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M M Attar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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studying the corrosion protection properties of an epoxy coating containing different mixtures of strontium Aluminum polyPhosphate sapp and zinc Aluminum Phosphate zpa pigments
Progress in Organic Coatings, 2014Co-Authors: M R Heydarpour, A Zarrabi, M M AttarAbstract:Abstract Epoxy/polyamide coatings were loaded with different mixtures of strontium Aluminum polyPhosphate (SAPP) and zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) pigments. Moreover, a coating containing zinc Phosphate (ZP) was prepared as a reference sample. The coatings were applied on St-37 steel substrates and then were exposed to 3.5 wt% NaCl solution up to 35 days. The corrosion inhibition properties of the pigments extracts were studied on bare steel samples by a potentiodynamic polarization technique after 24 h immersion. The morphological properties and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray tests. Results showed that addition of SAPP, ZPA and ZP to coatings caused a decrease in number of blisters and holes after exposure to corrosive electrolyte. The corrosion resistance of coatings was improved using certain loadings of SAPP, ZPA and ZP pigments. The greatest improvement of the corrosion resistance was observed for the coatings loaded with 100% ZPA and mixture of 20:80 of SAPP:ZPA. Results revealed that SAPP did not improve corrosion resistance of coating like ZPA. It was found that replacing ZPA with high loadings of SAPP did not cause higher coating corrosion protection properties. The results obtained in this work revealed that both pigments solubility and corrosion inhibition are important parameters affecting corrosion resistance of the coatings.
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the effects of zinc Aluminum Phosphate zpa and zinc Aluminum polyPhosphate zapp mixtures on corrosion inhibition performance of epoxy polyamide coating
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: S M Mousavifard, M M Attar, Malekmohammadi P Nouri, Bahram RamezanzadehAbstract:Abstract The epoxy/polyamide coating was loaded with different pigment mixtures of the zinc Phosphate (ZP), zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) and zinc Aluminum polyPhosphate (ZAPP) pigments. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray test were used to investigate corrosion inhibition performance of the coatings. The adhesion strengths of the coatings were measured by a pull-off test. Results revealed lower coating pull-off strength loss when the ZPA and ZAPP pigments were used. A significant decrease in number of blisters together with low pull-off strength loss and best corrosion inhibition properties were observed when the mixture of 80:20 of ZAPP:ZPA was used.
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the role of zinc Aluminum Phosphate anticorrosive pigment in protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating
Corrosion Science, 2010Co-Authors: R Naderi, M M AttarAbstract:Protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating pigmented with zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) were studied in this work. In solution, superior corrosion inhibition of ZPA extracted from EIS and electrochemical noise data was connected to deposition of a protective layer. EIS evaluation of the pigmented coatings indicated significant effect of modification of zinc Phosphate on the protective performance as well as resistance to cathodic disbonding. Compared to ZPA, introduction of zinc Phosphate resulted in inferior performance in cathodic disbonding test. In presence of ZPA, precipitation at disbonding front inferred from EIS data was confirmed by SEM.
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the role of zinc Aluminum Phosphate anticorrosive pigment in protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating
Corrosion Science, 2010Co-Authors: R Naderi, M M AttarAbstract:Protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating pigmented with zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) were studied in this work. In solution, superior corrosion inhibition of ZPA extracted from EIS and electrochemical noise data was connected to deposition of a protective layer. EIS evaluation of the pigmented coatings indicated significant effect of modification of zinc Phosphate on the protective performance as well as resistance to cathodic disbonding. Compared to ZPA, introduction of zinc Phosphate resulted in inferior performance in cathodic disbonding test. In presence of ZPA, precipitation at disbonding front inferred from EIS data was confirmed by SEM.
R Naderi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of zinc Aluminum Phosphate anticorrosive pigment in protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating
Corrosion Science, 2010Co-Authors: R Naderi, M M AttarAbstract:Protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating pigmented with zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) were studied in this work. In solution, superior corrosion inhibition of ZPA extracted from EIS and electrochemical noise data was connected to deposition of a protective layer. EIS evaluation of the pigmented coatings indicated significant effect of modification of zinc Phosphate on the protective performance as well as resistance to cathodic disbonding. Compared to ZPA, introduction of zinc Phosphate resulted in inferior performance in cathodic disbonding test. In presence of ZPA, precipitation at disbonding front inferred from EIS data was confirmed by SEM.
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the role of zinc Aluminum Phosphate anticorrosive pigment in protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating
Corrosion Science, 2010Co-Authors: R Naderi, M M AttarAbstract:Protective performance and cathodic disbondment of epoxy coating pigmented with zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) were studied in this work. In solution, superior corrosion inhibition of ZPA extracted from EIS and electrochemical noise data was connected to deposition of a protective layer. EIS evaluation of the pigmented coatings indicated significant effect of modification of zinc Phosphate on the protective performance as well as resistance to cathodic disbonding. Compared to ZPA, introduction of zinc Phosphate resulted in inferior performance in cathodic disbonding test. In presence of ZPA, precipitation at disbonding front inferred from EIS data was confirmed by SEM.
Rebecca L Florence - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium Aluminum Phosphate an approved food additive emulsifying agent incorporated in cheese
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2008Co-Authors: Robert A Yokel, C L Hicks, Rebecca L FlorenceAbstract:Abstract Oral Aluminum (Al) bioavailability from drinking water has been previously estimated, but there is little information on Al bioavailability from foods. It was suggested that oral Al bioavailability from drinking water is much greater than from foods. The objective was to further test this hypothesis. Oral Al bioavailability was determined in the rat from basic [ 26 Al]-sodium Aluminum Phosphate (basic SALP) in a process cheese. Consumption of ∼1 g cheese containing 1.5% or 3% basic SALP resulted in oral Al bioavailability (F) of ∼0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, and time to maximum serum 26 Al concentration ( T max ) of 8–9 h. These Al bioavailability results were intermediate to previously reported results from drinking water ( F ∼ 0.3%) and acidic-SALP incorporated into a biscuit ( F ∼ 0.1%), using the same methods. Considering the similar oral bioavailability of Al from food vs. water, and their contribution to the typical human’s daily Al intake (∼95% and 1.5%, respectively), these results suggest food contributes much more Al to systemic circulation, and potential Al body burden, than does drinking water. These results do not support the hypothesis that drinking water provides a disproportionate contribution to total Al absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium Aluminum Phosphate an approved food additive emulsifying agent incorporated in cheese
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2008Co-Authors: Robert A Yokel, C L Hicks, Rebecca L FlorenceAbstract:Oral Aluminum (Al) bioavailability from drinking water has been previously estimated, but there is little information on Al bioavailability from foods. It was suggested that oral Al bioavailability from drinking water is much greater than from foods. The objective was to further test this hypothesis. Oral Al bioavailability was determined in the rat from basic [26Al]-sodium Aluminum Phosphate (basic SALP) in a process cheese. Consumption of approximately 1g cheese containing 1.5% or 3% basic SALP resulted in oral Al bioavailability (F) of approximately 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, and time to maximum serum 26Al concentration (Tmax) of 8-9h. These Al bioavailability results were intermediate to previously reported results from drinking water (F approximately 0.3%) and acidic-SALP incorporated into a biscuit (F approximately 0.1%), using the same methods. Considering the similar oral bioavailability of Al from food vs. water, and their contribution to the typical human's daily Al intake ( approximately 95% and 1.5%, respectively), these results suggest food contributes much more Al to systemic circulation, and potential Al body burden, than does drinking water. These results do not support the hypothesis that drinking water provides a disproportionate contribution to total Al absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Tapio Mäntylä - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural characterization of Aluminum Phosphate binder
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2004Co-Authors: Minnamari Vippola, Jaakko Keranen, Sven Hovmoller, Toivo Lepisto, Tapio MäntyläAbstract:The chemical structure of Aluminum Phosphate binder, which is used as a sealant for thermally sprayed coatings, was studied. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the binder was a mixture of several phases. None of these phases could be identified from the powder XRD data only. Electron diffraction revealed several distinct microcrystalline phases. The predominated phase was analyzed in more detail. The three-dimensional reciprocal lattice was reconstructed from a tilt series of electron-diffraction patterns that indicated that the main phase was the cyclohexaPhosphate Al 2 P 6 O 18 . The similarity of the intensity distribution in the observed and simulated electron-diffraction patterns of Al 2 P 6 O 18 confirmed this observation. The following unit-cell parameters were determined from the reconstructed reciprocal lattice: a = 8.8(7) A, b = 15.5(6) A, and c = 6.3(9) A, β = 108°, and Z = 2. The reflection conditions indicated that the space group was P2 1 /a.
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thermal analysis of plasma sprayed oxide coatings sealed with aluminium Phosphate
Journal of The European Ceramic Society, 2002Co-Authors: Minnamari Vippola, Toivo Lepisto, Jyrki Vuorinen, Petri Vuoristo, Tapio MäntyläAbstract:Abstract Thermal analysis by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was carried out for plasma-sprayed alumina and chromia coatings to study their stability after plasma spraying and for Aluminum Phosphate sealant to study Phosphate reactions during the sealing heat treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis for alumina coating did not show any change in the coating due to the heat treatment, though the phase structure had changed from metastable γ-Al 2 O 3 to stable α-Al 2 O 3 . In the chromia coating thermogravimetric analysis showed 1.7 wt.% weight increase due to the oxidation of the sprayed coating. During plasma-spray process the chromia coating had gained some under-stoichiometry or some of the chromia had decomposed into metallic chromium or other oxides. Thermal analysis for Aluminum Phosphate sealant showed weight loss of about 27 wt.%. This corresponds well to the formation of metaPhosphates via dehydration of Aluminum Phosphate solution during the sealing heat treatment. Thermal analysis for the mixture of sealant and alumina coating showed slightly different behaviour than plain sealant. The sealant reacted with the alumina coating forming a crystalline phase, berlinite-type orthoPhosphate AlPO 4 . Thermal analysis for the mixture of sealant and chromia coating showed nearly similar behaviour than plain sealant and no indications of the chemical reactions were detected.
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Aluminum Phosphate sealed alumina coating characterization of microstructure
Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 2002Co-Authors: Minnamari Vippola, Jaakko Keranen, Toivo Lepisto, Tapio Mäntylä, Petri Vuoristo, S Ahmaniemi, Eva OlssonAbstract:Abstract The microstructure of Aluminum Phosphate sealed plasma-sprayed alumina coating was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural characterization was carried out to identify the phases of the coating and to understand better the strengthening effect of Aluminum Phosphate sealant in the coating. The main phases in the coating are metastable γ-Al 2 O 3 and stable α-Al 2 O 3 . The overall structure of the coating is lamellar with columnar γ-Al 2 O 3 grains. The Aluminum Phosphate sealant shows good penetration into the coating to the depth of about 300 μm filling the structural defects such as pores, cracks and gaps between the lamellae. The sealant in the coating has the relative composition of 26 at.% Aluminum and 74 at.% phosphorus giving the molar ratio P:Al of 3, which refers to the metaPhosphates Al(PO 3 ) 3 . There is also some crystalline Aluminum Phosphate in the coating, in the form of berlinite-type orthoPhosphate AlPO 4 , owing to the reaction between the sealant and the alumina coating. Thus, the Phosphate bonding in the alumina coating is based both on chemical bonding resulting from the chemical reaction with the alumina coating and on adhesive binding resulting from the formation of the condensed Phosphates in the structural defects of the coating.
Bahram Ramezanzadeh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of zinc Aluminum Phosphate zpa and zinc Aluminum polyPhosphate zapp mixtures on corrosion inhibition performance of epoxy polyamide coating
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: S M Mousavifard, M M Attar, Malekmohammadi P Nouri, Bahram RamezanzadehAbstract:Abstract The epoxy/polyamide coating was loaded with different pigment mixtures of the zinc Phosphate (ZP), zinc Aluminum Phosphate (ZPA) and zinc Aluminum polyPhosphate (ZAPP) pigments. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray test were used to investigate corrosion inhibition performance of the coatings. The adhesion strengths of the coatings were measured by a pull-off test. Results revealed lower coating pull-off strength loss when the ZPA and ZAPP pigments were used. A significant decrease in number of blisters together with low pull-off strength loss and best corrosion inhibition properties were observed when the mixture of 80:20 of ZAPP:ZPA was used.