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Bernhard Schartel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Synergy between melamine cyanurate, melamine polyphosphate and aluminum diethylphosphinate in flame retarded thermoplastic polyurethane
Polymer Testing, 2019Co-Authors: Aleksandra Sut, Rudolf Pfaendner, Elke Metzsch-zilligen, Michael Großhauser, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:Abstract The multicomponent flame retardant system of melamine polyphosphate (MPP), melamine cyanurate (MC) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ALPI) is proposed and investigated for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The synergy between those additives and the resulting superior fire performance are discussed. Systematically varied sets of flame retarded TPU with various MPP/MC/ALPI ratios were investigated in terms of fire behavior, pyrolysis products and mechanical properties. The total amount of the additives was always 30 wt.-%. Further, the influence of various ALPI concentrations was investigated. The optimal MPP:MC ratio was determined while keeping the amount of ALPI constant. The combination of 8 wt.-% MPP, 12 wt.-% MC and 10 wt.-% is proposed as the most promising halogen free flame retardant formulation for TPU, because it yielded a reduction in PHRR from 2660 kW/m2 (TPU) to 452 kW/m2 and enabled V-0 classification in the UL 94 test. Combinations of MPP and MC as well a high concentration of ALPI are beneficial for the mechanical properties e.g. tensile strength and elongation at break of the formulations and could be a strong competitor to commercial flame retarded TPUs.
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halogen free multicomponent flame retardant thermoplastic styrene ethylene butylene styrene elastomers based on ammonium polyphosphate expandable graphite synergy
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Antje Wilke, Kirsten Langfeld, Bernhard Ulmer, Vlad Andrievici, Andreas Horold, Patrick Limbach, Martin Bastian, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:Developing flame retarded thermoplastic elastomers (TPE-S) based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, polypropylene, and mineral oil is a challenging task because of their very high fire loads and flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Cone calorimetry, oxygen index, and UL 94 classification were applied. The optimal EG:APP ratio is 3:1, due to the most effective fire residue morphology. Exchanging APP with melamine-coated APPm yielded crucial improvement in fire properties, whereas replacing EG/APP with melamine polyphosphate did not. Adjuvants, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate (ALPI), zinc borate, melamine cyanurate, titanium dioxide, dipentaerylthritol, diphenyl-2-ethyl phosphate, boehmite, SiO2, chalk, and talcum, were tested. All flame retardants reinforced the TPE-S. The combination with ALPI is proposed, because with 30 wt % flame retardants a maximum averaged rate of heat emission below 200 kW m–2 and a V...
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Halogen-Free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate–Expandable Graphite Synergy
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Antje Wilke, Kirsten Langfeld, Bernhard Ulmer, Vlad Andrievici, Andreas Horold, Patrick Limbach, Martin Bastian, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:Developing flame retarded thermoplastic elastomers (TPE-S) based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, polypropylene, and mineral oil is a challenging task because of their very high fire loads and flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Cone calorimetry, oxygen index, and UL 94 classification were applied. The optimal EG:APP ratio is 3:1, due to the most effective fire residue morphology. Exchanging APP with melamine-coated APPm yielded crucial improvement in fire properties, whereas replacing EG/APP with melamine polyphosphate did not. Adjuvants, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate (ALPI), zinc borate, melamine cyanurate, titanium dioxide, dipentaerylthritol, diphenyl-2-ethyl phosphate, boehmite, SiO2, chalk, and talcum, were tested. All flame retardants reinforced the TPE-S. The combination with ALPI is proposed, because with 30 wt % flame retardants a maximum averaged rate of heat emission below 200 kW m–2 and a V...
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Synergy in flame-retarded epoxy resin
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017Co-Authors: Sebastian Greiser, Christian Jäger, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:The potential synergists aluminium diethylphosphinate (ALPI), boehmite (AlO(OH)) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were compared in flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP)/melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600). The pyrolysis, the fire behaviour as well as the chemical interactions in the gas and condensed phases were investigated by various methods. Flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter and oxygen index (OI). The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were studied by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectrometer. The special focus was on the investigation of structural changes in the condensed phase via solid-state NMR of ^27Al and ^31P nuclei. By the comparison of epoxy resin with only one additive or with S600 in combination with ALPI, AlO(OH) or MPP, it was possible to calculate the synergy index. The best performance in terms of fire behaviour was observed for EP/S600/MPP with a PHRR (peak heat release rate) of 208 kW m^−2 due to slight synergy. In the case of THE (total heat evolved), clear synergy occurred for EP/S600/ALPI and EP/S600/AlO(OH). By solid-state NMR, different phosphates and aluminates were identified, indicating the chemical interactions between S600 and ALPI, AlO(OH) or MPP. The systematic multi-methodical approach yielded insight into the synergistic effects in the flame-retarded epoxy resin.
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Synergy in flame-retarded epoxy resin
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017Co-Authors: Aleksandra Sut, Sebastian Greiser, Christian Jäger, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:The potential synergists aluminium diethylphosphinate (ALPI), boehmite (AlO(OH)) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were compared in flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP)/melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600). The pyrolysis, the fire behaviour as well as the chemical interactions in the gas and condensed phases were investigated by various methods. Flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter and oxygen index (OI). The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were studied by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectrometer. The special focus was on the investigation of structural changes in the condensed phase via solid-state NMR of ^27Al and ^31P nuclei. By the comparison of epoxy resin with only one additive or with S600 in combination with ALPI, AlO(OH) or MPP, it was possible to calculate the synergy index. The best performance in terms of fire behaviour was observed for EP/S600/MPP with a PHRR (peak heat release rate) of 208 kW m^−2 due to slight synergy. In the case of THE (total heat evolved), clear synergy occurred for EP/S600/ALPI and EP/S600/AlO(OH). By solid-state NMR, different phosphates and aluminates were identified, indicating the chemical interactions between S600 and ALPI, AlO(OH) or MPP. The systematic multi-methodical approach yielded insight into the synergistic effects in the flame-retarded epoxy resin.
Giancarlo Molli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence of Permian magmatism in the ALPI Apuane metamorphic complex (Northern Apennines, Italy): New hints for the geological evolution of the basement of the Adria plate
Lithos, 2018Co-Authors: Simone Vezzoni, Cristian Biagioni, Massimo D'orazio, Diego Pieruccioni, Yuri Galanti, Maurizio Petrelli, Giancarlo MolliAbstract:Abstract The occurrence of metavolcanic rocks within the Paleozoic basement of the ALPI Apuane metamorphic complex has been known since long time. Among them, some massive porphyritic tourmaline-bearing rocks cropping out in the southern sector of the ALPI Apuane present some distinctive and peculiar features, differing from the better known middle Ordovician metarhyolites of the “Porfiroidi e scisti porfirici” Fm. The porphyritic tourmaline-bearing rocks belong to the recently proposed Fornovolasco Metarhyolite Fm. They are granular to porphyritic, with phenocrysts of quartz (often with magmatic embayment), pseudomorphosed feldspars, and mica (both biotite and muscovite), in a groundmass formed by quartz, white mica, albite, and K-feldspar. Tourmaline (schorl-dravite in composition) is an abundant accessory mineral, in some cases forming cm-sized spots. The studied rocks plot into the rhyolite field of the Total Alkali vs Silica classification diagram. They show a peraluminous nature, having an Alumina Saturation Index ranging from 1.3 and 3.2. Their trace-element signature is that typical of highly evolved orogenic magmas. Laser ablation-ICP-MS U—Pb datings on zircon suggest a Permian crystallization age (weighted average ages of the four samples ranging from 292 and 271 Ma), thus relating these rocks to a post-Variscan magmatism. This new dating represents the very first evidence of a Permian magmatism in the pre-Triassic basement of the Northern Apennines. The potential relationships between Permian felsic magmatism and the ore genesis in the ALPI Apuane metamorphic complex are also discussed.
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Geology and tectonic setting of the Fornovolasco area, ALPI Apuane (Tuscany, Italy)
Journal of Maps, 2018Co-Authors: Diego Pieruccioni, Cristian Biagioni, Yuri Galanti, Giancarlo MolliAbstract:The study area is located in the ALPI Apuane (Tuscany, Italy), and extends between N 44°0′49.883″–E 10°20′23.467″ (SW corner) and N 44°2′53.403″–E 10°23′19.175″ (NE corner). The area shows a pile o...
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RSCM thermometry in the ALPI Apuane (NW Tuscany, Italy): New constraints for the metamorphic and tectonic history of the inner northern Apennines
Journal of Structural Geology, 2018Co-Authors: Giancarlo Molli, A. Vitale Brovarone, Olivier Beyssac, I. CinquiniAbstract:Abstract In this study, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material (RSCM) is applied, for the first time, in the Northern Apennines with particular focus on the ALPI Apuane (NW Tuscany, Italy) and surrounding areas in order to constrain peak metamorphic temperatures and their variability in the different continent-derived units of the nappe stack. Peak temperatures in the range of ∼ 530–320 °C were found in the ALPI Apuane, whereas in the nearby metamorphic core of the Monte Pisano and Punta Bianca lower peak temperatures of 305–315 °C and 350 °C were found, respectively. The Tuscan Nappe in La Spezia area (west of ALPI Apuane) shows temperatures in the range of 295–246 °C, whereas the same unit in the Lima Valley (east of the ALPI Apuane) shows temperatures lower than 230 °C. The collected data allowed refining the thermal architecture of the belt and the relationships between deformation (early and late folds and low angle normal detachments) and the metamorphic architecture of the ALPI Apuane core. These results provide new contraints for the thermo-mechanical evolution and exhumation history of the inner Northern Apennine and its geodynamic setting. In particular our data support the interpretation of the ALPI Apuane as a cold metamorphic core complex in which the preserved paleothermal structure and part of the exhumation are related with crustal thickening while the final exhumation stages (depth ≤15 km and at ambient crustal temperature ≤350 °C) are associated with crustal thinning still ongoing in the area.
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Geochemical evidence for fluid-rock interaction along high angle faults in the ALPI Apuane, NW Thscany, Italy
2003Co-Authors: Gianni Cortecci, Giancarlo Molli, Enrico Dinelli, Porta S. DonatoAbstract:Trace element (Sr, Mn, Rb, Cu, Zn, and Pb) and stable isotope (13Cf1 2C, 18Qf16Q and 87Srf86Sr) analyses were performed on calcite from profiles across high angle brittle faults developed in the Carrara marble of ALPI Apuane, in order to investigate the role and of fluids possibly involved during deformation. The tectonic structures studied are characterized by an inner cataclasite core grading outwa rds through cata clastic marble to fractured or undeformed host marble. The (518Q values indicate that large amounts of water were involv ed during formation of the cataclasite calcite at the inner core of the structure. With respect to the host marble, this calcite is depleted in both 18Q and 13C, is enriched in base metals and in radiogenic 87Sr. These features concur to suggest that the Palaeozoic siliciclastic basement of ALPI Apuane may have been the source of metals, 13C-depleted carbon and radiogenic Sr.
Antje Wilke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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halogen free multicomponent flame retardant thermoplastic styrene ethylene butylene styrene elastomers based on ammonium polyphosphate expandable graphite synergy
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Antje Wilke, Kirsten Langfeld, Bernhard Ulmer, Vlad Andrievici, Andreas Horold, Patrick Limbach, Martin Bastian, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:Developing flame retarded thermoplastic elastomers (TPE-S) based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, polypropylene, and mineral oil is a challenging task because of their very high fire loads and flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Cone calorimetry, oxygen index, and UL 94 classification were applied. The optimal EG:APP ratio is 3:1, due to the most effective fire residue morphology. Exchanging APP with melamine-coated APPm yielded crucial improvement in fire properties, whereas replacing EG/APP with melamine polyphosphate did not. Adjuvants, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate (ALPI), zinc borate, melamine cyanurate, titanium dioxide, dipentaerylthritol, diphenyl-2-ethyl phosphate, boehmite, SiO2, chalk, and talcum, were tested. All flame retardants reinforced the TPE-S. The combination with ALPI is proposed, because with 30 wt % flame retardants a maximum averaged rate of heat emission below 200 kW m–2 and a V...
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Halogen-Free Multicomponent Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Styrene–Ethylene–Butylene–Styrene Elastomers Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate–Expandable Graphite Synergy
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017Co-Authors: Antje Wilke, Kirsten Langfeld, Bernhard Ulmer, Vlad Andrievici, Andreas Horold, Patrick Limbach, Martin Bastian, Bernhard SchartelAbstract:Developing flame retarded thermoplastic elastomers (TPE-S) based on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, polypropylene, and mineral oil is a challenging task because of their very high fire loads and flammability. A promising approach is the synergistic combination of expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Cone calorimetry, oxygen index, and UL 94 classification were applied. The optimal EG:APP ratio is 3:1, due to the most effective fire residue morphology. Exchanging APP with melamine-coated APPm yielded crucial improvement in fire properties, whereas replacing EG/APP with melamine polyphosphate did not. Adjuvants, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate (ALPI), zinc borate, melamine cyanurate, titanium dioxide, dipentaerylthritol, diphenyl-2-ethyl phosphate, boehmite, SiO2, chalk, and talcum, were tested. All flame retardants reinforced the TPE-S. The combination with ALPI is proposed, because with 30 wt % flame retardants a maximum averaged rate of heat emission below 200 kW m–2 and a V...
Clement C Y Tham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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To compare argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) against systemic medications in treatment of acute primary angle-closure: mid-term results.
Eye (London England), 2005Co-Authors: Jimmy S M Lai, Clement C Y Tham, John K H Chua, Agnes S Y Poon, Jonathan C H Chan, S W Lam, Dennis S C LamAbstract:Top of pageAbstract Purpose To compare the clinical outcome of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) against systemic medications in treatment of acute primary angle-closure (APAC). Methods Consecutive patients with APAC were recruited and randomized to receive one of two treatment options: immediate ALPI or systemic acetazolamidemannitol. All eyes were followed up for at least 6 months after laser iridotomy. Main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP) and requirement for glaucoma medications. Results A total of 41 eyes (39 patients) were randomized into the ALPI group, and 38 eyes (32 patients) into the medical treatment group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, presenting IOP, and duration of attack. Mean follow-up durationSD was 15.75.8 months. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean final IOP and requirement for glaucoma medications. Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences in mean IOP and requirement for glaucoma drugs between APAC eyes treated with ALPI and systemic medications. Keywords: argon laser peripheral iridoplasty, acute primary angle-closure, medical treatment
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immediate argon laser peripheral iridoplasty ALPI as initial treatment for acute phacomorphic angle closure phacomorphic glaucoma before cataract extraction a preliminary study
Eye, 2005Co-Authors: Clement C Y Tham, Jimmy S M Lai, John K H Chua, Agnes S Y Poon, Jonathan C H Chan, S W Lam, Dennis S C LamAbstract:To study the safety and efficacy of immediate argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) as initial treatment of acute phacomorphic angle-closure (phacomorphic glaucoma) before cataract extraction. In all, 10 consecutive patients with acute phacomorphic angle-closure and intraocular pressure (IOP) ⩾40 mmHg were recruited into the study. Each patient received topical atropine (1%) and timolol (0.5%), and immediate ALPI as initial treatment. The IOP at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, and then 1 day, after ALPI were documented by applanation tonometry. Systemic IOP-lowering drugs were only started if IOP remained above 40 mmHg at 2 h after ALPI. Cataract extraction was subsequently performed as definitive treatment. In total, 10 patients (five male, five female), with a mean age±SD of 73.1±10.3 years were recruited. Mean duration of symptomatic attack was 128±232 h. After ALPI, the mean IOP was reduced from 56.1±12.5 to 45.3±14.5 mmHg at 15 min, 37.6±7.5 mmHg at 30 min, 34.2±9.7 mmHg at 60 min, 25.5±8.7 mmHg at 120 min, and 13.6±4.2 mmHg at 1 day. In one patient, systemic acetazolamide was administered, because the IOP remained above 40 mmHg at 2 h after ALPI. All 10 patients had uncomplicated cataract extraction performed within 4 days after ALPI. No complications from the laser procedure were encountered. Immediate ALPI, replacing systemic antiglaucomatous medications, appeared to be safe and effective as first-line treatment of acute phacomorphic angle-closure.
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long term success of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty in the management of plateau iris syndrome
Ophthalmology, 2004Co-Authors: Robert Ritch, Clement C Y ThamAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To document the long-term effect of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) in eyes with plateau iris syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. SETTING: New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. METHODS: The charts of all patients with plateau iris syndrome treated with ALPI from 1982 to 1991 and subsequently followed for 6 or more years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with lens-related mechanisms contributing to angle closure (e.g., phacomorphic or malignant glaucoma) were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Necessity for repeat ALPI and/or any additional means of intervention. RESULTS: A total of 26 ALPI procedures were performed in 23 eyes of 14 patients (4 men, 10 women). The mean age was 61+/-8.7 years. The mean follow-up was 78.9+/-8.0 months (range, 72-188 months). The angle in 20 of 23 (87.0%) eyes remained open throughout the entire follow-up period after only 1 treatment with ALPI. In 3 eyes, there was gradual reclosure of the angle 5 to 9 years after initial ALPI, but they were readily reopened and maintained open by a single repeat treatment. No filtration surgery was necessary in any eye during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: ALPI is highly effective in eliminating residual appositional closure after laser iridotomy caused by plateau iris syndrome. The effect is maintained for years, although a small proportion of patients might require retreatment.
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argon laser peripheral iridoplasty versus conventional systemic medical therapy in treatment of acute primary angle closure glaucoma a prospective randomized controlled trial
Ophthalmology, 2002Co-Authors: Dennis S C Lam, Clement C Y Tham, Jimmy S M Lai, John K H Chua, Agnes S Y PoonAbstract:Abstract Objective To study whether argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) is as effective and safe as conventional systemic medications in treatment of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) when immediate laser peripheral iridotomy is neither possible nor safe. Design Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Participants Seventy-three eyes of 64 consecutive patients with their first presentation of acute PACG, with intraocular pressure (IOP) levels of 40 mmHg or more, were recruited into the study. Intervention The acute PACG eye of each consenting patient received topical pilocarpine (4%) and topical timolol (0.5%). The patients were then randomized into one of two treatment groups. The ALPI group received immediate ALPI under topical anesthesia. The medical treatment group was given 500 mg of intravenous acetazolamide, followed by oral acetazolamide 250 mg four times daily, and an oral potassium supplement until IOP levels normalized. Intravenous mannitol also was administered to the latter group if the presenting IOP was higher than 60 mmHg. The acute PACG eye of both groups continued to receive topical pilocarpine (1%) until peripheral iridotomy could be performed. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure profile, corneal clarity, symptoms, visual acuity, angle status by indentation gonioscopy, and complications of treatment. Results Thirty-three acute PACG eyes of 32 patients were randomized to receive immediate ALPI, whereas 40 acute PACG eyes of 32 patients had conventional systemic medical therapy. Both treatment groups were matched for age, duration of attack, and IOP at presentation. The ALPI-treated group had lower IOP levels than the medically treated group at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 hour after the start of treatment. The differences were statistically significant. The difference in IOP levels became statistically insignificant from 2 hours onward. The duration of attack did not affect the efficacy of ALPI in reducing IOP in acute PACG. No serious laser complications occurred, at least in the early postlaser period. Conclusions Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty significantly is more effective than conventional systemic medications in reducing IOP levels in acute PACG in eyes not suitable for immediate laser peripheral iridotomy within the first 2 hours from the initiation of treatment. Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty is a safe and more effective alternative to conventional systemic medications in the management of acute PACG not amenable to immediate laser peripheral iridotomy.
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limited argon laser peripheral iridoplasty as immediate treatment for an acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma a preliminary study
Eye, 1999Co-Authors: Jimmy S M Lai, Clement C Y Tham, Dennis S C LamAbstract:Purpose To study the efficacy and safety of limited (180°) argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) as a first-line treatment for acute primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) without the use of systemic anti-glaucomatous medications. Methods Ten consecutive patients with PACG were recruited into the study. Each patient received topical pilocarpine (4%) and timolol (0.5%), and immediate limited ALPI as primary treatment. The intraocular pressures at 15, 30 and 60 min after ALPI were documented by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Results The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of this group of patients was reduced from 57.9 ± 10.6 mmHg to 39.0 ± 10.9 mmHg at 15 min, 28.3 ± 9.1 mmHg at 30 min and 20.4 ± 9.0 mmHg at 60 min after ALPI. No complications were encountered. In 8 of the 10 patients the corneal oedema cleared 1 h after ALPI. In the remaining 2 patients the corneal oedema cleared 2 h after ALPI. Conclusion Immediate limited ALPI, without adjunctive systemic anti-glaucomatous medications, appeared to be effective and safe in controlling the IOP in treating acute PACG with a duration of attack ≤ 48 h. It may be as effective as 360° ALPI, and therefore has a role in those patients in whom 360° treatment is not possible.
Serge Bourbigot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of the thermal degradation of an aluminium phosphinate–aluminium trihydrate combination
Thermochimica Acta, 2013Co-Authors: Sophie Duquesne, Gaëlle Fontaine, Oriane Cérin-delaval, Bastien Gardelle, Grégory Tricot, Serge BourbigotAbstract:The thermal degradation of aluminium diethylphosphinate (ALPI) with aluminium trihydrate (ATH), two flame retardant additives, was investigated. The interactions between the additives were characterized using thermal analysis (TG). The evolved gas were analysed by TGA–FTIR and the degradation products formed in the condensed phase were fully characterized using solid state NMR analysis, and in particular 2D NMR, as well as XRD analyses. Decomposition pathways have been determined and it was proposed that chemisorption of the phosphinate on alumina resulting from the ATH dehydration, activated by the temperature increase, influences the degradation of the mixture. As a consequence, the degradation products of ALPI differ in presence of ATH since the formation of aluminophosphonate is prevented.
