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Hosea H Harvey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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consistency and variation in school level Youth Sports traumatic brain injury policy content
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn Coxe, Hosea H Harvey, Kelsey Hamilton, Joe Xiang, Marizen R Ramirez, Jingzhen YangAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the consistency and variation in content of high school written traumatic brain injury (TBI) policies in relation to the three key tenets of Youth Sports TBI laws. Methods A content analysis was conducted on written TBI policies retrieved from 71 high schools currently participating in High School Reporting Information Online. Each policy was independently analyzed by two trained coders. The number and percent of the policies reflecting the three key tenets of state Youth Sports TBI laws were described and compared on policy enforcement (i.e., strictness of language), policy description (i.e., details and definitions of the requirements), and policy implementation steps (i.e., specific steps for implementing the requirements). Direct quotes were identified to support quantitative findings. Results All 71 high school TBI policies contained at least two of the three main TBI law tenets, where 98.6% (n = 70) included the return to play tenet, 83.1% (n = 59) included the removal from play tenet, and 59.2% (n = 42) specified the distribution of TBI information sheets to student-athletes and their parents. Nearly half of the policies (49.3%, n = 35) required parents' signature while only 39.4% (n = 28) required students' signature on the TBI information sheet. The language exhibited wide variance across the 71 TBI policies regarding policy enforcement, policy description, and policy implementation specifications. Conclusions All 71 TBI policies covered at least two of the three Youth Sports TBI law tenets, but with considerable variation. Future research should assess variations by schools within the same state and their impact on TBI rates in school athletics.
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the four stages of Youth Sports tbi policymaking engagement enactment research and reform
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Hosea H Harvey, Dionne L Koller, Kerri Mcgowan LowreyAbstract:This article advances, for the first time, a framework for situating public health law interventions as occurring in a predictable four-stage process. In this article, written in connection with our panel at the Public Health Law Research Conference (2014), we briefly apply this four-stage framework to Youth Sports TBI laws, and conclude that public health lawmaking in this area is consistent with prior high-visibility public health law interventions.
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the four stages of Youth Sports tbi policymaking engagement enactment research and reform
Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics, 2015Co-Authors: Hosea H Harvey, Dionne L Koller, Kerri Mcgowan LowreyAbstract:Drawing from research on a variety of public health law interventions, this article frames such interventions as developing in four key stages: engagement, enactment, research, and reform. Here, we apply this four-stage framework to Youth Sports TBI laws, while postulating connections to past interventions and predicting future outcomes. Language: en
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reducing traumatic brain injuries in Youth Sports Youth Sports traumatic brain injury state laws january 2009 december 2012
Social Science Research Network, 2013Co-Authors: Hosea H HarveyAbstract:Objectives. I sought to describe current state-wide Youth Sports traumatic brain injury (TBI) laws and their relationship to prevailing scientific understandings of Youth Sports TBIs, and to facilitate further research by creating an open-source data set of current laws.Methods. I used Westlaw and LexisNexis databases to create a 50-state data set of Youth Sports TBI laws enacted between January 2009 and December 2012. I collected and coded the text and citations of each law and developed a protocol and code-book to facilitate future research.Results. Forty-four states and Washington, DC, passed Youth Sports TBI laws between 2009 and 2012. No state’s Youth Sports TBI law focuses on primary prevention. Instead, such laws focus on (1) increasing coaches’ and parents’ ability to identify and respond to TBIs and (2) reducing the immediate risk of multiple TBIs.Conclusions. Existing Youth Sports TBI laws were not designed to reduce initial TBIs. Evaluation is required to assess their effectiveness in reducing the risk and consequences of multiple TBIs. Continued research and evaluation of existing laws will be needed to develop a more comprehensive Youth TBI-reduction solution.
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reducing traumatic brain injuries in Youth Sports Youth Sports traumatic brain injury state laws january 2009 december 2012
American Journal of Public Health, 2013Co-Authors: Hosea H HarveyAbstract:Objectives. I sought to describe current state-wide Youth Sports traumatic brain injury (TBI) laws and their relationship to prevailing scientific understandings of Youth Sports TBIs, and to facilitate further research by creating an open-source data set of current laws.Methods. I used Westlaw and LexisNexis databases to create a 50-state data set of Youth Sports TBI laws enacted between January 2009 and December 2012. I collected and coded the text and citations of each law and developed a protocol and codebook to facilitate future research.Results. Forty-four states and Washington, DC, passed Youth Sports TBI laws between 2009 and 2012. No state’s Youth Sports TBI law focuses on primary prevention. Instead, such laws focus on (1) increasing coaches’ and parents’ ability to identify and respond to TBIs and (2) reducing the immediate risk of multiple TBIs.Conclusions. Existing Youth Sports TBI laws were not designed to reduce initial TBIs. Evaluation is required to assess their effectiveness in reducing t...
Francis X Shen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the failure of Youth Sports concussion laws and the limits of legislating health education
Social Science Research Network, 2021Co-Authors: Sydney Diekmann, Francis X Shen, Christine Egan, Carly RasmussenAbstract:Legislatures have increasingly turned to education-based strategies to address significant public health challenges, despite unclear efficacy of statutory mandated education. In this Article, we examine the recent and rapid adoption of Youth Sports concussion laws as a lens to explore the limits of education-based legislative intervention models. In less than 10 years, all 50 states adopted a Youth Sports concussion statute—and each law mandates concussion education for coaches and/or student-athletes. This expansive, expensive intervention was designed to reduce concussion incidence and improve concussion care. But based on a review of 54 peer-reviewed studies, we argue that concussion education has not, and likely will not, produce the desired public health outcomes. The data largely demonstrate that, at most, concussion education can produce short-term changes in knowledge, but that these gains are unlikely to translate into measurable behavior changes that reduce the incidence and risk of concussion in sport. The Article uses public health perspectives to explore the reasons why top-down education interventions from legislatures may fail to have their intended effect. Given these limitations, the Article argues for a new type of concussion education intervention that better aligns with incentives to win, focuses on primary prevention, and promotes culture change in concussion reporting.
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how dangerous are Youth Sports for the brain a review of the evidence
Social Science Research Network, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Egan, Sydney Diekmann, Carly Rasmussen, Tyler Johnson, Francis X ShenAbstract:In this Article, we review over 100 studies to answer the question: How likely is it that a Youth athlete will sustain a concussion? On the basis of this review, we argue that both ends of the current concussion debate are problematic. On one hand, the data clearly suggest that the vast majority of Youth athletes will not sustain a concussion. Moreover, a significant proportion of those who do experience a concussion will see their post-concussion symptoms dissipate within three weeks. On the other hand, the data also clearly shows that there are serious, non-zero risks of brain injury from playing contact Sports before and during high school. These risks are elevated in collision Sports, and current data collection methods likely underestimate actual incidence rates. Problematically, we find that while over 100 studies have been conducted and give us credible estimates for concussion incidence, this incidence data is absent from current educational materials delivered to athletes and parents. We argue, based on this data, that concussion risk can be better communicated to athletes and parents. The data on incidence rates remains incomplete, but it is still informative. We should not hide it from Youth athletes.
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are Youth Sports concussion statutes working
Duquesne Law Review, 2018Co-Authors: Francis X ShenAbstract:All fifty states have now enacted a Youth Sports concussion law. But there’s a problem: we don’t know how these laws are actually being implemented. In this Essay — prepared as part of the Duquesne University School of Law Symposium Athletes, Veterans, and Neuroscience: A Symposium on Traumatic Brain Injury and Law — I address the question: Are state Youth Sports concussion statutes working? The Article reviews what we currently know about the implementation of state Youth Sports concussion laws. I offer five conclusions about the current state of concussion laws. First, there is generally widespread acceptance and appreciation of the concussion laws. Second, in general it appears that most high schools have implemented a concussion protocol (roughly) consistent with state law. Third, stakeholders may be resistant to legislatively-mandated concussion protocols when following those protocols is perceived to interfere with an athletic goal, or a doctor-patient relationship. Fourth, it appears that state concussion laws have contributed to better recognition and reporting of concussions. Fifth, across multiple states, there is a need for more dissemination of concussion education. But there remain large gaps in knowledge about effectiveness. Moreover, we know virtually nothing systematic about the implementation of the law in non-school Youth leagues, and the scientific knowledge base on elementary age athletes remains limited. I argue that the primary policy challenge going forward is, amidst this lack of knowledge, to facilitate accurate communication of risks and benefits to allow for informed athlete and parent decision-making.
Jingzhen Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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consistency and variation in school level Youth Sports traumatic brain injury policy content
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn Coxe, Hosea H Harvey, Kelsey Hamilton, Joe Xiang, Marizen R Ramirez, Jingzhen YangAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the consistency and variation in content of high school written traumatic brain injury (TBI) policies in relation to the three key tenets of Youth Sports TBI laws. Methods A content analysis was conducted on written TBI policies retrieved from 71 high schools currently participating in High School Reporting Information Online. Each policy was independently analyzed by two trained coders. The number and percent of the policies reflecting the three key tenets of state Youth Sports TBI laws were described and compared on policy enforcement (i.e., strictness of language), policy description (i.e., details and definitions of the requirements), and policy implementation steps (i.e., specific steps for implementing the requirements). Direct quotes were identified to support quantitative findings. Results All 71 high school TBI policies contained at least two of the three main TBI law tenets, where 98.6% (n = 70) included the return to play tenet, 83.1% (n = 59) included the removal from play tenet, and 59.2% (n = 42) specified the distribution of TBI information sheets to student-athletes and their parents. Nearly half of the policies (49.3%, n = 35) required parents' signature while only 39.4% (n = 28) required students' signature on the TBI information sheet. The language exhibited wide variance across the 71 TBI policies regarding policy enforcement, policy description, and policy implementation specifications. Conclusions All 71 TBI policies covered at least two of the three Youth Sports TBI law tenets, but with considerable variation. Future research should assess variations by schools within the same state and their impact on TBI rates in school athletics.
Kerri Mcgowan Lowrey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the four stages of Youth Sports tbi policymaking engagement enactment research and reform
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Hosea H Harvey, Dionne L Koller, Kerri Mcgowan LowreyAbstract:This article advances, for the first time, a framework for situating public health law interventions as occurring in a predictable four-stage process. In this article, written in connection with our panel at the Public Health Law Research Conference (2014), we briefly apply this four-stage framework to Youth Sports TBI laws, and conclude that public health lawmaking in this area is consistent with prior high-visibility public health law interventions.
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the four stages of Youth Sports tbi policymaking engagement enactment research and reform
Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics, 2015Co-Authors: Hosea H Harvey, Dionne L Koller, Kerri Mcgowan LowreyAbstract:Drawing from research on a variety of public health law interventions, this article frames such interventions as developing in four key stages: engagement, enactment, research, and reform. Here, we apply this four-stage framework to Youth Sports TBI laws, while postulating connections to past interventions and predicting future outcomes. Language: en
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state experiences implementing Youth Sports concussion laws challenges successes and lessons for evaluating impact
Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics, 2014Co-Authors: Kerri Mcgowan Lowrey, Stephanie R MorainAbstract:While provisions of Youth Sports concussion laws are very similar, little is known as to how they are being implemented, factors that promote or impede implementation, or the level of compliance in each jurisdiction. We aimed to describe state experiences with implementation in order to inform ongoing efforts to reduce the harm of Sports-related traumatic brain injury and to guide future evaluations of the laws' impacts and the development of future public health laws. We conducted key-informant interviews in 35 states with recently enacted concussion legislation. States varied considerably in their readiness and capacity for implementation. Factors facilitating implementation included existing partnerships, procedures, and resources; centralized implementation authority; prior related efforts; and involvement in the policymaking process by those now charged with implementation. Inhibitors included ambiguous statutory language, unclear delegation of authority, and compliance difficulties. Ongoing challenges persist, including primary prevention; determining which providers are qualified to make return-to-play assessments and contents of those assessments; compliance difficulties in rural and under-served areas; and unclear responsibility for enforcement. Despite the similarity of Youth Sports concussion laws, early evidence suggests there is considerable variation in their implementation. These findings are critical for ongoing empirical investigations to accurately evaluate the laws' provisions and to identify successful legal approaches to protecting young athletes.
Carly Rasmussen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the failure of Youth Sports concussion laws and the limits of legislating health education
Social Science Research Network, 2021Co-Authors: Sydney Diekmann, Francis X Shen, Christine Egan, Carly RasmussenAbstract:Legislatures have increasingly turned to education-based strategies to address significant public health challenges, despite unclear efficacy of statutory mandated education. In this Article, we examine the recent and rapid adoption of Youth Sports concussion laws as a lens to explore the limits of education-based legislative intervention models. In less than 10 years, all 50 states adopted a Youth Sports concussion statute—and each law mandates concussion education for coaches and/or student-athletes. This expansive, expensive intervention was designed to reduce concussion incidence and improve concussion care. But based on a review of 54 peer-reviewed studies, we argue that concussion education has not, and likely will not, produce the desired public health outcomes. The data largely demonstrate that, at most, concussion education can produce short-term changes in knowledge, but that these gains are unlikely to translate into measurable behavior changes that reduce the incidence and risk of concussion in sport. The Article uses public health perspectives to explore the reasons why top-down education interventions from legislatures may fail to have their intended effect. Given these limitations, the Article argues for a new type of concussion education intervention that better aligns with incentives to win, focuses on primary prevention, and promotes culture change in concussion reporting.
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how dangerous are Youth Sports for the brain a review of the evidence
Social Science Research Network, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Egan, Sydney Diekmann, Carly Rasmussen, Tyler Johnson, Francis X ShenAbstract:In this Article, we review over 100 studies to answer the question: How likely is it that a Youth athlete will sustain a concussion? On the basis of this review, we argue that both ends of the current concussion debate are problematic. On one hand, the data clearly suggest that the vast majority of Youth athletes will not sustain a concussion. Moreover, a significant proportion of those who do experience a concussion will see their post-concussion symptoms dissipate within three weeks. On the other hand, the data also clearly shows that there are serious, non-zero risks of brain injury from playing contact Sports before and during high school. These risks are elevated in collision Sports, and current data collection methods likely underestimate actual incidence rates. Problematically, we find that while over 100 studies have been conducted and give us credible estimates for concussion incidence, this incidence data is absent from current educational materials delivered to athletes and parents. We argue, based on this data, that concussion risk can be better communicated to athletes and parents. The data on incidence rates remains incomplete, but it is still informative. We should not hide it from Youth athletes.