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Walter Wilczynski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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responses of male cricket frogs Acris crepitans to attenuated and degraded advertisement calls
Ethology, 2017Co-Authors: Kurt R Venator, Michael J Ryan, Walter WilczynskiAbstract:: We examined the vocal and non-vocal responses of male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) to conspecific advertisement calls that had been attenuated or degraded by reducing the depth of amplitude modulation (AM). Both are characteristic of changes to the call as it is transmitted through natural habitats. As stimulus calls became more intense or less degraded, male cricket frogs gradually decreased their call rate and increased the number of call groups and pulse groups in their calls, changes indicative of increased aggressive interactions. At the higher intensities and lower degradation levels, the probability that males would shift to one of two non-vocal behavioral responses, attacking the perceived intruder or ceasing calling and abandoning the call site, gradually increased. The results show that differences in signal attenuation and AM degradation levels are perceived by males and trigger both vocal and non-vocal behavioral responses consistent with their use in evaluating the distance to a challenging male. Furthermore, the results indicate that the male responses are graded, increasing as intensity rises and degradation falls, and hierarchical, with vocal responses preceding behavioral responses over the range of intensities and degradation levels presented.
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Call Patterns and Basilar Papilla Tuning in Cricket Frogs. I.Differences among Populations and between Sexes
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Walter Wilczynski, Anne C. Keddy-hector, Michael J RyanAbstract:Male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans ) produce a broad-band, high frequency advertisement call with a single spectral peak (the dominant frequency). We measured the dominant frequenci
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Call Patterns and Basilar Papilla Tuning in Cricket Frogs. II. Intrapopulation Variation and Allometry
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Anne C. Keddy-hector, Walter Wilczynski, Michael J RyanAbstract:We determined the influence of body size on the male advertisement call''s dominant frequency and basilar papilla''s (BP) tuning in male and female cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) in two Texas populations (Wimberley and Stengel Ranch). In both populations, call and tuning characters correlated negatively with body size; females were larger than males and their BPs were tuned to a lower frequency. Analysis of covariance showed that neither the sex difference in tuning nor the population differences in calls or tuning were due to the difference in body size alone, but instead represented differences in the allometric relationships of each character with body size. The analysis implied that differences between sexes or populations were due more to shifts in the Y-intercept rather than the slope of the relationship with body size. This suggests a developmental model in which sexes or populations possess resonant structures in the ear or larynx with similar growth rates but different starting points or initial growth phases, resulting in different frequency characteristics as adults. The examination of the relationship between female BP tuning and male call dominant frequency predicts potentially different patterns of sexual selection in the two populations, with the Wimberley population males subject to much greater directional selection for low frequency calls.
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Information transfer during cricket frog contests
Animal Behaviour, 2002Co-Authors: Sabrina S Burmeister, Michael J Ryan, Alexander G. Ophir, Walter WilczynskiAbstract:We investigated information transfer during vocal interactions between cricket frogs, Acris crepitans, with a specific focus on information about size and intention. In response to opponents, cricket frogs alter both temporal and spectral (frequency) aspects of their calls. Previous work suggests that males use dominant frequency, which is correlated with size, to provide information about fighting ability, and use temporal call characters, which are independent of size, to provide information about aggressive intent. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between call characters and contest behaviour. We presented a focal male with a simulated opponent, and categorized his behavioural response as attack, abandon or tolerate. We found that information about opponent size does not appear to influence a male’s decision to fight, flee or tolerate an intruder. Whether or not males use the size information that is encoded in call frequency remains unclear. In contrast, changes in call frequency, which are not correlated with size, predicted the outcome of simulated contests, suggesting that male cricket frogs signal information about agonistic intent. Temporal call characters indicated whether or not a resident tolerated an opponent, but they did not predict contest outcome (attack versus abandon). Furthermore, the difference between the temporal call characters of a focal male and the simulated opponent predicted whether the resident tolerated the opponent. We suggest, therefore, that temporal call changes may be a cooperative signal designed to facilitate assessment of size through physical contact in wrestling bouts.
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changes in the frequency structure of a mating call decrease its attractiveness to females in the cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi
Ethology, 2001Co-Authors: Klaudia Witte, Michael J Ryan, Walter WilczynskiAbstract:In many species, females often prefer male signals that are more complex than in nature or beyond the range of calls naturally produced by conspecific males in spectral, temporal and amplitude features. In this study we examined both the ability of females to recognize signals outside the normal range of spectral frequency variation seen in male advertisement calls, and the influence of increasing call complexity by adding spectral components to enhance the attractiveness of a male advertisement call in the cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi, while keeping its amplitude constant. We used two different natural male call groups and created the following synthetic call groups: with a dominant frequency at 3500 Hz, i.e. at the normal dominant frequency with a frequency band within the sensitivity range of the inner ear basilar papilla; with a dominant frequency at 700 Hz, i.e. outside the normal range of variation and with a frequency band outside the sensitivity range of the basilar papilla but within the range of the amphibian papilla; with two dominant frequencies, one at 700 Hz and another at 3500 Hz, stimulating the basilar and amphibian papilla simultaneously. In double choice experiments we tested all combinations of the three call groups, and we tested the 3500 Hz call groups against the same natural call groups. Additionally, we tested the 700 Hz call groups against white noise to see whether these signals are meaningful in mate choice. Females preferred 3500 Hz call groups over all other call groups. The synthetic call group was as attractive to females as the same natural call group. The 700 Hz call group was not meaningful in mate choice. The combined (700 Hz + 3500 Hz) call group was significantly less attractive to females than the 3500 Hz call group. Thus, making a call more spectrally complex without increasing its overall amplitude decreases its attractiveness to cricket frog females.
Michael J Ryan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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responses of male cricket frogs Acris crepitans to attenuated and degraded advertisement calls
Ethology, 2017Co-Authors: Kurt R Venator, Michael J Ryan, Walter WilczynskiAbstract:: We examined the vocal and non-vocal responses of male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) to conspecific advertisement calls that had been attenuated or degraded by reducing the depth of amplitude modulation (AM). Both are characteristic of changes to the call as it is transmitted through natural habitats. As stimulus calls became more intense or less degraded, male cricket frogs gradually decreased their call rate and increased the number of call groups and pulse groups in their calls, changes indicative of increased aggressive interactions. At the higher intensities and lower degradation levels, the probability that males would shift to one of two non-vocal behavioral responses, attacking the perceived intruder or ceasing calling and abandoning the call site, gradually increased. The results show that differences in signal attenuation and AM degradation levels are perceived by males and trigger both vocal and non-vocal behavioral responses consistent with their use in evaluating the distance to a challenging male. Furthermore, the results indicate that the male responses are graded, increasing as intensity rises and degradation falls, and hierarchical, with vocal responses preceding behavioral responses over the range of intensities and degradation levels presented.
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Call Patterns and Basilar Papilla Tuning in Cricket Frogs. I.Differences among Populations and between Sexes
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Walter Wilczynski, Anne C. Keddy-hector, Michael J RyanAbstract:Male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans ) produce a broad-band, high frequency advertisement call with a single spectral peak (the dominant frequency). We measured the dominant frequenci
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Call Patterns and Basilar Papilla Tuning in Cricket Frogs. II. Intrapopulation Variation and Allometry
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Anne C. Keddy-hector, Walter Wilczynski, Michael J RyanAbstract:We determined the influence of body size on the male advertisement call''s dominant frequency and basilar papilla''s (BP) tuning in male and female cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) in two Texas populations (Wimberley and Stengel Ranch). In both populations, call and tuning characters correlated negatively with body size; females were larger than males and their BPs were tuned to a lower frequency. Analysis of covariance showed that neither the sex difference in tuning nor the population differences in calls or tuning were due to the difference in body size alone, but instead represented differences in the allometric relationships of each character with body size. The analysis implied that differences between sexes or populations were due more to shifts in the Y-intercept rather than the slope of the relationship with body size. This suggests a developmental model in which sexes or populations possess resonant structures in the ear or larynx with similar growth rates but different starting points or initial growth phases, resulting in different frequency characteristics as adults. The examination of the relationship between female BP tuning and male call dominant frequency predicts potentially different patterns of sexual selection in the two populations, with the Wimberley population males subject to much greater directional selection for low frequency calls.
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female preferences for socially variable call characters in the cricket frog Acris crepitans
Animal Behaviour, 2004Co-Authors: Nicole M Kime, Sabrina S Burmeister, Michael J RyanAbstract:Male cricket frogs produce only one type of call, the advertisement call, which both attracts females and repels rival males. The temporal and spectral structure of this call varies in a graded fashion with social context: males increase the temporal complexity and decrease the dominant frequency of their advertisement calls when interacting with neighbouring males. Previous studies of male behaviour suggested that vocal escalation signals fighting ability or aggressive intent. In this study, we examined an alternative hypothesis for the function of vocal escalation, that it increases a male's relative attractiveness to females when other males are nearby. We tested female cricket frogs for phonotactic preferences with respect to spectral and temporal call characters. Females did not show preferences for call dominant frequency, although they tended to choose calls with dominant frequencies near the population mean over calls with high or low dominant frequencies. Females preferred temporal call characters representative of interacting males to the temporal characters of undisturbed males. Males may use changes in temporal call characters to facultatively increase their relative attractiveness to females in the presence of other males.
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Information transfer during cricket frog contests
Animal Behaviour, 2002Co-Authors: Sabrina S Burmeister, Michael J Ryan, Alexander G. Ophir, Walter WilczynskiAbstract:We investigated information transfer during vocal interactions between cricket frogs, Acris crepitans, with a specific focus on information about size and intention. In response to opponents, cricket frogs alter both temporal and spectral (frequency) aspects of their calls. Previous work suggests that males use dominant frequency, which is correlated with size, to provide information about fighting ability, and use temporal call characters, which are independent of size, to provide information about aggressive intent. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between call characters and contest behaviour. We presented a focal male with a simulated opponent, and categorized his behavioural response as attack, abandon or tolerate. We found that information about opponent size does not appear to influence a male’s decision to fight, flee or tolerate an intruder. Whether or not males use the size information that is encoded in call frequency remains unclear. In contrast, changes in call frequency, which are not correlated with size, predicted the outcome of simulated contests, suggesting that male cricket frogs signal information about agonistic intent. Temporal call characters indicated whether or not a resident tolerated an opponent, but they did not predict contest outcome (attack versus abandon). Furthermore, the difference between the temporal call characters of a focal male and the simulated opponent predicted whether the resident tolerated the opponent. We suggest, therefore, that temporal call changes may be a cooperative signal designed to facilitate assessment of size through physical contact in wrestling bouts.
Stanley E. Trauth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth reproduction and life span in blanchard s cricket frog Acris blanchardi with notes on the growth of the northern cricket frog Acris crepitans
2011Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Cassondra Brooks, Rebecca Mason, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:Blanchard's Cricket Frog (Acris blanchardi) and the Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) are small frogs commonly found along water bodies in eastern North America. We determined growth and seasonal size classes from museum specimens of the Northern Cricket Frog (from Georgia and Florida) and Blanchard's Cricket Frog (from Arkansas and Missouri). We characterized the male and female reproductive phenophases of Blanchard's Cricket Frog using histological technique and gross examination and assessed its age and growth using skeletochronology. Our results show that male and female Blanchard's Cricket Frogs metamorphose in the summer, and snout-vent (SVL) length quickly reaches adult size. Body mass (BM) follows SVL with female BM growing faster than males from spring through oviposition. Male and female reproductive phenophases follow growth patterns. Some males are reproductively viable by late summer. Most ovarian development occurs in the spring and summer with oviposition occurring sometime between late May and June. Growth, reproductive and skeletochronological evidence suggest that very few Blanchard's Cricket Frogs live more than one year. The growth data for the Northern Cricket Frog was insufficient to support either semelparity or iteroparity. As a semelparous species, Blanchard's Cricket Frog may be susceptible to transient and temporary stressors that interfere with reproduction or recruitment.
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physiological trade offs between immunity and reproduction in the northern cricket frog Acris crepitans
Herpetologica, 2007Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:Investigations of natural history trade-offs between reproduction and immunity are common throughout the literature. Most previous studies of such trade-offs have focused on how resources can be drawn from immune response to fuel reproduction. Our results demonstrate that resources also can be shifted from reproduction to immunity. Immunologically-challenged male northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) expressed reduced investment in reproduction. Spermatic cyst diameter, germinal epithelium depth, and gonadosomatic index were smaller in antigen-injected males relative to those injected with a sham (saline injected) and noninjected control animals. Although body size increased in all groups during this study, linear growth and body mass did not appear to be significantly different among these three treatment groups. These results demonstrate indirectly that in A. crepitans immune response may increase metabolic demand for resources and fuel that need from the stores normally used to support male reproduction. We speculate that anything eliciting an immune response in this species may reduce male fertility, so pathogens and toxins at levels that are currently believed to be relatively harmless may impact populations in ways we could not previously predict.
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an evaluation of the subspecies Acris crepitans blanchardi anura hylidae
Zootaxa, 2006Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:We investigated the validity and distribution of the subspecies Acris crepitans blanchardi. Currently Acris crepitans contains three subspecies: the northern cricket frog ( A. c. crepitans), Blanchards cricket frog (A. c. blanchardi) and the coastal cricket frog ( A. c. paludicola). We examined the diagnostic characters of 1441 specimens from the center of the range (Arkansas, Missouri, and Mississippi), 161 specimens from the extreme northwest portion of this species range (South Dakota and Nebraska), and 85 from the extreme southeast portion of the species range (Florida and Georgia). Discriminate analysis was applied to the tabulated data and no significant differences between portions of the range could be discerned. No concrete evidence was found to support designation of specimens from South Dakota and Nebraska or from Smallens Cave (origin of the type specimen) as A. c. blanchardi. This information places the subspecies A. c. blanchardi in a status of doubtful validity suggesting that no delineation between A. c. blanchardi and A. c. crepitans should be made at this time.
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A forty-three year museum study of northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) abnormalities in Arkansas: upward trends and distributions.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wet-lands of eastern North America. We documented abnormalities in A. crepitans housed in the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetology Collection. Abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (χ2=43.76, df=3, P
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a forty three year museum study of northern cricket frog Acris crepitans abnormalities in arkansas upward trends and distributions
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wet-lands of eastern North America. We documented abnormalities in A. crepitans housed in the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetology Collection. Abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (χ2=43.76, df=3, P<0.001). From 1957 through 1979 only 3.33% of specimens were unusual. This rate was 6.87% during the 1990s, and in 2000 it was 8.48%. High frequencies of abnormalities were identified in the following Ozark highland counties: Sharp, Lawrence, and Randolph. We observed 104 abnormalities among 1,464 frogs (7.10%). The differential abnormality frequencies observed between the Arkansas lowlands and highlands are striking. The Ozarks had significantly higher frequencies of abnormalities than other Arkansas regions (χ2=59.76, df=4, P<0.001). The Ouachita Mountains had significantly higher frequencies than the Gulf Coastal Plain, Delta, or Arkansas River Valley (χ2=13.172, df=3, P<0.01). There was no diffe...
Malcolm L Mccallum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth reproduction and life span in blanchard s cricket frog Acris blanchardi with notes on the growth of the northern cricket frog Acris crepitans
2011Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Cassondra Brooks, Rebecca Mason, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:Blanchard's Cricket Frog (Acris blanchardi) and the Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) are small frogs commonly found along water bodies in eastern North America. We determined growth and seasonal size classes from museum specimens of the Northern Cricket Frog (from Georgia and Florida) and Blanchard's Cricket Frog (from Arkansas and Missouri). We characterized the male and female reproductive phenophases of Blanchard's Cricket Frog using histological technique and gross examination and assessed its age and growth using skeletochronology. Our results show that male and female Blanchard's Cricket Frogs metamorphose in the summer, and snout-vent (SVL) length quickly reaches adult size. Body mass (BM) follows SVL with female BM growing faster than males from spring through oviposition. Male and female reproductive phenophases follow growth patterns. Some males are reproductively viable by late summer. Most ovarian development occurs in the spring and summer with oviposition occurring sometime between late May and June. Growth, reproductive and skeletochronological evidence suggest that very few Blanchard's Cricket Frogs live more than one year. The growth data for the Northern Cricket Frog was insufficient to support either semelparity or iteroparity. As a semelparous species, Blanchard's Cricket Frog may be susceptible to transient and temporary stressors that interfere with reproduction or recruitment.
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physiological trade offs between immunity and reproduction in the northern cricket frog Acris crepitans
Herpetologica, 2007Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:Investigations of natural history trade-offs between reproduction and immunity are common throughout the literature. Most previous studies of such trade-offs have focused on how resources can be drawn from immune response to fuel reproduction. Our results demonstrate that resources also can be shifted from reproduction to immunity. Immunologically-challenged male northern cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) expressed reduced investment in reproduction. Spermatic cyst diameter, germinal epithelium depth, and gonadosomatic index were smaller in antigen-injected males relative to those injected with a sham (saline injected) and noninjected control animals. Although body size increased in all groups during this study, linear growth and body mass did not appear to be significantly different among these three treatment groups. These results demonstrate indirectly that in A. crepitans immune response may increase metabolic demand for resources and fuel that need from the stores normally used to support male reproduction. We speculate that anything eliciting an immune response in this species may reduce male fertility, so pathogens and toxins at levels that are currently believed to be relatively harmless may impact populations in ways we could not previously predict.
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an evaluation of the subspecies Acris crepitans blanchardi anura hylidae
Zootaxa, 2006Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:We investigated the validity and distribution of the subspecies Acris crepitans blanchardi. Currently Acris crepitans contains three subspecies: the northern cricket frog ( A. c. crepitans), Blanchards cricket frog (A. c. blanchardi) and the coastal cricket frog ( A. c. paludicola). We examined the diagnostic characters of 1441 specimens from the center of the range (Arkansas, Missouri, and Mississippi), 161 specimens from the extreme northwest portion of this species range (South Dakota and Nebraska), and 85 from the extreme southeast portion of the species range (Florida and Georgia). Discriminate analysis was applied to the tabulated data and no significant differences between portions of the range could be discerned. No concrete evidence was found to support designation of specimens from South Dakota and Nebraska or from Smallens Cave (origin of the type specimen) as A. c. blanchardi. This information places the subspecies A. c. blanchardi in a status of doubtful validity suggesting that no delineation between A. c. blanchardi and A. c. crepitans should be made at this time.
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A forty-three year museum study of northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) abnormalities in Arkansas: upward trends and distributions.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wet-lands of eastern North America. We documented abnormalities in A. crepitans housed in the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetology Collection. Abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (χ2=43.76, df=3, P
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a forty three year museum study of northern cricket frog Acris crepitans abnormalities in arkansas upward trends and distributions
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Malcolm L Mccallum, Stanley E. TrauthAbstract:The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wet-lands of eastern North America. We documented abnormalities in A. crepitans housed in the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetology Collection. Abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (χ2=43.76, df=3, P<0.001). From 1957 through 1979 only 3.33% of specimens were unusual. This rate was 6.87% during the 1990s, and in 2000 it was 8.48%. High frequencies of abnormalities were identified in the following Ozark highland counties: Sharp, Lawrence, and Randolph. We observed 104 abnormalities among 1,464 frogs (7.10%). The differential abnormality frequencies observed between the Arkansas lowlands and highlands are striking. The Ozarks had significantly higher frequencies of abnormalities than other Arkansas regions (χ2=59.76, df=4, P<0.001). The Ouachita Mountains had significantly higher frequencies than the Gulf Coastal Plain, Delta, or Arkansas River Valley (χ2=13.172, df=3, P<0.01). There was no diffe...
Corinne L. Richards-zawacki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fungal infection has sublethal effects in a lowland subtropical amphibian population.
BMC Ecology, 2018Co-Authors: Laura A. Brannelly, Matthew W. H. Chatfield, Julia M. Sonn, Matthew J. Robak, Corinne L. Richards-zawackiAbstract:Background The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated as a primary cause of decline in many species around the globe. However, there are some species and populations that are known to become infected in the wild, yet declines have not been observed. Here we conducted a yearlong capture-mark-recapture study and a 2-year long disease monitoring study of northern cricket frogs, Acris crepitans, in the lowland subtropical forests of Louisiana.
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The Influence of Temperature on Chytridiomycosis In Vivo
EcoHealth, 2017Co-Authors: Julia M. Sonn, Scott Berman, Corinne L. Richards-zawackiAbstract:Chytridiomycosis, an amphibian disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ), is an ideal system for studying the influence of temperature on host–pathogen relationships because both host and pathogen are ectothermic. Studies of Bd in culture suggest that optimal growth occurs between 17 and 23°C, and death of the fungus occurs above 29 or below 0°C. Amphibian immune systems, however, are also temperature dependent and often more effective at higher temperatures. We therefore hypothesized that pathogen load, probability of infection and mortality in Bd -exposed frogs would peak at a lower temperature than that at which Bd grows best in vitro. To test this, we conducted a study where Bd - and sham-exposed Northern cricket frogs ( Acris crepitans ) were incubated at six temperatures between 11 and 26°C. While probability of infection did not differ across temperatures, pathogen load and mortality were inversely related to temperature. Survival of infected hosts was greatest between 20 and 26°C, temperatures where Bd grows well in culture. These results demonstrate that the conditions under which a pathogen grows best in culture do not necessarily reflect patterns of pathogenicity, an important consideration for predicting the threat of this and other wildlife pathogens.
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Elevated temperature as a treatment for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in captive frogs.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2011Co-Authors: Matthew W. H. Chatfield, Corinne L. Richards-zawackiAbstract:The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been impli- cated in amphibian declines worldwide. In vitro laboratory studies and those done on wild popula- tions indicate that Bd grows best at cool temperatures between 17 and 25°C. In the present study, we tested whether moderately elevating the ambient temperature to 30°C could be an effective treat- ment for frogs infected with Bd. We acquired 35 bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana from breeding facilities and 36 northern cricket frogs Acris crepitans from the wild and acclimated them to either 23 or 26°C for 1 mo. Following the acclimation period, frogs were tested for the presence of Bd using qPCR Taq- Man assays. The 12 R. catesbeiana and 16 A. crepitans that tested positive for Bd were subjected to 30°C for 10 consecutive days before returning frogs to their starting temperatures. Post-treatment testing revealed that 27 of the 28 frogs that had tested positive were no longer infected with Bd; only a single A. crepitans remained infected following treatment. This result indicates that elevating ambient temperature to a moderate 30°C can be effective as a treatment for Bd infection in captive amphi bians, and suggests that heat may be a superior alternative to antifungal drugs.