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Robin Room - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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harnessing advances in computer simulation to inform Policy and planning to reduce Alcohol related harms
International Journal of Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Joan Atkinson, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Dylan Knowles, John Wiggers, Ante Prodan, Geoff McdonnellAbstract:Alcohol misuse is a complex systemic problem. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using a transparent and participatory agent-based modelling approach to develop a robust decision support tool to test Alcohol Policy scenarios before they are implemented in the real world. A consortium of Australia’s leading Alcohol experts was engaged to collaboratively develop an agent-based model of Alcohol consumption behaviour and related harms. As a case study, four Policy scenarios were examined. A 19.5 ± 2.5% reduction in acute Alcohol-related harms was estimated with the implementation of a 3 a.m. licensed venue closing time plus 1 a.m. lockout; and a 9 ± 2.6% reduction in incidence was estimated with expansion of treatment services to reach 20% of heavy drinkers. Combining the two scenarios produced a 33.3 ± 2.7% reduction in the incidence of acute Alcohol-related harms, suggesting a synergistic effect. This study demonstrates the feasibility of participatory development of a contextually relevant computer simulation model of Alcohol-related harms and highlights the value of the approach in identifying potential Policy responses that best leverage limited resources.
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy i ...
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy impacts; Alcohol Policy formation and regulatory processes involved in implementing Alcohol policies; patterns and trends in drinking and Alcohol problems in the population; and the influence of drinking norms, cultural practices and social contexts, particularly in interaction with Alcohol policies. In this paper, we give examples of key publications in each area. During the past decade, the number of staff employed at CAPR has increased steadily and now hovers at approximately 10. CAPR has supported the development of independent researchers who collaborate on a number of international projects, such as the Alcohol's Harm to Others study which is now replicated in approximately 30 countries. CAPR receives core funding from the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, and staff have been highly successful in securing additional competitive research funding. In 2016, CAPR moved to a new institutional setting at La Trobe University and celebrated 10 years of operation.
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non response bias in a community survey of drinking Alcohol related experiences and public opinion on Alcohol Policy
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2012Co-Authors: Brett Maclennan, Robin Room, Kypros Kypri, John Desmond LangleyAbstract:Abstract Background The continuing decline in response rates to household surveys is a concern for the health and social sciences as it increases the risk of selective non-response biasing the estimates of interest. Methods We analysed non-response bias in a postal survey measuring drinking behaviour, experience of harm and opinion on local government Alcohol policies among residents in six New Zealand communities. The Continuum of Resistance model, which suggests that late respondents to a survey are most similar to non-respondents on the measures of interest, was used to guide our investigation. Results Men, younger people, those of Māori descent and those living in more deprived areas were less likely to respond to our survey than women, older people, those not of Māori descent and those living in comparatively affluent areas. Late respondents more closely resembled non-respondents demographically than early respondents. The prevalence of binge drinking and experience of assault was higher, and support for restrictive local government Alcohol policies lower, among late respondents. Assuming the drinking behaviour and Alcohol-related experiences of non-respondents were the same as those of late respondents, prevalence was under-estimated by 3.4% (relative difference: 13%) and 2.1% (relative difference: 21%) for monthly binge drinking and assault respectively. Policy support was not over-estimated. Conclusion The findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that surveys under-estimate risk behaviour because of selective non-response and this bias increases as response rates fall. Notably, public opinion may not be subject to such misestimation.
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non response bias in a community survey of drinking Alcohol related experiences and public opinion on Alcohol Policy
Injury Prevention, 2012Co-Authors: Brett Maclennan, Robin Room, Kypros Kypri, John Desmond LangleyAbstract:Background The continuing decline in response rates to household surveys is a concern for the health and social sciences as it increases the risk of selective non-response biasing the estimates of interest. Aim To assess non-response bias in a postal survey measuring drinking behaviour, experience of harm and opinion on local government Alcohol policies among residents in six New Zealand communities. Methods The Continuum of Resistance model, which suggests that late respondents to a survey are most similar to non-respondents on the measures of interest, was used to guide our investigation. Results Men, younger people, those of Māori descent and those living in more deprived areas were less likely to respond to our survey than women, older people, those not of Māori descent and those living in comparatively affluent areas. Late respondents more closely resembled non-respondents demographically than early respondents. The prevalence of binge drinking and experience of assault was higher, and support for restrictive local government Alcohol policies lower, among late respondents. Assuming the drinking behaviour and Alcohol-related experiences of non-respondents were the same as those of late respondents, prevalence was under-estimated by 3.4% (relative difference: 13%) and 2.1% (relative difference: 21%) for monthly binge drinking and assault respectively. There was little evidence of bias in estimates of Policy support. Contribution to the Field The findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that surveys under-estimate risk behaviour because of selective non-response. Notably, public opinion may not be subject to such misestimation. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
Timothy S. Naimi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association of state Alcohol policies with Alcohol related motor vehicle crash fatalities among us adults
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Timothy S. Naimi, Marlene C. Lira, Vishnudas Sarda, Ziming Xuan, Scott E Hadland, Monica H Swahn, Robert B Voas, Timothy HeerenAbstract:Importance Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of mortality. However, the association between the restrictiveness of the Alcohol Policy environment (ie, based on multiple existing policies) and Alcohol-related crash fatalities has not been characterized previously to date. Objective To examine the association between the restrictiveness of state Alcohol Policy environments and the likelihood of Alcohol involvement among those dying in motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This investigation was a repeated cross-sectional study in which state Alcohol policies (operationalized by the Alcohol Policy Scale [APS]) from 1999 to 2014 were related to motor vehicle crash fatalities from 2000 to 2015 using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (1-year lag). Alternating logistic regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to account for clustering of multiple deaths within a crash and of multiple crashes occurring within states. The study also examined independent associations of mutually exclusive subgroups of policies, including consumption-oriented policies vs driving-oriented policies. The study setting was the 50 US states. Participants were 505 614 decedents aged at least 21 years from motor vehicle crashes from 2000 to 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Odds that a crash fatality was Alcohol related (fatality stemmed from a crash in which ≥1 driver had a blood Alcohol concentration [BAC] ≥0.08%). Results From 2000 to 2015, there were 505 614 adult motor vehicle crash fatalities in the United States, of which 178 795 (35.4%) were Alcohol related. Each 10–percentage point increase in the APS score (corresponding to more restrictive state policies) was associated with reduced individual-level odds of Alcohol involvement in a crash fatality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89-0.91); results were consistent among most demographic and crash-type strata. More restrictive policies also had protective associations with Alcohol involvement among crash fatalities associated with BACs from greater than 0.00% to less than 0.08%. After accounting for driving-oriented policies, consumption-oriented policies were independently protective for Alcohol-related crash fatalities (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98 based on a 10–percentage point increased APS score). Conclusions and Relevance Strengthening Alcohol policies, including those that do not specifically target impaired driving, could reduce Alcohol-related crash fatalities. Policies may also protect against crash fatalities involving BAC levels below the current legal limit for driving in the United States.
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erosion of state Alcohol excise taxes in the united states
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2018Co-Authors: Timothy S. Naimi, Ziming Xuan, Jason G Blanchette, Francis J ChaloupkaAbstract:Objective:In the United States, excessive Alcohol consumption is responsible for 88,000 deaths annually and cost $249 billion, or $2.05 per drink, in 2010. Specific excise taxes, the predominant form of Alcohol taxation in the United States, are based on the volume of Alcohol sold rather than a percentage of price and can thus degrade over time because of inflation. The objective of this study was to describe changes in inflation-adjusted state Alcohol excise taxes on a beverage-specific basis.Method:State-level data on specific excise taxes were obtained from the Alcohol Policy Information System and the Tax Foundation. Excise tax rates were converted into the tax per standard U.S. drink (14 g of ethanol) for beer, wine, and distilled spirits, and converted into 2015 dollars using annual Consumer Price Index data.Results:Across U.S. states, the average state Alcohol excise tax per drink in 2015 was $0.03 for beer, $0.05 for distilled spirits, and $0.03 for wine. From 1991 to 2015, the average inflation-a...
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Alcohol policies and Alcohol related motor vehicle crash fatalities among young people in the us
Pediatrics, 2017Co-Authors: Vishnudas Sarda, Timothy Heeren, Timothy S. Naimi, Ziming Xuan, Scott E Hadland, Monica H Swahn, Robert B Voas, Jason G BlanchetteAbstract:BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of death among young people in the United States. We examined the relationship between states’ Alcohol Policy environments and Alcohol-related MVC fatalities among children, adolescents, and young adults under the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years. METHODS: We used the Alcohol Policy Scale (APS), an assessment of 29 Alcohol policies across 50 states and Washington, DC, developed with the assistance of an interdisciplinary Delphi panel. Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we examined APS scores in relation to fatalities of people ≤20 years old from 2000 to 2013 occurring in crashes in which ≥1 involved driver had a blood Alcohol content ≥0.08%. Logistic regression was used with a 1-year lag between policies and MVC fatalities and adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 84 756 MVC fatalities of those ≤20 years old during the study period, 23 757 (28.0%) were Alcohol related, including deaths of 11 006 (46.3%) drivers, 10 212 (43.0%) passengers, and 2539 (10.7%) pedestrians, cyclists, and others. People killed in Alcohol-related MVCs were predominantly male (72.7%) and older (65.5% were 18–20 years old), and 51.2% were non-Hispanic white. Restrictive Policy environments were associated with fewer fatalities (adjusted odds ratio, 0.91 per 10-percentage-point increase in APS score; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.94). The association was observed for drivers and passengers, male and female decendents, and children, adolescents, and young adults. CONCLUSIONS: More restrictive Alcohol policies are associated with reduced Alcohol-related MVC mortality among young people. Studies should scrutinize the relationship between policies and fatalities to highlight mechanisms.
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youth drinking in the united states relationships with Alcohol policies and adult drinking
Pediatrics, 2015Co-Authors: Ziming Xuan, Toben F Nelson, Timothy Heeren, Scott E Hadland, Jason G Blanchette, Nadia Oussayef, Thien Nguyen, Timothy S. NaimiAbstract:BACKGROUND: The relationship between the Alcohol Policy environment (ie, the combined effectiveness and implementation of multiple existing Alcohol policies) and youth drinking in the United States has not been assessed. We hypothesized that stronger Alcohol Policy environments are inversely associated with youth drinking, and this relationship is partly explained by adult drinking. METHODS: Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) scores that characterized the strength of the state-level Alcohol Policy environments were assessed with repeated cross-sectional Youth Risk Behavior Survey data of representative samples of high school students in grades 9 to 12, from biennial years between 1999 and 2011. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, a 10 percentage point increase in APS scores (representing stronger Policy environments) was associated with an 8% reduction in the odds of youth drinking and a 7% reduction in the odds of youth binge drinking. After we accounted for youth-oriented Alcohol policies, the subgroup of population-oriented policies was independently associated with lower odds of youth drinking (adjusted odds ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.92–0.97) and youth binge drinking (adjusted odds ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval 0.94–0.99). State-level per capita consumption mediated the relationship between population-oriented Alcohol policies and binge drinking among youth. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger Alcohol policies, including those that do not target youth specifically, are related to a reduced likelihood of youth Alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce youth drinking should incorporate population-based policies to reduce excessive drinking among adults as part of a comprehensive approach to preventing Alcohol-related harms. Future research should examine influence of Alcohol Policy subgroups and discrete policies.
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the Alcohol Policy environment and Policy subgroups as predictors of binge drinking measures among us adults
American Journal of Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: Ziming Xuan, Toben F Nelson, Timothy Heeren, Jason G Blanchette, Nadia Oussayef, Timothy S. NaimiAbstract:Objectives. We examined the relationships of the state-level Alcohol Policy environment and Policy subgroups with individual-level binge drinking measures.Methods. We used generalized estimating equations regression models to relate the Alcohol Policy environment based on data from 29 policies in US states from 2004 to 2009 to 3 binge drinking measures in adults from the 2005 to 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys.Results. A 10 percentage point higher Alcohol Policy environment score, which reflected increased Policy effectiveness and implementation, was associated with an 8% lower adjusted odds of binge drinking and binge drinking 5 or more times, and a 10% lower adjusted odds of consuming 10 or more drinks. Policies that targeted the general population rather than the underage population, Alcohol consumption rather than impaired driving, and raising the price or reducing the availability of Alcohol had the strongest independent associations with reduced binge drinking. Alcohol taxes ...
Claire Wilkinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy i ...
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy impacts; Alcohol Policy formation and regulatory processes involved in implementing Alcohol policies; patterns and trends in drinking and Alcohol problems in the population; and the influence of drinking norms, cultural practices and social contexts, particularly in interaction with Alcohol policies. In this paper, we give examples of key publications in each area. During the past decade, the number of staff employed at CAPR has increased steadily and now hovers at approximately 10. CAPR has supported the development of independent researchers who collaborate on a number of international projects, such as the Alcohol's Harm to Others study which is now replicated in approximately 30 countries. CAPR receives core funding from the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, and staff have been highly successful in securing additional competitive research funding. In 2016, CAPR moved to a new institutional setting at La Trobe University and celebrated 10 years of operation.
Michael Livingston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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harnessing advances in computer simulation to inform Policy and planning to reduce Alcohol related harms
International Journal of Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Joan Atkinson, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Dylan Knowles, John Wiggers, Ante Prodan, Geoff McdonnellAbstract:Alcohol misuse is a complex systemic problem. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using a transparent and participatory agent-based modelling approach to develop a robust decision support tool to test Alcohol Policy scenarios before they are implemented in the real world. A consortium of Australia’s leading Alcohol experts was engaged to collaboratively develop an agent-based model of Alcohol consumption behaviour and related harms. As a case study, four Policy scenarios were examined. A 19.5 ± 2.5% reduction in acute Alcohol-related harms was estimated with the implementation of a 3 a.m. licensed venue closing time plus 1 a.m. lockout; and a 9 ± 2.6% reduction in incidence was estimated with expansion of treatment services to reach 20% of heavy drinkers. Combining the two scenarios produced a 33.3 ± 2.7% reduction in the incidence of acute Alcohol-related harms, suggesting a synergistic effect. This study demonstrates the feasibility of participatory development of a contextually relevant computer simulation model of Alcohol-related harms and highlights the value of the approach in identifying potential Policy responses that best leverage limited resources.
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy i ...
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addiction research centres and the nurturing of creativity the centre for Alcohol Policy research capr melbourne a decade on
Addiction, 2018Co-Authors: Claire Wilkinson, Amy Pennay, Sarah Maclean, Michael Livingston, Robin Room, Margaret Hamilton, Annemarie LaslettAbstract:Established in 2006, the Centre for Alcohol Policy Research (CAPR) is Australia's only research centre with a primary focus on Alcohol Policy. CAPR has four main areas of research: Alcohol Policy impacts; Alcohol Policy formation and regulatory processes involved in implementing Alcohol policies; patterns and trends in drinking and Alcohol problems in the population; and the influence of drinking norms, cultural practices and social contexts, particularly in interaction with Alcohol policies. In this paper, we give examples of key publications in each area. During the past decade, the number of staff employed at CAPR has increased steadily and now hovers at approximately 10. CAPR has supported the development of independent researchers who collaborate on a number of international projects, such as the Alcohol's Harm to Others study which is now replicated in approximately 30 countries. CAPR receives core funding from the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, and staff have been highly successful in securing additional competitive research funding. In 2016, CAPR moved to a new institutional setting at La Trobe University and celebrated 10 years of operation.
Ziming Xuan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association of state Alcohol policies with Alcohol related motor vehicle crash fatalities among us adults
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Timothy S. Naimi, Marlene C. Lira, Vishnudas Sarda, Ziming Xuan, Scott E Hadland, Monica H Swahn, Robert B Voas, Timothy HeerenAbstract:Importance Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of mortality. However, the association between the restrictiveness of the Alcohol Policy environment (ie, based on multiple existing policies) and Alcohol-related crash fatalities has not been characterized previously to date. Objective To examine the association between the restrictiveness of state Alcohol Policy environments and the likelihood of Alcohol involvement among those dying in motor vehicle crashes in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This investigation was a repeated cross-sectional study in which state Alcohol policies (operationalized by the Alcohol Policy Scale [APS]) from 1999 to 2014 were related to motor vehicle crash fatalities from 2000 to 2015 using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (1-year lag). Alternating logistic regression models and generalized estimating equations were used to account for clustering of multiple deaths within a crash and of multiple crashes occurring within states. The study also examined independent associations of mutually exclusive subgroups of policies, including consumption-oriented policies vs driving-oriented policies. The study setting was the 50 US states. Participants were 505 614 decedents aged at least 21 years from motor vehicle crashes from 2000 to 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Odds that a crash fatality was Alcohol related (fatality stemmed from a crash in which ≥1 driver had a blood Alcohol concentration [BAC] ≥0.08%). Results From 2000 to 2015, there were 505 614 adult motor vehicle crash fatalities in the United States, of which 178 795 (35.4%) were Alcohol related. Each 10–percentage point increase in the APS score (corresponding to more restrictive state policies) was associated with reduced individual-level odds of Alcohol involvement in a crash fatality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.89-0.91); results were consistent among most demographic and crash-type strata. More restrictive policies also had protective associations with Alcohol involvement among crash fatalities associated with BACs from greater than 0.00% to less than 0.08%. After accounting for driving-oriented policies, consumption-oriented policies were independently protective for Alcohol-related crash fatalities (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.98 based on a 10–percentage point increased APS score). Conclusions and Relevance Strengthening Alcohol policies, including those that do not specifically target impaired driving, could reduce Alcohol-related crash fatalities. Policies may also protect against crash fatalities involving BAC levels below the current legal limit for driving in the United States.
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erosion of state Alcohol excise taxes in the united states
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2018Co-Authors: Timothy S. Naimi, Ziming Xuan, Jason G Blanchette, Francis J ChaloupkaAbstract:Objective:In the United States, excessive Alcohol consumption is responsible for 88,000 deaths annually and cost $249 billion, or $2.05 per drink, in 2010. Specific excise taxes, the predominant form of Alcohol taxation in the United States, are based on the volume of Alcohol sold rather than a percentage of price and can thus degrade over time because of inflation. The objective of this study was to describe changes in inflation-adjusted state Alcohol excise taxes on a beverage-specific basis.Method:State-level data on specific excise taxes were obtained from the Alcohol Policy Information System and the Tax Foundation. Excise tax rates were converted into the tax per standard U.S. drink (14 g of ethanol) for beer, wine, and distilled spirits, and converted into 2015 dollars using annual Consumer Price Index data.Results:Across U.S. states, the average state Alcohol excise tax per drink in 2015 was $0.03 for beer, $0.05 for distilled spirits, and $0.03 for wine. From 1991 to 2015, the average inflation-a...
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Alcohol policies and Alcohol related motor vehicle crash fatalities among young people in the us
Pediatrics, 2017Co-Authors: Vishnudas Sarda, Timothy Heeren, Timothy S. Naimi, Ziming Xuan, Scott E Hadland, Monica H Swahn, Robert B Voas, Jason G BlanchetteAbstract:BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of death among young people in the United States. We examined the relationship between states’ Alcohol Policy environments and Alcohol-related MVC fatalities among children, adolescents, and young adults under the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years. METHODS: We used the Alcohol Policy Scale (APS), an assessment of 29 Alcohol policies across 50 states and Washington, DC, developed with the assistance of an interdisciplinary Delphi panel. Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we examined APS scores in relation to fatalities of people ≤20 years old from 2000 to 2013 occurring in crashes in which ≥1 involved driver had a blood Alcohol content ≥0.08%. Logistic regression was used with a 1-year lag between policies and MVC fatalities and adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 84 756 MVC fatalities of those ≤20 years old during the study period, 23 757 (28.0%) were Alcohol related, including deaths of 11 006 (46.3%) drivers, 10 212 (43.0%) passengers, and 2539 (10.7%) pedestrians, cyclists, and others. People killed in Alcohol-related MVCs were predominantly male (72.7%) and older (65.5% were 18–20 years old), and 51.2% were non-Hispanic white. Restrictive Policy environments were associated with fewer fatalities (adjusted odds ratio, 0.91 per 10-percentage-point increase in APS score; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.94). The association was observed for drivers and passengers, male and female decendents, and children, adolescents, and young adults. CONCLUSIONS: More restrictive Alcohol policies are associated with reduced Alcohol-related MVC mortality among young people. Studies should scrutinize the relationship between policies and fatalities to highlight mechanisms.
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high Alcohol concentration products associated with poverty and state Alcohol policies
American Journal of Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: Matthew E Rossheim, Ziming Xuan, Alexander C Wagenaar, Dennis L Thombs, Subhash AryalAbstract:Objectives. We examined the associations among zip code demographics, the state Alcohol Policy environment, and the retail outlet availability of multiple fruit-flavored Alcoholic drinks in a can (MFAC).Methods. In a nationally representative sample of zip codes (n = 872), we merged data from 4 sources: publicly available marketing information from 2 major MFAC producers, the US Census Bureau, state Alcohol regulatory agencies, and recent research on state Alcohol policies. We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to examine MFAC outlet availability in the United States.Results. More than 98% of MFAC outlets were off-premises Alcohol establishments. After we controlled for population size and the number of licensed on- and off-premises Alcohol outlets within zip codes, more families below the poverty line and weaker state Alcohol control policies were associated with greater MFAC outlet availability.Conclusions. Economic conditions and Alcohol Policy environment appeared to be related to ...
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youth drinking in the united states relationships with Alcohol policies and adult drinking
Pediatrics, 2015Co-Authors: Ziming Xuan, Toben F Nelson, Timothy Heeren, Scott E Hadland, Jason G Blanchette, Nadia Oussayef, Thien Nguyen, Timothy S. NaimiAbstract:BACKGROUND: The relationship between the Alcohol Policy environment (ie, the combined effectiveness and implementation of multiple existing Alcohol policies) and youth drinking in the United States has not been assessed. We hypothesized that stronger Alcohol Policy environments are inversely associated with youth drinking, and this relationship is partly explained by adult drinking. METHODS: Alcohol Policy Scale (APS) scores that characterized the strength of the state-level Alcohol Policy environments were assessed with repeated cross-sectional Youth Risk Behavior Survey data of representative samples of high school students in grades 9 to 12, from biennial years between 1999 and 2011. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, a 10 percentage point increase in APS scores (representing stronger Policy environments) was associated with an 8% reduction in the odds of youth drinking and a 7% reduction in the odds of youth binge drinking. After we accounted for youth-oriented Alcohol policies, the subgroup of population-oriented policies was independently associated with lower odds of youth drinking (adjusted odds ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.92–0.97) and youth binge drinking (adjusted odds ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval 0.94–0.99). State-level per capita consumption mediated the relationship between population-oriented Alcohol policies and binge drinking among youth. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger Alcohol policies, including those that do not target youth specifically, are related to a reduced likelihood of youth Alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce youth drinking should incorporate population-based policies to reduce excessive drinking among adults as part of a comprehensive approach to preventing Alcohol-related harms. Future research should examine influence of Alcohol Policy subgroups and discrete policies.