6 Hydroxymelatonin

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Russel J. Reiter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • N-Acetylserotonin and 6-Hydroxymelatonin against Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Overall Protection Exerted by Melatonin.
    The journal of physical chemistry. B, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ruslan Álvarez-diduk, Dun Xian Tan, Annia Galano, Russel J. Reiter
    Abstract:

    The protection exerted by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 6-Hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) against oxidative stress was investigated using the density functional theory. It was found that these compounds are better peroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin itself, Trolox, caffeine, or genistein both in lipid and aqueous solutions. The related kinetic data is provided for the first time. The solvent polarity influences not only the absolute reactivity of NAS and 6OHM toward peroxyl radicals, but also their relative scavenging activity. In addition, they both fully inhibit the oxidative effects of copper-ascorbate mixtures, and •OH production via the Haber–Weiss reaction, albeit the effects on the later are only partial. On the basis of comparisons with other melatonin-related compounds, it is proposed that the role of NAS and 6OHM on the overall protection exerted by melatonin against oxidative stress is mainly related to their free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, they increase such protection. The role of t...

  • N-Acetylserotonin and 6-Hydroxymelatonin against Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Overall Protection Exerted by Melatonin B
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ruslan Álvarez-diduk, Dun Xian Tan, Annia Galano, Russel J. Reiter
    Abstract:

    The protection exerted by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 6-Hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) against oxidative stress was investigated using the density functional theory. It was found that these compounds are better peroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin itself, Trolox, caffeine, or genistein both in lipid and aqueous solutions. The related kinetic data is provided for the first time. The solvent polarity influences not only the absolute reactivity of NAS and 6OHM toward peroxyl radicals, but also their relative scavenging activity. In addition, they both fully inhibit the oxidative effects of copper-ascorbate mixtures, and •OH production via the Haber–Weiss reaction, albeit the effects on the later are only partial. On the basis of comparisons with other melatonin-related compounds, it is proposed that the role of NAS and 6OHM on the overall protection exerted by melatonin against oxidative stress is mainly related to their free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, they increase such protection. The role of the phenol moiety on such activity is demonstrated.

  • Characterization of the protective effects of melatonin and related indoles against α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐induced liver injury in rats
    Journal of cellular biochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Juan R. Calvo, Russel J. Reiter, Dun Xian Tan, J. J. Garca, Genaro G. Ortiz, Malgorzata Karbownik
    Abstract:

    The protective effect of melatonin, 6-Hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury was investigated and compared in rats injected once with the hepatotoxicant (75 mg/kg body weight). In rats injected with ANIT alone, liver injury with cholestasis developed within 24 h, as indicated by both serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) and aspartic acid aminotransferase (SGOT) activities and serum total bilirubin concentration. The administration of melatonin or 6-Hydroxymelatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats reduced significantly the serum levels of both SGPT and SGOT and the serum total bilirubin concentration. For all hepatic biochemical markers, melatonin was more effective that 6-Hydroxymelatonin. By comparison, the administration of N-acetylserotonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats did not reduce the serum levels of either hepatic enzymes or the serum total bilirubin concentration. In ANIT-injected rats, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly higher than in control animals and this increase was significantly reduced by either melatonin, 6-Hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin. Furthermore, ANIT treatment caused a significant reduction in liver microsomal membrane fluidity and this reduction was completely reversed by the three indoles. The liver from ANIT-injected rats showed several histopathological alterations; above all there was an acute infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and an increase in the number of apparent apoptotic hepatocytes. The concurrent administration of melatonin reduced the severity of all morphological alterations, specially the neutrophil infiltration and the number of presumed apoptotic cells. On the contrary, the administration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin did not provide any protective effect in terms of the histopathological alterations. These results indicate that melatonin protects against ANIT-induced liver injury with cholestasis in rats, and suggests that this protective effect is likely due to its antioxidant properties and above all to its capacity to inhibit liver neutrophil infiltration, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of ANIT-induced liver injury. 6-Hydroxymelatonin, although able to provide partial protection against the ANIT-induced hepatic injury, probably through its antioxidant properties by mechanisms that are unclear, was unable to reduce neutrophil infiltration. Finally, N-acetylserotonin in the experimental conditions of this study, only exhibited some antioxidant protection but had no protective effect against ANIT-induced hepatic damage. J. Cell. Biochem. 80:461–470, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in Down syndrome subjects
    Journal of pineal research, 1996
    Co-Authors: Russel J. Reiter, Lornell Barlow-walden, Burkhard Poeggeler, Sherry M. Heiden, Robert J. Clayton
    Abstract:

    Because of the overexpression of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are believed to suffer from increased oxidative stress as a result of the excessive production of oxygen-based free radicals; their exposure to higher than normal free radical production may account in part for signs of premature aging, early onset of cataracts, and of Alzheimer's disease. Free radicals are normally neutralized by free radical scavengers and other antioxidants. The pineal hormone melatonin is a potent scavenger of both the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, both of which are highly toxic, and a stimulator of the antioxidative enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Considering this, we deemed it important to define the day/night rhythm and levels of melatonin production in DS subjects. To do this, we assessed the urinary excretion of the chief melatonin metabolite, 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate, throughout a 24 hr period in DS subjects; comparisons were made with the metabolite levels in the urine of non-Down siblings and parents of the DS subjects. All 8 non-Down subjects exhibited what was classified as normal urinary excretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate with the usual low daytime and high night-time levels of the melatonin metabolite. Of 12 DS subjects studied, 10 exhibited the normal day/night rhythm in urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate levels; 2 subjects were devoid of a rhythm. However, when all the data from each group were averaged, there were no noticeable differences in the absolute levels or 24 hr variations in urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion between DS and non-Down subjects.

Thomas Remer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Excretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulfate (6-OHMS) in Siblings during Childhood and Adolescence
    Neuroendocrinology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Peter Bröde, Meinolf Blaszkewicz
    Abstract:

    The analysis was performed to support the assumption that in inter-individual variations melatonin production is determined genetically. Sixty-six siblings from 31 families (27 girls, 39 boys, 3–18 ye

  • Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate.
    Journal of pineal research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde, Thomas Remer
    Abstract:

    Cross-sectional data on urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) excretion in children suggest a constant melatonin secretion during growth. The present longitudinal study concerned, accordingly, the intra-individual stability of melatonin production during childhood and adolescence. Urine samples collected during a longitudinal investigation of healthy white children and adolescents were analyzed. Forty-six boys and 38 girls were chosen for the present study. They had passed 3-15 annual examinations between their 3rd and 18th yr of age. Each examination included the collection of urine over 24 hr. The daily urinary output of 6-OHMS of the overall 621 samples was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The analyses clearly revealed for the first time that, despite huge inter-individual differences, melatonin production remains constant in one and the same individual during childhood and adolescence. Additionally, neither a significant sex difference was observed nor was the 6-OHMS output affected by season. The dramatic decrease of plasma melatonin levels as described in the literature is mainly related to an increase in body size rather than to decreasing pineal secretion.

  • Long-term stability of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24-h urine samples stored at −20°C
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

  • long term stability of 6 Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24 h urine samples stored at 20 c
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

Barbara Griefahn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Excretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulfate (6-OHMS) in Siblings during Childhood and Adolescence
    Neuroendocrinology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Peter Bröde, Meinolf Blaszkewicz
    Abstract:

    The analysis was performed to support the assumption that in inter-individual variations melatonin production is determined genetically. Sixty-six siblings from 31 families (27 girls, 39 boys, 3–18 ye

  • Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate.
    Journal of pineal research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde, Thomas Remer
    Abstract:

    Cross-sectional data on urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) excretion in children suggest a constant melatonin secretion during growth. The present longitudinal study concerned, accordingly, the intra-individual stability of melatonin production during childhood and adolescence. Urine samples collected during a longitudinal investigation of healthy white children and adolescents were analyzed. Forty-six boys and 38 girls were chosen for the present study. They had passed 3-15 annual examinations between their 3rd and 18th yr of age. Each examination included the collection of urine over 24 hr. The daily urinary output of 6-OHMS of the overall 621 samples was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The analyses clearly revealed for the first time that, despite huge inter-individual differences, melatonin production remains constant in one and the same individual during childhood and adolescence. Additionally, neither a significant sex difference was observed nor was the 6-OHMS output affected by season. The dramatic decrease of plasma melatonin levels as described in the literature is mainly related to an increase in body size rather than to decreasing pineal secretion.

  • Long-term stability of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24-h urine samples stored at −20°C
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

  • long term stability of 6 Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24 h urine samples stored at 20 c
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

Peter Bröde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Excretion of 6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulfate (6-OHMS) in Siblings during Childhood and Adolescence
    Neuroendocrinology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Peter Bröde, Meinolf Blaszkewicz
    Abstract:

    The analysis was performed to support the assumption that in inter-individual variations melatonin production is determined genetically. Sixty-six siblings from 31 families (27 girls, 39 boys, 3–18 ye

  • Melatonin production during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study on the excretion of urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate.
    Journal of pineal research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde, Thomas Remer
    Abstract:

    Cross-sectional data on urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) excretion in children suggest a constant melatonin secretion during growth. The present longitudinal study concerned, accordingly, the intra-individual stability of melatonin production during childhood and adolescence. Urine samples collected during a longitudinal investigation of healthy white children and adolescents were analyzed. Forty-six boys and 38 girls were chosen for the present study. They had passed 3-15 annual examinations between their 3rd and 18th yr of age. Each examination included the collection of urine over 24 hr. The daily urinary output of 6-OHMS of the overall 621 samples was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The analyses clearly revealed for the first time that, despite huge inter-individual differences, melatonin production remains constant in one and the same individual during childhood and adolescence. Additionally, neither a significant sex difference was observed nor was the 6-OHMS output affected by season. The dramatic decrease of plasma melatonin levels as described in the literature is mainly related to an increase in body size rather than to decreasing pineal secretion.

  • Long-term stability of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24-h urine samples stored at −20°C
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

  • long term stability of 6 Hydroxymelatonin sulfate in 24 h urine samples stored at 20 c
    Endocrine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Barbara Griefahn, Thomas Remer, Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Peter Bröde
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present feasibility study was to determine whether the concentration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) remains stable in urine samples stored over at least 15 yr. To test this, 117 twenty-four-hour urine samples were analyzed, which were obtained from healthy children ages 8 to 9 yr within the periods of 1985–1987, 1991–1993, and 1997–1999. 6-OHMS concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The statistical analyses clearly indicate that the concentration of 6-OHMS remains stable for at least 15 yr if the urine is stored at −20°C.

Dun Xian Tan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • N-Acetylserotonin and 6-Hydroxymelatonin against Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Overall Protection Exerted by Melatonin.
    The journal of physical chemistry. B, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ruslan Álvarez-diduk, Dun Xian Tan, Annia Galano, Russel J. Reiter
    Abstract:

    The protection exerted by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 6-Hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) against oxidative stress was investigated using the density functional theory. It was found that these compounds are better peroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin itself, Trolox, caffeine, or genistein both in lipid and aqueous solutions. The related kinetic data is provided for the first time. The solvent polarity influences not only the absolute reactivity of NAS and 6OHM toward peroxyl radicals, but also their relative scavenging activity. In addition, they both fully inhibit the oxidative effects of copper-ascorbate mixtures, and •OH production via the Haber–Weiss reaction, albeit the effects on the later are only partial. On the basis of comparisons with other melatonin-related compounds, it is proposed that the role of NAS and 6OHM on the overall protection exerted by melatonin against oxidative stress is mainly related to their free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, they increase such protection. The role of t...

  • N‑Acetylserotonin and 6Hydroxymelatonin against Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Overall Protection Exerted by Melatonin
    2015
    Co-Authors: Ruslán Álvarez-diduk, Dun Xian Tan, Annia Galano, Russel J. Reiter
    Abstract:

    The protection exerted by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 6-Hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) against oxidative stress was investigated using the density functional theory. It was found that these compounds are better peroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin itself, Trolox, caffeine, or genistein both in lipid and aqueous solutions. The related kinetic data is provided for the first time. The solvent polarity influences not only the absolute reactivity of NAS and 6OHM toward peroxyl radicals, but also their relative scavenging activity. In addition, they both fully inhibit the oxidative effects of copper-ascorbate mixtures, and •OH production via the Haber–Weiss reaction, albeit the effects on the later are only partial. On the basis of comparisons with other melatonin-related compounds, it is proposed that the role of NAS and 6OHM on the overall protection exerted by melatonin against oxidative stress is mainly related to their free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, they increase such protection. The role of the phenol moiety on such activity is demonstrated

  • N-Acetylserotonin and 6-Hydroxymelatonin against Oxidative Stress: Implications for the Overall Protection Exerted by Melatonin B
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ruslan Álvarez-diduk, Dun Xian Tan, Annia Galano, Russel J. Reiter
    Abstract:

    The protection exerted by N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 6-Hydroxymelatonin (6OHM) against oxidative stress was investigated using the density functional theory. It was found that these compounds are better peroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin itself, Trolox, caffeine, or genistein both in lipid and aqueous solutions. The related kinetic data is provided for the first time. The solvent polarity influences not only the absolute reactivity of NAS and 6OHM toward peroxyl radicals, but also their relative scavenging activity. In addition, they both fully inhibit the oxidative effects of copper-ascorbate mixtures, and •OH production via the Haber–Weiss reaction, albeit the effects on the later are only partial. On the basis of comparisons with other melatonin-related compounds, it is proposed that the role of NAS and 6OHM on the overall protection exerted by melatonin against oxidative stress is mainly related to their free radical scavenging activities. Moreover, they increase such protection. The role of the phenol moiety on such activity is demonstrated.

  • A novel enzyme-dependent melatonin metabolite in humans.
    Journal of pineal research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Dun Xian Tan
    Abstract:

    Exogenous melatonin is widely used in humans for multiple pharmacologic purposes. The metabolic pathways of melatonin reflect the fate and functions of melatonin in vivo. This study was designed to re-profile melatonin metabolism in humans using a metabolomic approach. In the urine of healthy subjects treated with 10 mg melatonin, sulfate- or glucuronide-conjugated metabolites of melatonin were detected, including 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate, 6-Hydroxymelatonin glucuronide, N-acetylserotonin glucuronide, N-acetylserotonin sulfate, and an unknown sulfated metabolite (X). The molecular weight of metabolite X was 14 Da smaller than 6-Hydroxymelatonin sulfate, but 16 Da larger than N-acetylserotonin sulfate. Further studies suggest that metabolite X was produced via O-demethylation, 6-hydroxylation, and sulfation. The antioxidant products of melatonin, N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and N(1)-acetyl-5-methoxy-kynuramine, were not detected in human urine. In summary, this study provided a global view of melatonin metabolism in humans and extended our knowledge of enzyme-dependent pathways of melatonin metabolism.

  • Characterization of the protective effects of melatonin and related indoles against α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐induced liver injury in rats
    Journal of cellular biochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Juan R. Calvo, Russel J. Reiter, Dun Xian Tan, J. J. Garca, Genaro G. Ortiz, Malgorzata Karbownik
    Abstract:

    The protective effect of melatonin, 6-Hydroxymelatonin and N-acetylserotonin against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury was investigated and compared in rats injected once with the hepatotoxicant (75 mg/kg body weight). In rats injected with ANIT alone, liver injury with cholestasis developed within 24 h, as indicated by both serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) and aspartic acid aminotransferase (SGOT) activities and serum total bilirubin concentration. The administration of melatonin or 6-Hydroxymelatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats reduced significantly the serum levels of both SGPT and SGOT and the serum total bilirubin concentration. For all hepatic biochemical markers, melatonin was more effective that 6-Hydroxymelatonin. By comparison, the administration of N-acetylserotonin (10 mg/kg body weight) to ANIT-injected rats did not reduce the serum levels of either hepatic enzymes or the serum total bilirubin concentration. In ANIT-injected rats, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly higher than in control animals and this increase was significantly reduced by either melatonin, 6-Hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin. Furthermore, ANIT treatment caused a significant reduction in liver microsomal membrane fluidity and this reduction was completely reversed by the three indoles. The liver from ANIT-injected rats showed several histopathological alterations; above all there was an acute infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and an increase in the number of apparent apoptotic hepatocytes. The concurrent administration of melatonin reduced the severity of all morphological alterations, specially the neutrophil infiltration and the number of presumed apoptotic cells. On the contrary, the administration of 6-Hydroxymelatonin or N-acetylserotonin did not provide any protective effect in terms of the histopathological alterations. These results indicate that melatonin protects against ANIT-induced liver injury with cholestasis in rats, and suggests that this protective effect is likely due to its antioxidant properties and above all to its capacity to inhibit liver neutrophil infiltration, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of ANIT-induced liver injury. 6-Hydroxymelatonin, although able to provide partial protection against the ANIT-induced hepatic injury, probably through its antioxidant properties by mechanisms that are unclear, was unable to reduce neutrophil infiltration. Finally, N-acetylserotonin in the experimental conditions of this study, only exhibited some antioxidant protection but had no protective effect against ANIT-induced hepatic damage. J. Cell. Biochem. 80:461–470, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.