The Experts below are selected from a list of 7230 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

I G Sipes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or α-methylbenzyl Alcohol; the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, Allison Fryer, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or alpha-methylbenzyl Alcohol: the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Allison Fryer, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

D Belsito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or α-methylbenzyl Alcohol; the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, Allison Fryer, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or alpha-methylbenzyl Alcohol: the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Allison Fryer, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

Jing Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • enhanced oil recovery potential of Alkyl Alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate surfactants in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs
    Energy & Fuels, 2018
    Co-Authors: Daijun Du, Wanfen Pu, Jing Zhang
    Abstract:

    Surfactant flooding has been widely applied in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. In this paper, the enhanced oil recovery potential of Alkyl Alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate (CEOS) was investigated in a combined study of surface activity, crude oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, emulsifying property, wettability improvement, and macroscopic oil displacement efficiency. The results illustrated that CEOS had high surface activity and IFT could be reduced to an ultralow level (10–3 mN/m) at high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. When salinity ranged from 15 × 104 to 22.5 × 104 mg/L and reservoir permeability was ∼10 mD, linear CEOS solution could effectively displace crude oil for its favorable IFT reduction ability. Linear CEOS or CEOS with a benzene ring was optimized for their favorable IFT reduction ability or emulsifying ability when reservoir permeability was ∼50 mD or non-homogeneous. A 0.5 pore volume surfactant flooding and subsequent water flooding could rema...

  • Enhanced Oil Recovery Potential of Alkyl Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfonate Surfactants in High-Temperature and High-Salinity Reservoirs
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rui Liu, Jing Zhang, Xi-bin Fan
    Abstract:

    Surfactant flooding has been widely applied in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. In this paper, the enhanced oil recovery potential of Alkyl Alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate (CEOS) was investigated in a combined study of surface activity, crude oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, emulsifying property, wettability improvement, and macroscopic oil displacement efficiency. The results illustrated that CEOS had high surface activity and IFT could be reduced to an ultralow level (10–3 mN/m) at high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. When salinity ranged from 15 × 104 to 22.5 × 104 mg/L and reservoir permeability was ∼10 mD, linear CEOS solution could effectively displace crude oil for its favorable IFT reduction ability. Linear CEOS or CEOS with a benzene ring was optimized for their favorable IFT reduction ability or emulsifying ability when reservoir permeability was ∼50 mD or non-homogeneous. A 0.5 pore volume surfactant flooding and subsequent water flooding could remarkably enhance oil recovery to 16.19–19.38%. All of the results indicated that CEOS has great potential for improving oil recovery in high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs

  • two novel metal independent long chain Alkyl Alcohol dehydrogenases from geobacillus thermodenitrificans ng80 2
    Microbiology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Xueqian Liu, Jing Zhang, Yanpeng Dong, Aixiang Zhang, Lei Wang, Lu Feng
    Abstract:

    Two Alkyl Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes from the long-chain alkane-degrading strain Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2 were characterized in vitro. ADH1 and ADH2 were prepared heterologously in Escherichia coli as a homooctameric and a homodimeric protein, respectively. Both ADHs can oxidize a broad range of Alkyl Alcohols up to at least C30, as well as 1,3-propanediol and acetaldehyde. ADH1 also oxidizes glycerol, and ADH2 oxidizes isopropyl Alcohol, isoamylol, acetone, octanal and decanal. The best substrate is ethanol for ADH1 and 1-octanol for ADH2. For both ADHs, the optimum assay condition is at 60 °C and pH 8.0, and both NAD and NADP can be used as the cofactor. Sequence analysis reveals that ADH1 and ADH2 belong to the Fe-containing/activated long-chain ADHs. However, the two enzymes contain neither Fe nor other metals, and Fe is not required for the activity, suggesting a new type of ADH. The ADHs characterized here are potentially useful in crude oil bioremediation and other bioconversion processes.

M L Dagli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or α-methylbenzyl Alcohol; the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, Allison Fryer, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or alpha-methylbenzyl Alcohol: the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Allison Fryer, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

P Calow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or α-methylbenzyl Alcohol; the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, J H Saurath, Allison Fryer, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol (AAA) fragrance ingredients are a diverse group of chemical structures with similar metabolic and toxicity profiles. The AAA fragrances demonstrate low acute and subchronic dermal and oral toxicity. No carcinogenicity in rats or mice was observed in 2-year chronic testing of benzyl Alcohol or alpha-methylbenzyl Alcohol: the latter did induce species and gender-specific renal adenomas in male rats at the high dose. There was no to little genotoxicity, mutagenicity, or clastogenicity in the mutagenic in vitro bacterial assays, and in vitro mammalian cell assays. All in vivo micronucleus assays were negative. NOAELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current human exposure levels. At concentrations likely to be encountered by consumers, AAA fragrance ingredients are non-irritating to the skin. The potential for eye irritation is minimal. With the exception of benzyl Alcohol and to a lesser extent phenethyl and 2-phenoxyethyl AAA Alcohols, human sensitization studies, diagnostic patch tests and human induction studies, indicate that AAA fragrance ingredients generally have no or low sensitization potential. Available data indicate that the potential for photosensitization is low. It is concluded that these materials would not present a safety concern at current levels of use as fragrance ingredients. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, A D Fryer, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure.

  • a toxicological and dermatological assessment of aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012
    Co-Authors: D Belsito, M Bruze, David R Bickers, P Calow, M L Dagli, H Greim, Yoshiki Miyachi, Allison Fryer, Jeanhilaire Saurat, I G Sipes
    Abstract:

    The aryl Alkyl Alcohol simple acid ester derivatives (AAASAE) group of fragrance ingredients was critically evaluated for safety following a complete literature search of the pertinent data. For high end users, calculated maximum skin exposures vary widely from 0.01% to 4.17%. AAASAE exhibit a common route of primary metabolism by carboxylesterases resulting in the formation of the simple acid and an aryl Alkyl Alcohol. They have low acute toxicity. No significant toxicity was observed in repeat-dose toxicity tests. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity of benzyl Alcohol when it was administered in the feed; gavage studies resulted in pancreatic carcinogenesis due to the corn oil vehicle. The AAASAE are not mutagenic in bacterial systems or in vitro in mammalian cells, and have little to no in vivo genotoxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity data show no indication of adverse effects on reproductive function and NOELs for maternal and developmental toxicity are far in excess of current exposure levels. The AAASAE are generally not irritating or sensitizing at the current levels of exposure. The Panel is of the opinion that there are no safety concerns regarding the AAASAE at the current levels of use and exposure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)