Toxicity

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Howard C Bailey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • application of whole effluent Toxicity test procedures to ambient water quality assessment
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: Victor De Vlaming, Howard C Bailey, Valerie Connor, Carol Digiorgio, Linda A Deanovic, David E Hinton
    Abstract:

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) protocols for conducting freshwater Toxicity tests have been used in California, USA, to evaluate ambient water quality since 1986. Testing evolved from conducting broad watershed surveys for assessing the distribution of Toxicity to conducting detailed studies for identifying chemical causes and sources. Using Cerio-daphnia dubia tests, pulses of diazinon Toxicity have been detected over a 10-year period throughout California's Central Valley in waters receiving drainage from dormant orchards. In the 1980s, Toxicity to C. dubia, caused by methyl parathion and carbofuran in drainage from rice fields, was detected in the Sacramento River. Rice drainage also was toxic to two important local species, larval striped bass and Neomysis. Throughout the state, diazinon and chlorpyrifos Toxicity to C. dubia occurs year-round in waters receiving drainage from urban areas. Several years of monitoring the Alamo River in Imperial County with C. dubia demonstrated a recurring seasonal Toxicity pattern. Toxicity during a 3-month autumn period was caused by chlorpyrifos and diazinon and during a 2-month spring period by diazinon and carbofuran. Although most Toxicity has been detected with C. dubia and linked to insecticides, other examples of Toxicity have been identified. Toxicity to Selenastrum has been linked to copper and zinc from mines and to the herbicide diuron in waters receiving agricultural or urban runoff. Ammonia-caused Toxicity, originating from dairies and wastewater treatment plants, to fathead minnows has also been identified. Taken together, the results reveal that the three whole effluent Toxicity (WET) testing procedures, in association with Toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) and chemical analyses, can be effective for the identification of an array of toxicants originating from several land use practices. In several cases, alternative land use practices or management strategies have resulted in improved water quality as demonstrated by continued Toxicity testing.

  • whole effluent Toxicity of sewage treatment plants in the hawkesbury nepean watershed new south wales australia to ceriodaphnia dubia and selenastrum capricornutum
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Rick Krassoi, Annmaree Mulhall, Peta Hunt, Louise Tedmanson, Adam Lovell
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the results of whole effluent Toxicity tests conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Selenastrum capricornutum on sewage treatment plant effluents in the Hawkesbury–Nepean watershed in New South Wales, Australia. Effluents from 18 sewage treatment plants were evaluated for acute and chronic Toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluations were performed on toxic samples to determine the cause of Toxicity. Fifteen of the facilities sampled exhibited acute or chronic Toxicity to C. dubia. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) (e.g., diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos) accounted for Toxicity in the majority of samples. Ammonia also contributed to Toxicity in one sample, an unidentified OP was responsible for Toxicity in another sample, and unidentified transient toxicant(s) were present in four samples. Transient Toxicity was not due to surfactants (methylene blue active substances, cobalt thiocyanate active substances, or nonyl- or octylphenolethoxylates) or to a polymer used to dewater the sludge. The most likely cause of the transient Toxicity was chlorpyrifos, which rapidly dissipated when stored in polyethylene containers. Only two effluent samples reduced the cell numbers of S. capricornutum. In both cases, Toxicity dissipated too rapidly to identify its cause.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • causes of Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, Alan Potter, Eric Chao, James R Elphick, Dennis Konasewich
    Abstract:

    Samples of stormwater runoff from nine sawmills in British Columbia, Canada, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout over a 23-month period. Forty-two of the 58 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 32 of the samples. The low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metal Toxicity. For example, the LC50 of zinc was 14 μg/L at a hardness of 5 mg/L. Toxicity in the remaining samples was largely attributed to tannins and lignins and was associated with areas of bulk log handling. No evidence was found to indicate that antisapstain chemicals applied to freshly cut wood contributed to Toxicity.

S. La Cava - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rifm fragrance ingredient safety assessment α ionone cas registry number 127 41 3
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anne Marie Api, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, Donald V. Belsito, Magnus Bruze, Peter Calow, Wolfgang Dekant, L Kromidas, A D Fryer, S Bhatia, S. La Cava
    Abstract:

    The use of this material under current use conditions is supported by the existing information. This material was evaluated for genoToxicity, repeated dose Toxicity, developmental Toxicity, reproductive Toxicity, local respiratory Toxicity, photoToxicity, skin sensitization potential, as well as, environmental safety. Repeated dose Toxicity was determined to have the most conservative systemic exposure derived NO[A]EL of 10 mg/kg/day. A dietary 90-day subchronic Toxicity study conducted in rats resulted in a MOE of 182 while assuming 100% absorption from skin contact and inhalation. A MOE of >100 is deemed acceptable.

  • RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isoeugenol, CAS Registry Number 97-54-1.
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2015
    Co-Authors: Anne Marie Api, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, Donald V. Belsito, Magnus Bruze, Peter Calow, Wolfgang Dekant, L Kromidas, A D Fryer, S Bhatia, S. La Cava
    Abstract:

    The use of this material under current use conditions is supported by the existing information. This material was evaluated for genoToxicity, repeated dose Toxicity, developmental Toxicity, reproductive Toxicity, local respiratory Toxicity, photoToxicity, skin sensitization potential, as well as, environmental safety. Repeated dose Toxicity was determined to have the most conservative systemic exposure derived NO[A]EL of 37.5 mg/kg/day. A gavage 13-week subchronic Toxicity study conducted in mice resulted in a MOE of 5769 while considering 38.4% absorption from skin contact and 100% from inhalation. A MOE of >100 is deemed acceptable.

Alan Potter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • causes of Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, Alan Potter, Eric Chao, James R Elphick, Dennis Konasewich
    Abstract:

    Samples of stormwater runoff from nine sawmills in British Columbia, Canada, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout over a 23-month period. Forty-two of the 58 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 32 of the samples. The low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metal Toxicity. For example, the LC50 of zinc was 14 μg/L at a hardness of 5 mg/L. Toxicity in the remaining samples was largely attributed to tannins and lignins and was associated with areas of bulk log handling. No evidence was found to indicate that antisapstain chemicals applied to freshly cut wood contributed to Toxicity.

James R Elphick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Toxicity of fluoride to aquatic species and evaluation of Toxicity modifying factors
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Krysta Pearcy, James R Elphick, Charlene Burnettseidel
    Abstract:

    The present study was performed to investigate the Toxicity of fluoride to a variety of freshwater aquatic organisms and to establish whether water quality variables contribute substantively to modifying its Toxicity. Water hardness, chloride, and alkalinity were tested as possible Toxicity modifying factors for fluoride using acute Toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Chloride appeared to be the major Toxicity modifying factor for fluoride in these acute Toxicity tests. The chronic Toxicity of fluoride was evaluated with a variety of species, including 3 fish (Pimephales promelas, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus namaycush), 3 invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia, H. azteca, and Chironomus dilutus), 1 plant (Lemna minor), and 1 alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species overall, and O. mykiss was the most sensitive species of fish. The role of chloride as a Toxicity modifying factor was inconsistent between species in the chronic Toxicity tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1642–1648. © 2015 SETAC

  • whole effluent Toxicity of sewage treatment plants in the hawkesbury nepean watershed new south wales australia to ceriodaphnia dubia and selenastrum capricornutum
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Rick Krassoi, Annmaree Mulhall, Peta Hunt, Louise Tedmanson, Adam Lovell
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the results of whole effluent Toxicity tests conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Selenastrum capricornutum on sewage treatment plant effluents in the Hawkesbury–Nepean watershed in New South Wales, Australia. Effluents from 18 sewage treatment plants were evaluated for acute and chronic Toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluations were performed on toxic samples to determine the cause of Toxicity. Fifteen of the facilities sampled exhibited acute or chronic Toxicity to C. dubia. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) (e.g., diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos) accounted for Toxicity in the majority of samples. Ammonia also contributed to Toxicity in one sample, an unidentified OP was responsible for Toxicity in another sample, and unidentified transient toxicant(s) were present in four samples. Transient Toxicity was not due to surfactants (methylene blue active substances, cobalt thiocyanate active substances, or nonyl- or octylphenolethoxylates) or to a polymer used to dewater the sludge. The most likely cause of the transient Toxicity was chlorpyrifos, which rapidly dissipated when stored in polyethylene containers. Only two effluent samples reduced the cell numbers of S. capricornutum. In both cases, Toxicity dissipated too rapidly to identify its cause.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • zinc Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills in british columbia
    Water Research, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, James R Elphick, Alan Potter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Samples of stormwater runoff from three sawmills on Vancouver Island, BC, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout. All except one of the 27 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques; specifically, treatment with the chelating agent EDTA. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 24 of these samples. The very low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metals Toxicity. Zinc Toxicity showed a strong dependence on hardness, with a range of LC 50 s of 72–272  μ g/L between hardnesses of 9–100 mg/L.

  • causes of Toxicity in stormwater runoff from sawmills
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999
    Co-Authors: Howard C Bailey, Alan Potter, Eric Chao, James R Elphick, Dennis Konasewich
    Abstract:

    Samples of stormwater runoff from nine sawmills in British Columbia, Canada, were tested for acute Toxicity with juvenile rainbow trout over a 23-month period. Forty-two of the 58 samples tested exhibited Toxicity. Causes of Toxicity were investigated using Toxicity identification evaluation techniques. Toxicity was attributed to divalent cations, particularly zinc, in 32 of the samples. The low hardness associated with most of the samples increased the potential for metal Toxicity. For example, the LC50 of zinc was 14 μg/L at a hardness of 5 mg/L. Toxicity in the remaining samples was largely attributed to tannins and lignins and was associated with areas of bulk log handling. No evidence was found to indicate that antisapstain chemicals applied to freshly cut wood contributed to Toxicity.

Anne Marie Api - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rifm fragrance ingredient safety assessment α ionone cas registry number 127 41 3
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anne Marie Api, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, Donald V. Belsito, Magnus Bruze, Peter Calow, Wolfgang Dekant, L Kromidas, A D Fryer, S Bhatia, S. La Cava
    Abstract:

    The use of this material under current use conditions is supported by the existing information. This material was evaluated for genoToxicity, repeated dose Toxicity, developmental Toxicity, reproductive Toxicity, local respiratory Toxicity, photoToxicity, skin sensitization potential, as well as, environmental safety. Repeated dose Toxicity was determined to have the most conservative systemic exposure derived NO[A]EL of 10 mg/kg/day. A dietary 90-day subchronic Toxicity study conducted in rats resulted in a MOE of 182 while assuming 100% absorption from skin contact and inhalation. A MOE of >100 is deemed acceptable.

  • RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isoeugenol, CAS Registry Number 97-54-1.
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2015
    Co-Authors: Anne Marie Api, Maria Lúcia Zaidan Dagli, Donald V. Belsito, Magnus Bruze, Peter Calow, Wolfgang Dekant, L Kromidas, A D Fryer, S Bhatia, S. La Cava
    Abstract:

    The use of this material under current use conditions is supported by the existing information. This material was evaluated for genoToxicity, repeated dose Toxicity, developmental Toxicity, reproductive Toxicity, local respiratory Toxicity, photoToxicity, skin sensitization potential, as well as, environmental safety. Repeated dose Toxicity was determined to have the most conservative systemic exposure derived NO[A]EL of 37.5 mg/kg/day. A gavage 13-week subchronic Toxicity study conducted in mice resulted in a MOE of 5769 while considering 38.4% absorption from skin contact and 100% from inhalation. A MOE of >100 is deemed acceptable.