B. It has also contributed to better understanding of the role of humoral immune responses during a Y. ruckeri challenge.
Seamus Fanning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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yersinia canariae sp nov isolated from a human Yersiniosis case
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Scott V Nguyen, Claire Jenkins, David R Greig, Daniel Hurley, Orla Donoghue, Yu Cao, Evonne Mccabe, Molly Mitchell, Kirsten Schaffer, Seamus FanningAbstract:A Gram-negative rod from the Yersinia genus was isolated from a clinical case of Yersiniosis in the United Kingdom. Long read sequencing data from an Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION in conjunction with Illumina HiSeq reads were used to generate a finished quality genome of this strain. Overall Genome Related Index (OGRI) of the strain was used to determine that it was a novel species within Yersinia, despite biochemical similarities to Yersinia enterocolitica. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene accessions are MN434982-MN434987 and the accession number for the complete and closed chromosome is CP043727. The type strain is SRR7544370T (=NCTC 14382T/=LMG 31573T).
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yersinia canariae sp nov isolated from a human Yersiniosis case
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Scott V Nguyen, Seamus Fanning, Claire Jenkins, David R Greig, Daniel Hurley, Yu Cao, Evonne Mccabe, Molly MitchellAbstract:ABSTRACT A Gram-negative rod from the Yersinia genus was isolated from a clinical case of Yersiniosis in the United Kingdom. Long read sequencing data from an Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) MinION in conjunction with Illumina HiSeq reads were used to generate a finished quality genome of this strain. Overall Genome Related Index (OGRI) of the strain was used to determine that it was a novel species within Yersinia, despite biochemical similarities to Yersinia enterocolitica. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene accessions are MN434982-MN434987 and the accession number for the complete and closed chromosome is CP043727. The type strain is CFS3336T (=NCTC 14382T/ =LMG Accession under process).
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Current evidence for human Yersiniosis in Ireland
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2012Co-Authors: Tamara Ringwood, Brenda P Murphy, Niall Drummond, James F Buckley, Seamus Fanning, A. P. Coveney, H. P. Redmond, J. P. Power, Michael B PrenticeAbstract:Yersiniosis associated with abdominal pain was commonly reported in Ireland in the 1980s. However, the Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) currently records only three to seven notified cases of Yersiniosis per year. The most common cause of Yersiniosis worldwide is Yersinia enterocolitica, and the leading source for this organism is consumption of pork-based food products. In contrast to the apparent current scarcity of Yersiniosis cases in humans in Ireland, pathogenic Y. enterocolitica are detectable in a high percentages of pigs. To establish whether the small number of notifications of human disease was an underestimate due to lack of specific selective culture for Yersinia , we carried out a prospective culture study of faecal samples from outpatients with diarrhoea, with additional culture of throat swabs, appendix swabs and screening of human sewage. Pathogenic Yersinia strains were not isolated from 1,189 faeces samples, nor from 297 throat swabs, or 23 appendix swabs. This suggested that current low notification rates in Ireland are not due to the lack of specific Yersinia culture procedures. Molecular screening detected a wider variety of Y. enterocolitica -specific targets in pig slurry than in human sewage. A serological survey for antibodies against Yersinia YOP (Yersinia Outer Proteins) proteins in Irish blood donors found antibodies in 25 %, with an age-related trend to increased seropositivity, compatible with the hypothesis that Yersiniosis may have been more prevalent in Ireland in the recent past.
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preliminary survey regarding Yersiniosis in ireland
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Tamara Ringwood, Brenda P Murphy, Niall Drummond, James F Buckley, Seamus Fanning, Michael B PrenticeAbstract:Yersiniosis associated with abdominal pain presenting to surgeons was commonly reported in Ireland in the 1980s. However, the National Health Protection Surveillance Centre currently records only 3–7 cases of Yersiniosis per year. To establish the current prevalence of Yersiniosis causing diarrhoea in humans in Ireland, we carried out a preliminary prospective culture study of faeces samples from patients with diarrhoea, and serological screening of Irish blood donors.
A R Bridle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vaccination against Yersiniosis
2014Co-Authors: A R Bridle, B F NowakAbstract:Yersiniosis is a disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri , which mostly affects salmonids during their hatchery stage. Vaccines against Yersiniosis have been commercially available for more than 40 years. These vaccines are inactivated bacterins, and are mostly applied by immersion. Boosters are often required to ensure longevity of protection. Since the late 1980s, biotype 2 variants of Y. ruckeri started to cause infections and are now the major variants causing Yersiniosis throughout the US and Europe. This emergence of new variants resulted in the changes in the biotypes used for vaccine production.
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identification of surrogates of protection against Yersiniosis in immersion vaccinated atlantic salmon
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: A R Bridle, Ben F Koop, B F NowakAbstract:Simple cost-effective bacterins are the earliest and most successfully used commercial vaccines in fish. In particular, those prepared from Yersinia ruckeri have proven effective at controlling Enteric Red Mouth Disease (ERM) and Yersiniosis in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, respectively. However, the emergence of outbreaks of ERM caused by atypical biotypes of Y. ruckeri and reports of vaccine failure resulting in mass mortality of hatchery Atlantic salmon has reinvigorated interest in vaccines against fish bacterial diseases. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify surrogates of protection against Yersiniosis using cDNA microarray to characterise the response of host genes in the gills of unvaccinated and vaccinated Atlantic salmon challenged with Y. ruckeri. Differentially expressed genes were identified using two-way ANOVA and restricted to those with >2.5-fold change at P<0.05. Using cDNA microarray we identified the expression of 6 genes in response to infection and 4 genes associated with the protective host response to Yersiniosis. Analysis by real-time PCR confirmed that three immunologically relevant genes, namely a cathelicidin (47-fold) and a C-type lectin (19-fold) increased in response to Yersiniosis. Including collagenase (17-fold increase), an important tissue remodelling and repair enzyme, these genes represent 3 of 6 non-protective and/or pathological responses to Yersiniosis. Genes associated with the protective host response included an immunoglobulin gene and a selenoprotein that showed significant fold changes (15-fold increases each), highlighting the importance of antibody-mediated protection against Yersiniosis. These findings provide much needed knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction in response to bacterial infection and immunisation in fish. Significantly, we identified a transcriptional biosignature consisting of predominantly immune-relevant genes (14 up and 3 down-regulated) in the gills of Atlantic salmon after immersion vaccination and before bacterial challenge. This biosignature may be used as a surrogate of protection and therefore as a predictor of vaccine success against Yersiniosis.
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effect of vaccination against Yersiniosis on the relative percent survival bactericidal and lysozyme response of atlantic salmon salmo salar
Aquaculture, 2011Co-Authors: Amanda A Costa, A R Bridle, M J Leef, J Carson, B F NowakAbstract:Abstract The bacterium Yersinia ruckeri serovar O1b causes Yersiniosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the southern hemisphere. Despite vaccination this disease has resulted in significant hatchery losses in the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. A poor response to vaccination in juveniles, 1–5 g, has lead to the investigation of the suitability of the current formalin killed whole-cell vaccine Yersinivac-B. In this study trypsin was added to the Yersinivac-B to expose the bacteria's protective O-antigen to make the vaccine more immunogenic. At six weeks post vaccination, the effect of Yersinivac-B and the novel trypsinated Yersinivac-B vaccine on body mucus lysozyme and mucus and serum bactericidal activity of fish was determined over a 48 h period following challenge with Y. ruckeri. Body and gill mucus lysozyme and mucus and serum bactericidal activity was also determined in surviving fish at 10 weeks post Y. ruckeri challenge. Following the challenge period of 14 days the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish demonstrated a significantly higher percent survival compared to the Yersinivac-B and control unvaccinated fish. Body mucus lysozyme concentration was also significantly elevated at 8 h post challenge in the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish compared to controls. This variable however appears unlikely to play a significant role in protection as positive bactericidal activity was not found in the mucus of any fish following challenge. Bactericidal activity was not observed in the serum or mucus of any challenge survivors. At 8 h post challenge the trypsinated Yersinivac-B fish demonstrated the highest serum bactericidal activity. However, the unvaccinated control fish also displayed positive serum bactericidal activity despite being unlikely to have been previously exposed to Y. ruckeri. A significantly higher gill mucus lysozyme concentration in control survivors compared to vaccinated fish suggests that this response may be important in the protection of unvaccinated fish against Yersiniosis. This research has highlighted the potential use of trypsin to increase the efficacy of Yersinivac-B. It has also contributed to better understanding of the role of humoral immune responses during a Y. ruckeri challenge.
Yumi Une - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a study on the efficacy of the recombinant yersinia adhesin a vaccine against Yersiniosis in the early phase
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2017Co-Authors: Kosuke Tsugo, Shin-ichi Nakamura, Hiroko Yamanaka, Yumi UneAbstract:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. ptb) is a zoonotic pathogenic bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae and causes Yersiniosis, an acute intestinal infection in humans and animals. Y. ptb is often implicated in lethal epidemics in zoo animals and reductions in the breeding population, but a valid prevention method has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a vaccine for Yersiniosis control. The immunogenicity of one of the adhesion factors involved in pathogenic mechanisms of Y. ptb, Yersinia adhesin A (YadA), was investigated. BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: in group 1, mice received insoluble recombinant YadA (rYadA) produced in genetically engineered Escherichia coli (100 µg/dose); in group 2, mice received inactivated Y. ptb with strong expression of YadA (20 mg/dose);and in group 3, mice received phosphate-buffered saline (0.2 ml/dose). All interventions were administered subcutaneously twice at an interval of 1 week. One week after the second administration, Y. ptb (107 cells/mouse) was inoculated orally. As a result, the survival rate was 100% in group 1, 60% in group 2, and 0% in group 3. The anti-YadA antibody titer increased in a stepwise fashion in groups 1 and 2. The present study results suggest that rYadA shows promise as a protective antigen against Yersiniosis. This study concluded that vaccination against Y. ptb may become available as a new method to prevent lethal epidemics in animals.
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Yersiniosis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in captive toucans (Ramphastidae) and a Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) in zoological gardens in Japan.
The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2015Co-Authors: Shin-ichi Nakamura, Hideki Hayashidani, Yukari Sotohira, Yumi UneAbstract:Two captive Keel-billed toucans and a Chestnut-mandibled toucan in another zoological garden died suddenly without any pre-existing symptoms, and three months later, a Japanese squirrel died of diarrhea. All these animals showed necrotic enteritis and multifocal necrosis in the liver and spleen with Gram negative bacilli. The bacilli showed strong positive immunolabeling for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O4 in the Keel-billed toucans, Y. pseudotuberculosis O2 in the Chestnut-mandibled toucan and Y. pseudotuberculosis O1 in the Japanese squirrel, while Y. pseudotuberculosis 4b, 2b and 1b were respectively isolated from the lesions. To our knowledge, this might be the first reported case of fatal Yersiniosis in a Japanese squirrel in the world as well as in toucans in Japan.
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aberrant forms of yersinia pseudotuberculosis as spheroplasts and filaments in Yersiniosis in squirrel monkeys
Veterinary Pathology, 2015Co-Authors: Shin-ichi Nakamura, Hideki Hayashidani, N Okabe, Yumi UneAbstract:This report describes atypical cases of Yersiniosis in squirrel monkeys in which aberrant forms of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were seen. There were 2 outbreaks due to Yersiniosis in squirrel monkeys in Japan. The monkeys had systemic necrotizing and hemorrhagic lesions with Gram-negative rod-shaped bacilli and microthromboembolism in the kidneys. Some lesions contained filaments, globular bodies, and other pleomorphic forms of bacteria. All forms were usually seen in the same lesions, and those with pleomorphic morphology appeared to be an intermediate form between the rod-shaped bacteria and the filaments or globular bodies. In addition, they had strong immunolabeling for Y. pseudotuberculosis, as did the rod-shaped bacteria. Therefore, the globular bodies, filaments, and others are strongly suspected to be shape-changed bacilli of Y. pseudotuberculosis. These morphologically altered bacteria could cause errors in diagnosis since they resemble fungi or protozoa, and special staining techniques, including immunohistochemistry, can be helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis.
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Outbreak of Yersiniosis in Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b.
Journal of comparative pathology, 2012Co-Authors: Shin-ichi Nakamura, S. Settai, Hideki Hayashidani, T. Urabe, S. Namai, Yumi UneAbstract:This report describes an outbreak of Yersiniosis in Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b. Twelve of 61 bats died between November and December 2008 or in May 2009. The bats often displayed multiple yellow-white nodules in the spleen and liver. Microscopically, these consisted of focal necrosis accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and colonies of gram-negative bacilli. The bacterial colonies were identified immunohistochemically as Y. pseudotuberculosis O4 and Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype 4b was identified by bacteriological examination. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the isolate harboured the virulence genes virF, inv and ypmA. YPMa is as a superantigenic toxin that is associated with acute systemic infection in man and may contribute to the virulence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in bats.
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cerebral microsporidiosis caused by encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a young squirrel monkey
Journal of neuroinfectious diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Koji Furuya, Yumi Une, H Sugiyama, M Ohta, S Nakamura, S SasakiAbstract:This is a case report of cerebral microsporidiosis found in a young squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) in a colony located in Japan, which probably died of Yersiniosis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. The microsporidia, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, was detected in the brain of the Yersiniosis-diseased monkey and was further characterized as a genetically unique type of strain III. The agent was microbiologically and genetically undetectable in other organs tested. Gram-positive organisms, which were confirmed immunohistochemically as Encephalitozoon spp. including mature spores, were histologically detected in pseudocysts formed inside neurons and in neuropils. Reactions in the surrounding tissue were not observed for most parasitized lesions. Neurons in the brain of younger hosts might provide a site for latent and active infection by E. cuniculi.
Claire Jenkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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yersinia canariae sp nov isolated from a human Yersiniosis case
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Scott V Nguyen, Claire Jenkins, David R Greig, Daniel Hurley, Orla Donoghue, Yu Cao, Evonne Mccabe, Molly Mitchell, Kirsten Schaffer, Seamus FanningAbstract:A Gram-negative rod from the Yersinia genus was isolated from a clinical case of Yersiniosis in the United Kingdom. Long read sequencing data from an Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION in conjunction with Illumina HiSeq reads were used to generate a finished quality genome of this strain. Overall Genome Related Index (OGRI) of the strain was used to determine that it was a novel species within Yersinia, despite biochemical similarities to Yersinia enterocolitica. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene accessions are MN434982-MN434987 and the accession number for the complete and closed chromosome is CP043727. The type strain is SRR7544370T (=NCTC 14382T/=LMG 31573T).
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introduction of pcr testing reveals a previously unrecognized burden of Yersiniosis in hampshire uk
Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Mattea Clarke, Girija Dabke, Lenka Strakova, Claire Jenkins, Maria Saavedracampos, Oliver Mcmanus, Karthik ParanthamanAbstract:Introduction. Current testing practices for Yersiniosis mean that its true incidence and epidemiology are not well understood. In mid-2016, the introduction of testing via a multiplex gastrointestinal PCR panel at Portsmouth hospital laboratory in Hampshire, UK, resulted in a marked increase in the number of Yersinia cases identified locally.Aim. Here we describe the epidemiology and microbiology of Yersinia cases identified at Portsmouth laboratory following the introduction of PCR testing.Methodology. A case was defined as a person with a stool specimen in which Yersinia was detected by PCR and/or culture at Portsmouth NHS Trust laboratory between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2018. A case list was created from laboratory data submitted by Portsmouth laboratory to Public Health England (PHE), updated with speciation and serotyping data from the PHE reference laboratory. Descriptive analysis was performed.Results. Over 30 months following introduction of PCR testing, 199 cases were confirmed with Yersinia, compared to two cases in the preceding 30 months. This corresponds to a rate of 13.8 and 0.1 per 100 000 population per year respectively (P<0.0001). In total, 85% of tested isolates were Y. enterocolitica, belonging to multiple serotypes, and the rest belonged to a range of Y. enterocolitica-like species.Conclusions. Introduction of PCR testing led to the identification of a previously unrecognized burden of Yersiniosis in Hampshire. The diversity of species and serotypes suggests heterogeneity in sources and transmission routes. Further research on exposures, risk factors and clinical sequalae is needed to improve our understanding of the clinical and public health impact.
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yersinia canariae sp nov isolated from a human Yersiniosis case
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Scott V Nguyen, Seamus Fanning, Claire Jenkins, David R Greig, Daniel Hurley, Yu Cao, Evonne Mccabe, Molly MitchellAbstract:ABSTRACT A Gram-negative rod from the Yersinia genus was isolated from a clinical case of Yersiniosis in the United Kingdom. Long read sequencing data from an Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) MinION in conjunction with Illumina HiSeq reads were used to generate a finished quality genome of this strain. Overall Genome Related Index (OGRI) of the strain was used to determine that it was a novel species within Yersinia, despite biochemical similarities to Yersinia enterocolitica. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene accessions are MN434982-MN434987 and the accession number for the complete and closed chromosome is CP043727. The type strain is CFS3336T (=NCTC 14382T/ =LMG Accession under process).
