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Ramesha G K - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Graphite Oxide And Graphite Oxide-Based Composites : Physicochemical And Electrochemical Studies
2011Co-Authors: Ramesha G KAbstract:One of the major directions of research in the area of materials science is to impart multifunctionalities to materials. Carbon stands on the top of the list to provide various multifunctional materials. It exists in all dimensions, zero (fullerene), one (carbon nanotube, CNT), two (graphene) and three (graphite) dimensions are very well-known for their versatility in various studies. They are also used in various applications in nanoelectronics, polymer composites, hydrogen production and storage, intercalation materials, drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, photovoltaics etc. Electrical conductivity of carbon can be tuned from insulator (diamond) to semiconductor (graphene) to conductor (graphite) with varying band gap. The main reason for this versatility and varied properties is that carbon can be involved in different hybridizations. Graphene, a single layer of graphite has fascinated the world during the last several years culminating in a Nobel prize for Physics in 2010. The present study is an attempt to understand the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of graphite oxide and its reduced form. Graphene oxide (GO) possesses oxygen containing functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl and epoxy groups distributed very randomly in the extended graphene sheet which makes it ionically conducting and electrically insulating. The AFM images of single layer of graphite (graphene) obtained from micromechanical cleavage method and that of EGO are shown in figure 1. EGO is a layered material similar to graphite and can form very stable aqueous colloids over a wide pH range of 2-11. The stability of the colloid is due to electrostatic repulsive interactions between the functional groups. EGO behaves like a molecule due to its thickness (~1 nm) and like a particle due to its two dimensional nature (lateral size can vary from nm to few microns). It behaves as amphiphilic molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Figure 1d shows the STM image of EGO which clearly indicates oxidized and unoxidized regions which will impart hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions respectively. Figure 1: AFM image of (a) graphene (b) EGO. STM image of (c) HOPG and (d) EGO. The present work is related to exploring EGO as a multifunctional material. Both hydrophilic and amphiphilic nature is explored for various studies. Reduced GO (rGO) is synthesized from EGO by assembling at different interfaces (solid-liquid and liquid-air) followed by reduction. Since EGO is hydrophilic, it is brought to the air-water interface with the help of a surfactant (CTAB) through electrostatic interactions. It is reduced chemically by hydrazine vapour to rGO and electrochemically by assembling EGO on gold through electrostatic interactions between EGO and amine groups of cystamine (figure 2). The reduction process is followed by AFM, UV-Visible and in-situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry. Figure 2: Schematic of EGO self assembly, cyclic voltammogram showing electrochemical reduction and schematic for in-situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The next section deals with composites of EGO and polymers. EGO/polyaniline (PANI) composite is formed by electrochemical polymerization under applied surface pressure. The in-situ electrochemical polymerization of aniline in the sub-phase of Langmuir-Blodgett trough under applied surface pressure in presence of EGO at the air-water interface leads to preferential orientation of PANI in the polaronic form. This is followed by electrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy. Figure 3 shows differential pulse voltammograms of EGO/PANI obtained under two different conditions. Externally polymerized sample shows three redox peaks at 0.086/0.064 V (A/A‟), 0.390/0.430 V (B/B‟) and 0.520/0.560 mV (C/C‟) which correspond to leucoemaraldine/emaraldine, quinone/hydroquinone and emaraldine/pernigraniline redox states respectively. The peak at C/C‟ vanishes when aniline is polymerized in-trough under applied surface pressure. This implies that oxidation of emaraldine to pernigraniline becomes difficult when sample is prepared in-trough. The Raman spectroscopy clearly reveals the preferential orientation of PANI in planar polaronic structure. Figure 3. Differential pulse voltammograms for EGO/PANI complex obtained through external polymerization (black) and in-trough polymerization (red). In the next part, EGO is used as a proton conducting material for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). EGO possesses hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions similar to nafion (sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer) and hence it can act as a good ionically conducting membrane. EGO is incorporated in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix and used in the present studies. The ionic conductivity increases from 10 μS cm-1 to 370 μS cm-1 when EGO content is increased from 1wt% to 7wt% in PVA matrix. Power densities of 25 and 90 mW cm-2 are obtained for PVA and PVA/EGO membranes in H2-O2 fuel cell at 40 0C respectively. In the next section, EGO is used as receptor for simultaneous electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions such as Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg with detection limit of 5 μM, 1 pM, 5 μM and 5 μM respectively. During the process it is observed that the EGO/PbO composite can give rise to detection limit of 10 nM for arsenic. Along with detection, EGO can also be used as an effective adsorbent for Inorganics (metal ions) as well as organics (dye molecules). EGO behaves as good adsorbent for heavy metal ions and cationic dyes and rGO adsorbs anionic dyes effectively. Spectroscopic techniques are used to understand the interactions between adsorbent and adsorbates. The thesis is presented as follows: Chapter 1 gives general introduction about graphene and graphite oxide with particular emphasis on the latter one. Chapter 2 gives details on the experimental methods followed, along with schematics for various Adsorption processes. Chapter 3 focuses on assembling EGO at interfaces (solid-liquid and liquid-air) followed by reduction with chemical and electrochemical methods. Chapter 4 explores EGO as an amphiphilic material where EGO is assembled at air-water interface with anilinium and subsequent electropolymerization to EGO/PANI composites. EGO/PVA composite is used as electrolyte for PEMFC. Chapter 5 explores EGO as receptor for heavy metal ion detection (Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg). Chapter 6 deals with EGO as adsorbent for Adsorption of Inorganics (metal ions) as well as organics (dye molecules). This is followed by summary and conclusions. The appendix section gives details on the studies on preparation of exfoliated graphite with various metal ion intercalation. The covalent functionalization of EGO with metal phthalocyanines and its assembly at air-water interface forms second part of the appendix. (For figures pl see the abstract pdf file
Meenakshi Goyal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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activated carbon Adsorption
2005Co-Authors: Roop Chand Bansal, Meenakshi GoyalAbstract:Preface Introduction Activated Carbon and Its Surface Structure Crystalline Structure of Activated Carbons Porous Structure of Activated Carbons Chemical Structure of the Carbon Surface Carbon-oxygen Surface Groups and Their Characterization Influence of Carbon-Oxygen Surface Groups on Surface Characteristics of Carbons Active Sites on Carbon Surfaces Modification of Activated Carbon Surface Adsorption Energetics, Models, and Isotherm Equations Adsorption on a Solid Surface Adsorption Equilibrium Energetics of Adsorption Classification of Adsorption Isotherms Adsorption Isotherm Equations and their Applicability to Adsorption Data Adsorption Hysteresis Activated Carbon Adsorption from Solutions Types of Adsorption from Solution Phase Types of Adsorption Isotherms Factors Influencing Adsorption from Binary Solutions Determination of Individual Adsorption Isotherms from Composite Isotherms Thickness of the Adsorbed Layer Chemisorption from Binary Solutions Traube's Rule Carbon Molecular Sieves Preparation of Carbon Molecular Sieves Characterization of Carbon Molecular Sieves Adsorption by Carbon Molecular Sieves Activated Carbon Adsorption Applications Liquid Phase Applications Gas Phase Applications Activated Carbon Adsorption in Nuclear Technology Activated Carbon Adsorption in Vacuum Technology Medicinal Applications of Activated Carbon Adsorption Activated Carbon Adsorption of Gas Storage Activated Carbon Adsorption and the Environment: Removal of Inorganics from Wastewater Activated Carbon Adsorption of Inorganics from Aqueous Phase (General) Activated Carbon Adsorption of Copper Activated Carbon Adsorption of Chromium Activated Carbon Adsorption of Mercury Activated Carbon Adsorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions Activated Carbon Adsorption of Cobalt Activated Carbon Adsorption of Nickel Removal of Lead from Water Adsorptive Removal of Zinc Activated Carbon Adsorption of Arsenic Adsorptive Separation of Cations in Trace Amounts from Aqueous Solutions Mechanism of Metal Ion Adsorption by Activated Carbons Activated Carbon Adsorption and the Environment: Adsorptive Removal of Organic Compounds Activated Carbon Adsorption of Halogenated Organic Compounds Activated Carbon Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Activated Carbon Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds Adsorption of Nitro and Amino Compounds Adsorption of Pesticides Adsorption of Dyes Activated Carbon Adsorption of Drugs and Toxins Adsorption of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds Mechanism of Adsorption of Organics by Activated Carbons Activated Carbon Adsorption and Environment: Removal of Hazardous Gases and Vapors Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) at Low Concentrations Removal of Oxides of Nitrogen from Flue Gases Removal of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gases Evaporated Loss Control Devices Protection of upper Respiratory Tract in Hazardous Environment Activated Carbon Adsorption of Mercury vapors Removal of Organic Sulphur Compounds Adsorptive Removal of Miscellaneous Vapors and Gases Author Index Subject Index
Roop Chand Bansal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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activated carbon Adsorption
2005Co-Authors: Roop Chand Bansal, Meenakshi GoyalAbstract:Preface Introduction Activated Carbon and Its Surface Structure Crystalline Structure of Activated Carbons Porous Structure of Activated Carbons Chemical Structure of the Carbon Surface Carbon-oxygen Surface Groups and Their Characterization Influence of Carbon-Oxygen Surface Groups on Surface Characteristics of Carbons Active Sites on Carbon Surfaces Modification of Activated Carbon Surface Adsorption Energetics, Models, and Isotherm Equations Adsorption on a Solid Surface Adsorption Equilibrium Energetics of Adsorption Classification of Adsorption Isotherms Adsorption Isotherm Equations and their Applicability to Adsorption Data Adsorption Hysteresis Activated Carbon Adsorption from Solutions Types of Adsorption from Solution Phase Types of Adsorption Isotherms Factors Influencing Adsorption from Binary Solutions Determination of Individual Adsorption Isotherms from Composite Isotherms Thickness of the Adsorbed Layer Chemisorption from Binary Solutions Traube's Rule Carbon Molecular Sieves Preparation of Carbon Molecular Sieves Characterization of Carbon Molecular Sieves Adsorption by Carbon Molecular Sieves Activated Carbon Adsorption Applications Liquid Phase Applications Gas Phase Applications Activated Carbon Adsorption in Nuclear Technology Activated Carbon Adsorption in Vacuum Technology Medicinal Applications of Activated Carbon Adsorption Activated Carbon Adsorption of Gas Storage Activated Carbon Adsorption and the Environment: Removal of Inorganics from Wastewater Activated Carbon Adsorption of Inorganics from Aqueous Phase (General) Activated Carbon Adsorption of Copper Activated Carbon Adsorption of Chromium Activated Carbon Adsorption of Mercury Activated Carbon Adsorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions Activated Carbon Adsorption of Cobalt Activated Carbon Adsorption of Nickel Removal of Lead from Water Adsorptive Removal of Zinc Activated Carbon Adsorption of Arsenic Adsorptive Separation of Cations in Trace Amounts from Aqueous Solutions Mechanism of Metal Ion Adsorption by Activated Carbons Activated Carbon Adsorption and the Environment: Adsorptive Removal of Organic Compounds Activated Carbon Adsorption of Halogenated Organic Compounds Activated Carbon Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Activated Carbon Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds Adsorption of Nitro and Amino Compounds Adsorption of Pesticides Adsorption of Dyes Activated Carbon Adsorption of Drugs and Toxins Adsorption of Miscellaneous Organic Compounds Mechanism of Adsorption of Organics by Activated Carbons Activated Carbon Adsorption and Environment: Removal of Hazardous Gases and Vapors Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) at Low Concentrations Removal of Oxides of Nitrogen from Flue Gases Removal of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gases Evaporated Loss Control Devices Protection of upper Respiratory Tract in Hazardous Environment Activated Carbon Adsorption of Mercury vapors Removal of Organic Sulphur Compounds Adsorptive Removal of Miscellaneous Vapors and Gases Author Index Subject Index
