The Experts below are selected from a list of 135972 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Arpad Horvath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reply to comment on energy and Air Emission implications of a decentralized wastewater system
Environmental Research Letters, 2013Co-Authors: Arman Shehabi, Jennifer R. Stokes, Arpad HorvathAbstract:Complementing centralized water-related infrastructure with decentralized facilities is being considered in some communities and a life-cycle perspective is needed for informed decision making. Our 2012 study presents a framework for analyzing the environmental effects of decentralized wastewater systems. While the analysis framework could be applied to cases with a variety of sizes, we evaluated two currently operating systems in California, one decentralized and one centralized plant with a much larger capacity. The disparate scales of the two plants represent an ‘off-the-grid’ suburban neighborhood-scale system compared with a similarly sized neighborhood connecting to an adjacent large centralized plant. Deciding whether or not to connect expanding developments to nearby centralized plants is a realistic scenario for future growth, making the treatment plants evaluated in our study a realistic choice for comparison.
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Energy and Air Emission effects of water supply.
Environmental science & technology, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer R. Stokes, Arpad HorvathAbstract:Life-cycle Air Emission effects of supplying water are explored using a hybrid life-cycle assessment. For the typically sized U.S. utility analyzed, recycled water is preferable to desalination and comparable to importation. Seawater desalination has an energy and Air Emission footprint that is 1.5−2.4 times larger than that of imported water. However, some desalination modes fare better; brackish groundwater is 53−66% as environmentally intensive as seawater desalination. The annual water needs (326 m3) of a typical Californian that is met with imported water requires 5.8 GJ of energy and creates 360 kg of CO2 equivalent Emissions. With seawater desalination, energy use would increase to 14 GJ and 800 kg of CO2 equivalent Emissions. Meeting the water demand of California with desalination would consume 52% of the state’s electricity. Supply options were reassessed using alternative electricity mixes, including the average mix of the United States and several renewable sources. Desalination using solar th...
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evaluation of life cycle Air Emission factors of freight transportation
Environmental Science & Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Cristiano Facanha, Arpad HorvathAbstract:Life-cycle Air Emission factors associated with road, rail, and Air transportation of freight in the United States are analyzed. All life-cycle phases of vehicles, infrastructure, and fuels are accounted for in a hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA). It includes not only fuel combustion, but also Emissions from vehicle manufacturing, maintenance, and end of life, infrastructure construction, operation, maintenance, and end of life, and petroleum exploration, refining, and fuel distribution. Results indicate that total life-cycle Emissions of freight transportation modes are underestimated if only tailpipe Emissions are accounted for. In the case of CO2 and NOx, tailpipe Emissions underestimate total Emissions by up to 38%, depending on the mode. Total life-cycle Emissions of CO and SO2 are up to seven times higher than tailpipe Emissions. Sensitivity analysis considers the effects of vehicle type, geography, and mode efficiency on the final results. Policy implications of this analysis are also discussed. F...
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Evaluation of life-cycle Air Emission factors of freight transportation
Environmental Science and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Cristiano Facanha, Arpad HorvathAbstract:Life-cycle Air Emission factors associated with road, rail, and Air transportation of freight in the United States are analyzed. All life-cycle phases of vehicles, infrastructure, and fuels are accounted for in a hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA). It includes not only fuel combustion, but also Emissions from vehicle manufacturing, maintenance, and end of life, infrastructure construction, operation, maintenance, and end of life, and petroleum exploration, refining, and fuel distribution. Results indicate that total life-cycle Emissions of freight transportation modes are underestimated if only tailpipe Emissions are accounted for. In the case of CO2 and NOx, tailpipe Emissions underestimate total Emissions by up to 38%, depending on the mode. Total life-cycle Emissions of CO and SO2 are up to seven times higher than tailpipe Emissions. Sensitivity analysis considers the effects of vehicle type, geography, and mode efficiency on the final results. Policy implications of this analysis are also discussed. For example, while it is widely assumed that currently proposed regulations will result in substantial reductions in Emissions, we find that this is true for NOx, Emissions, because fuel combustion is the main cause, and to a lesser extent for SO2, but not for PM10 Emissions, which are significantly affected by the other life-cycle phases.
Wei Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an integrated water curtain microalgal culture system wcmc to mitigate Air Emissions and recover nutrients from animal feeding operations
Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 2016Co-Authors: Wendy Powers, D W Rozeboom, Yan Liu, Wei LiaoAbstract:Abstract Economically and technologically feasible Air Emission mitigation technologies are in high demand to sustain future animal agriculture. In this study, we designed an integrated Water Curtain-Microalgal Culture (WCMC) system to mitigate Air Emissions and recover nutrients to culture microalgae from Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs). The WCMC system included a water curtain, a windbreak wall and a raceway pond bioreactor. The water curtain was formed by continuously pumping water into a perforated water tank that flowed into the raceway pond bioreactor. The exhaust pollutants (NH3 and particulate matter-PM) from a poultry house were dissolved and absorbed by the water droplets. Microalgal species were collected from local ponds and went through natural selection. Desmodesmus (R. Chodat) showed the best tolerances of temperature, nutrients, pH, and circulation shear force. The microalgal culture in the bioreactor was run in batch mode and the average productivity was 12.7 ± 2.9 g/m2/day. Exhaust ammonia (NH3) and total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations were reduced by 74.9% and 89.2%, respectively. The harvested microalgal biomass had a protein content of 41.3%. The amino acid profile of microalgae demonstrated comparable quality to the WHO/FAO reference. Omega-3 fatty acids accounted for about 23% of total fat acids. Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn) did not exceed the tolerance levels. The adaptation of this new technology will reduce AFOs environmental impact, create a win-win situation for future animal agriculture and microalgal cultivation, and generate new alternative protein sources as food and feed supplements.
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mitigate Air Emissions from animal feeding operations and recover nutrients using an integrated water curtain microalgal culture system
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015, 2015Co-Authors: Wendy Powers, D W Rozeboom, Yan Liu, Wei LiaoAbstract:Abstract. Air Emission mitigation technologies that are both economically and technologically feasible are in high demand to sustain future animal agriculture. In this study, we designed and evaluated an integrated Water Curtain-Microalgal Culture (WCMC) system to mitigate Air Emissions and reuse nutrients to culture microalgae. The WCMC system included a water curtain, a windbreak wall, and a suspended algae reactor. The water curtain was formed by continuously pumping water into a perforated water tank that flowed into an open raceway microalgal reactor. The exhaust pollutants (NH 3 and particulate matter (PM)) from a poultry house were dissolved or absorbed into the water droplets. Local freshwater microalgae of Desmodesmus (R. Chodata) was screened and isolated from field samples naturally. Desmodesmus showed the best tolerances of temperature, nutrients, pH, and circulation shear force. The microalgal culture in the reactor was run in batch mode. The growth rates were 8.0 g/m 2 /day in batch 1, 15.6 g/m 2 /day in batch 2, 12.6 g/m 2 /day in batch 3, and 9.8 g/m 2 /day in batch 4. Ammonia (NH 3 ) concentrations were reduced by 74.9% by the water curtains. Total suspended particle (TSP) mitigation efficiencies ranged from 75.0% to 95.0%. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations in the outlet Air were similar to the concentrations in the inlet Air of the water curtains with less than 10% reductions. The adaptation of this new technology will reduce the environmental impact and create a win-win situation for future animal agriculture and microalgal cultivation.
Gunter Broker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the european dioxin Air Emission inventory project final results
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Ulrich Quas, Michael Fermann, Gunter BrokerAbstract:Main results of the second stage of the so-called ‘‘European Dioxin Emission Inventory’’ are presented. They cover Emission testing data gained from various facilities in the EU (among these the first Emission measurements reported from Portugal and Greece) and some central European countries. Further, updated dioxin Emission estimates for the most important Emission sources in the 17 western European countries and an evaluation of the Emission time trend from 1985 to 2005 are presented. The major conclusions are, that
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the european dioxin Air Emission inventory project final results
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Ulrich Quas, Michael Fermann, Gunter BrokerAbstract:Main results of the second stage of the so-called "European Dioxin Emission Inventory" are presented. They cover Emission testing data gained from various facilities in the EU (among these the first Emission measurements reported from Portugal and Greece) and some central European countries. Further, updated dioxin Emission estimates for the most important Emission sources in the 17 western European countries and an evaluation of the Emission time trend from 1985 to 2005 are presented. The major conclusions are, that at present, iron ore sintering is likely to be the most important Emission source type followed by the former "No. 1", municipal waste incineration; measurement data from a considerable number of installations are still missing, in particular from the metal industries in Spain and Italy; there still exist an unknown number of health care waste incinerators with flue gas PCDD/F concentrations above 100 ng I-TEQ/m3 which must be considered as important local sources; in general, considerable Emission reduction has been achieved with respect to the industrial Emission sources, whereas Emissions from non-industrial sources hardly decreased; hence, in the near future the Emissions from non-industrial sources are likely to exceed those from industrial installations; the goal of 90% Emission reduction set in the 5th EU Action Programme will be achieved for some source types only.
Wendy Powers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an integrated water curtain microalgal culture system wcmc to mitigate Air Emissions and recover nutrients from animal feeding operations
Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 2016Co-Authors: Wendy Powers, D W Rozeboom, Yan Liu, Wei LiaoAbstract:Abstract Economically and technologically feasible Air Emission mitigation technologies are in high demand to sustain future animal agriculture. In this study, we designed an integrated Water Curtain-Microalgal Culture (WCMC) system to mitigate Air Emissions and recover nutrients to culture microalgae from Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs). The WCMC system included a water curtain, a windbreak wall and a raceway pond bioreactor. The water curtain was formed by continuously pumping water into a perforated water tank that flowed into the raceway pond bioreactor. The exhaust pollutants (NH3 and particulate matter-PM) from a poultry house were dissolved and absorbed by the water droplets. Microalgal species were collected from local ponds and went through natural selection. Desmodesmus (R. Chodat) showed the best tolerances of temperature, nutrients, pH, and circulation shear force. The microalgal culture in the bioreactor was run in batch mode and the average productivity was 12.7 ± 2.9 g/m2/day. Exhaust ammonia (NH3) and total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations were reduced by 74.9% and 89.2%, respectively. The harvested microalgal biomass had a protein content of 41.3%. The amino acid profile of microalgae demonstrated comparable quality to the WHO/FAO reference. Omega-3 fatty acids accounted for about 23% of total fat acids. Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn) did not exceed the tolerance levels. The adaptation of this new technology will reduce AFOs environmental impact, create a win-win situation for future animal agriculture and microalgal cultivation, and generate new alternative protein sources as food and feed supplements.
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mitigate Air Emissions from animal feeding operations and recover nutrients using an integrated water curtain microalgal culture system
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2015, 2015Co-Authors: Wendy Powers, D W Rozeboom, Yan Liu, Wei LiaoAbstract:Abstract. Air Emission mitigation technologies that are both economically and technologically feasible are in high demand to sustain future animal agriculture. In this study, we designed and evaluated an integrated Water Curtain-Microalgal Culture (WCMC) system to mitigate Air Emissions and reuse nutrients to culture microalgae. The WCMC system included a water curtain, a windbreak wall, and a suspended algae reactor. The water curtain was formed by continuously pumping water into a perforated water tank that flowed into an open raceway microalgal reactor. The exhaust pollutants (NH 3 and particulate matter (PM)) from a poultry house were dissolved or absorbed into the water droplets. Local freshwater microalgae of Desmodesmus (R. Chodata) was screened and isolated from field samples naturally. Desmodesmus showed the best tolerances of temperature, nutrients, pH, and circulation shear force. The microalgal culture in the reactor was run in batch mode. The growth rates were 8.0 g/m 2 /day in batch 1, 15.6 g/m 2 /day in batch 2, 12.6 g/m 2 /day in batch 3, and 9.8 g/m 2 /day in batch 4. Ammonia (NH 3 ) concentrations were reduced by 74.9% by the water curtains. Total suspended particle (TSP) mitigation efficiencies ranged from 75.0% to 95.0%. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations in the outlet Air were similar to the concentrations in the inlet Air of the water curtains with less than 10% reductions. The adaptation of this new technology will reduce the environmental impact and create a win-win situation for future animal agriculture and microalgal cultivation.
Ulrich Quas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the european dioxin Air Emission inventory project final results
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Ulrich Quas, Michael Fermann, Gunter BrokerAbstract:Main results of the second stage of the so-called ‘‘European Dioxin Emission Inventory’’ are presented. They cover Emission testing data gained from various facilities in the EU (among these the first Emission measurements reported from Portugal and Greece) and some central European countries. Further, updated dioxin Emission estimates for the most important Emission sources in the 17 western European countries and an evaluation of the Emission time trend from 1985 to 2005 are presented. The major conclusions are, that
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the european dioxin Air Emission inventory project final results
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Ulrich Quas, Michael Fermann, Gunter BrokerAbstract:Main results of the second stage of the so-called "European Dioxin Emission Inventory" are presented. They cover Emission testing data gained from various facilities in the EU (among these the first Emission measurements reported from Portugal and Greece) and some central European countries. Further, updated dioxin Emission estimates for the most important Emission sources in the 17 western European countries and an evaluation of the Emission time trend from 1985 to 2005 are presented. The major conclusions are, that at present, iron ore sintering is likely to be the most important Emission source type followed by the former "No. 1", municipal waste incineration; measurement data from a considerable number of installations are still missing, in particular from the metal industries in Spain and Italy; there still exist an unknown number of health care waste incinerators with flue gas PCDD/F concentrations above 100 ng I-TEQ/m3 which must be considered as important local sources; in general, considerable Emission reduction has been achieved with respect to the industrial Emission sources, whereas Emissions from non-industrial sources hardly decreased; hence, in the near future the Emissions from non-industrial sources are likely to exceed those from industrial installations; the goal of 90% Emission reduction set in the 5th EU Action Programme will be achieved for some source types only.