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Stephen W Fraedrich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ambrosiella roeperi sp nov is the mycangial symbiont of the granulate Ambrosia Beetle xylosandrus crassiusculus
Mycologia, 2014Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W Fraedrich, Douglas Mcnew, Chase G Mayers, Sharon E ReedAbstract:Isolations from the granulate Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini), collected in Georgia, South Carolina, Missouri and Ohio, yielded an undescribed species of Ambrosiella in thousands of colony-forming units (CFU) per individual female. Partial sequences of ITS and 28S rDNA regions distinguished this species from other Ambrosiella spp., which are asexual symbionts of Ambrosia Beetles and closely related to Ceratocystis spp. Ambrosiella roeperi sp. nov. produces sporodochia of branching conidiophores with disarticulating swollen cells, and the branches are terminated by thick-walled aleurioconidia, similar to the conidiophores and aleurioconidia of A. xylebori, which is the mycangial symbiont of a related Ambrosia Beetle, X. compactus. Microscopic examinations found homogeneous masses of arthrospore-like cells growing in the mycangium of X. crassiusculus, without evidence of other microbial growth. Using fungal-specific primers, only the ITS rDNA region of A. roeperi was amplified and sequenced from DNA extractions of mycangial contents, suggesting that it is the primary or only mycangial symbiont of this Beetle in USA.
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isolations from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen raffaelea lauricola originated in asia
Mycologia, 2011Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Dilzara N Aghayeva, Hideaki Goto, Hye Young Yun, Stephen W FraedrichAbstract:The laurel wilt pathogen Raffaelea laur- icola was hypothesized to have been introduced to the southeastern USA in the mycangium of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia. To test this hypothesis adult X. glabratus were trapped in Taiwan and on Kyushu Island, Japan, in 2009, and dead Beetles were sent to USA for isolation of fungal symbionts. Individual X. glabratus were macerated in glass tissue grinders, and the slurry was serially diluted and plated onto malt agar medium amended with cycloheximide, a medium semiselec- tive for Ophiostoma species and their anamorphs, including members of Raffaelea. R. lauricola was isolated from 56 of 85 Beetles in Taiwan and 10 of 16 Beetles in Japan at up to an estimated 10 000 CFUs per Beetle. The next most commonly isolated species was R. ellipticospora, which also has been recovered from X. glabratus trapped in the USA, as were two other fungi isolated from Beetles in Taiwan, R. fusca and R. subfusca. Three unidentified Raffaelea spp. and three unidentified Ophiostoma spp. were isolated rarely from X. glabratus collected in Taiwan. Isola- tions from Beetles similarly trapped in Georgia, USA, yielded R. lauricola and R. ellipticospora in numbers similar to those from Beetles trapped in Taiwan and Japan. The results support the hypothesis that R. lauricola
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quantification of propagules of the laurel wilt fungus and other mycangial fungi from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus
Phytopathology, 2010Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W FraedrichAbstract:Harrington, T. C., and Fraedrich, S. W. 2010. Quantification of propagules of the laurel wilt fungus and other mycangial fungi from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Phytopathology 100:11181123. The laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, is a fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia and was believed to have brought R. lauricola with it to the southeastern United States. Individual X. glabratus Beetles from six populations in South Carolina and Georgia were individually macerated in glass tissue grinders and serially diluted to quantify the CFU of fungal symbionts. Six species of Raffaelea were isolated, with up to four species from an individual adult Beetle. The Raffaelea spp. were apparently within the protected, paired, mandibular mycangia because they were as numerous in heads as in whole Beetles, and surface-sterilized heads or whole bodies yielded as many or more CFU as did nonsterilized heads or whole Beetles. R. lauricola was isolated from 40 of the 41 Beetles sampled, and it was isolated in the highest numbers, up to 30,000 CFU/Beetle. Depending on the population sampled, R. subalba or R. ellipticospora was the next most frequently isolated species. R. arxii, R. fusca, and R. subfusca were only occasionally isolated. The laurel wilt pathogen apparently grows in a yeast phase within the mycangia in competition with other Raffaelea spp.
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biology and host associations of redbay Ambrosia Beetle coleoptera curculionidae scolytinae exotic vector of laurel wilt killing redbay trees in the southeastern united states
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2008Co-Authors: James L. Hanula, Stephen W Fraedrich, Robert J RabagliaAbstract:Abstract The redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont, Raffaelea sp., are new introductions to the southeastern United States responsible for the wilt of mature redbay, Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., trees. In 2006 and 2007, we investigated the seasonal flight activity of X. glabratus, its host associations, and population levels at eight locations in South Carolina and Georgia where infestations ranged from very recent to at least several years old. Adults were active throughout the year with peak activity in early September. Brood development seems to take 50–60 d. Wood infested with Beetles and infected with the Raffaelea sp. was similar in attraction to uninfested redbay wood, whereas both were more attractive than a nonhost species. Sassafras, Sassafras albidium (Nutt.) Nees, another species of Lauraceae, was not attractive to X. glabratus and very few Beetle entrance holes were found in sassafras wood compared with redbay. C...
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a fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other lauraceae in the southeastern united states
Plant Disease, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen W Fraedrich, Thomas C. Harrington, Robert J Rabaglia, James L. Hanula, Michael D Ulyshen, J M Eickwort, Daniel R MillerAbstract:Fraedrich, S. W., Harrington, T. C., Rabaglia, R. J., Ulyshen, M. D., Mayfield, A. E., III, Hanula, J. L., Eickwort, J. M., and Miller, D. R. 2008. A fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other Lauraceae in the southeastern United States. Plant Dis. 92:215-224. Extensive mortality of redbay has been observed in the coastal plain counties of Georgia and southeastern South Carolina since 2003 and northeastern Florida since 2005. We show that the redbay mortality is due to a vascular wilt disease caused by an undescribed Raffaelea sp. that is a fungal symbiont of Xyleborus glabratus, an exotic Ambrosia Beetle. Trees affected by the disease exhibit wilt symptoms that include a black discoloration of the sapwood. Redbay trees and containerized seedlings died within 5 to 12 weeks after inoculation with the Raffaelea sp. When redbay seedlings were challenged with X. glabratus, the Beetles tunneled into 96% of the plants, 70% died, and the Raffaelea sp. was recovered from 91%. X. glabratus and the Raffaelea sp. have also been associated with mortality of sassafras, and the Raffaelea sp. has been isolated from wilted pondberry and pondspice. Additional inoculation studies have shown that the Raffaelea sp. is pathogenic to sassafras, spicebush, and avocado, but not to red maple. Female adults of X. glabratus have paired mycangia near the mandibles, and the Raffaelea sp. is routinely isolated from the heads of Beetles. The fungus is apparently introduced into healthy redbay during Beetle attacks on stems and branches. The wilt currently affecting redbay and sassafras represents a major threat to other members of the Lauraceae indigenous to the Americas, including avocado in commercial production.
Thomas C. Harrington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ambrosiella roeperi sp nov is the mycangial symbiont of the granulate Ambrosia Beetle xylosandrus crassiusculus
Mycologia, 2014Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W Fraedrich, Douglas Mcnew, Chase G Mayers, Sharon E ReedAbstract:Isolations from the granulate Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini), collected in Georgia, South Carolina, Missouri and Ohio, yielded an undescribed species of Ambrosiella in thousands of colony-forming units (CFU) per individual female. Partial sequences of ITS and 28S rDNA regions distinguished this species from other Ambrosiella spp., which are asexual symbionts of Ambrosia Beetles and closely related to Ceratocystis spp. Ambrosiella roeperi sp. nov. produces sporodochia of branching conidiophores with disarticulating swollen cells, and the branches are terminated by thick-walled aleurioconidia, similar to the conidiophores and aleurioconidia of A. xylebori, which is the mycangial symbiont of a related Ambrosia Beetle, X. compactus. Microscopic examinations found homogeneous masses of arthrospore-like cells growing in the mycangium of X. crassiusculus, without evidence of other microbial growth. Using fungal-specific primers, only the ITS rDNA region of A. roeperi was amplified and sequenced from DNA extractions of mycangial contents, suggesting that it is the primary or only mycangial symbiont of this Beetle in USA.
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isolations from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen raffaelea lauricola originated in asia
Mycologia, 2011Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Dilzara N Aghayeva, Hideaki Goto, Hye Young Yun, Stephen W FraedrichAbstract:The laurel wilt pathogen Raffaelea laur- icola was hypothesized to have been introduced to the southeastern USA in the mycangium of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia. To test this hypothesis adult X. glabratus were trapped in Taiwan and on Kyushu Island, Japan, in 2009, and dead Beetles were sent to USA for isolation of fungal symbionts. Individual X. glabratus were macerated in glass tissue grinders, and the slurry was serially diluted and plated onto malt agar medium amended with cycloheximide, a medium semiselec- tive for Ophiostoma species and their anamorphs, including members of Raffaelea. R. lauricola was isolated from 56 of 85 Beetles in Taiwan and 10 of 16 Beetles in Japan at up to an estimated 10 000 CFUs per Beetle. The next most commonly isolated species was R. ellipticospora, which also has been recovered from X. glabratus trapped in the USA, as were two other fungi isolated from Beetles in Taiwan, R. fusca and R. subfusca. Three unidentified Raffaelea spp. and three unidentified Ophiostoma spp. were isolated rarely from X. glabratus collected in Taiwan. Isola- tions from Beetles similarly trapped in Georgia, USA, yielded R. lauricola and R. ellipticospora in numbers similar to those from Beetles trapped in Taiwan and Japan. The results support the hypothesis that R. lauricola
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short title raffaelea lauricola wilt pathogen isolations from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen raffaelea lauricola originated in asia
2011Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Hye Young Yun, Dilzara N AghayevaAbstract:Isolations from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, confirm that the laurel wilt pathogen Raffaelea lauricola originated in Asia Thomas C. Harrington Hye Young Yun Department of Plant Pathology, 351 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Sheng-Shan Lu Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Road, Taipei 10066, Taiwan Hideaki Goto Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyushu Research Center, Kurokami 4-11-16, 860-0862, Japan Dilzara N. Aghayeva Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar 40, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan Stephen W. Fraedrich Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, Georgia 30605 Abstract: The laurel wilt pathogen Raffaelea lauricola was hypothesized to have been introduced to the southeastern USA in the mycangium of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia. To test this hypothesis adult X. glabratus were trapped in Taiwan and on Kyushu Island, Japan, in 2009, and dead Beetles were sent to USA for isolation of fungal symbionts. Individual X. glabratus were macerated in glass tissue grinders, and the slurry was serially diluted and plated onto malt agar medium amended with cycloheximide, a medium In Press at Mycologia, published on April 6, 2011 as doi:10.3852/10-417
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quantification of propagules of the laurel wilt fungus and other mycangial fungi from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus
Phytopathology, 2010Co-Authors: Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W FraedrichAbstract:Harrington, T. C., and Fraedrich, S. W. 2010. Quantification of propagules of the laurel wilt fungus and other mycangial fungi from the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Phytopathology 100:11181123. The laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, is a fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, which is native to Asia and was believed to have brought R. lauricola with it to the southeastern United States. Individual X. glabratus Beetles from six populations in South Carolina and Georgia were individually macerated in glass tissue grinders and serially diluted to quantify the CFU of fungal symbionts. Six species of Raffaelea were isolated, with up to four species from an individual adult Beetle. The Raffaelea spp. were apparently within the protected, paired, mandibular mycangia because they were as numerous in heads as in whole Beetles, and surface-sterilized heads or whole bodies yielded as many or more CFU as did nonsterilized heads or whole Beetles. R. lauricola was isolated from 40 of the 41 Beetles sampled, and it was isolated in the highest numbers, up to 30,000 CFU/Beetle. Depending on the population sampled, R. subalba or R. ellipticospora was the next most frequently isolated species. R. arxii, R. fusca, and R. subfusca were only occasionally isolated. The laurel wilt pathogen apparently grows in a yeast phase within the mycangia in competition with other Raffaelea spp.
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a fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other lauraceae in the southeastern united states
Plant Disease, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen W Fraedrich, Thomas C. Harrington, Robert J Rabaglia, James L. Hanula, Michael D Ulyshen, J M Eickwort, Daniel R MillerAbstract:Fraedrich, S. W., Harrington, T. C., Rabaglia, R. J., Ulyshen, M. D., Mayfield, A. E., III, Hanula, J. L., Eickwort, J. M., and Miller, D. R. 2008. A fungal symbiont of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle causes a lethal wilt in redbay and other Lauraceae in the southeastern United States. Plant Dis. 92:215-224. Extensive mortality of redbay has been observed in the coastal plain counties of Georgia and southeastern South Carolina since 2003 and northeastern Florida since 2005. We show that the redbay mortality is due to a vascular wilt disease caused by an undescribed Raffaelea sp. that is a fungal symbiont of Xyleborus glabratus, an exotic Ambrosia Beetle. Trees affected by the disease exhibit wilt symptoms that include a black discoloration of the sapwood. Redbay trees and containerized seedlings died within 5 to 12 weeks after inoculation with the Raffaelea sp. When redbay seedlings were challenged with X. glabratus, the Beetles tunneled into 96% of the plants, 70% died, and the Raffaelea sp. was recovered from 91%. X. glabratus and the Raffaelea sp. have also been associated with mortality of sassafras, and the Raffaelea sp. has been isolated from wilted pondberry and pondspice. Additional inoculation studies have shown that the Raffaelea sp. is pathogenic to sassafras, spicebush, and avocado, but not to red maple. Female adults of X. glabratus have paired mycangia near the mandibles, and the Raffaelea sp. is routinely isolated from the heads of Beetles. The fungus is apparently introduced into healthy redbay during Beetle attacks on stems and branches. The wilt currently affecting redbay and sassafras represents a major threat to other members of the Lauraceae indigenous to the Americas, including avocado in commercial production.
Jorge E. Peña - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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eucalyptol is an attractant of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2014Co-Authors: Emily H Kuhns, Xavier Martini, Yolani Tribuiani, Monique R Coy, Christopher Gibbard, Jorge E. PeñaAbstract:The redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is an invasive wood-boring Beetle that has become established in the southeastern United States. The Beetle transmits the causal pathogen of lethal laurel wilt to susceptible host trees, which include redbay, an important forest community species, and avocado, a valuable food crop. By examining odors of redbay wood, we developed an artificial lure that captured X. glabratus in redbay forests. Eucalyptol was a critical component of the blend for Beetle attraction, and eucalyptol alone in large quantities attracted X. glabratus. Furthermore, eucalyptol stimulated boring by X. glabratus into paper arenas. The results suggest that eucalyptol contributes to host selection behavior of X. glabratus and may be useful for management of this pathogen vector.
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volatiles from the symbiotic fungus raffaelea lauricola are synergistic with manuka lures for increased capture of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2014Co-Authors: Emily H Kuhns, Jorge E. Peña, Xavier Martini, Yolani Tribuiani, Wendy L Meyer, Lukasz L StelinskiAbstract:Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborus glabratus is an invasive wood boring Beetle that has become established in the southeastern U.S.A. and transmits a fungus Raffaelea lauricola that causes lethal laurel wilt. Among susceptible Lauraceae hosts are redbay Persea borbonia and avocado Persea americana. There is a crucial need for detection of this pest as it moves into new areas. Consequently, our goal was to create a better lure for the monitoring and control of redbay Ambrosia Beetle. We analyzed volatile emissions of R. lauricola, created a synthetic odour blend based on this analysis and tested this odour blend as a potential attractant in a redbay forest infested with X. glabratus. The synthetic Raffaelea odour blend was not attractive to the Beetles by itself. However, it synergistically increased attraction to host-mimic volatiles. We tested four commercial release devices for dispensing Raffaelea odour at various release rates. Two prototypes with the highest release rate, when paired with commercial manuka oil lures, captured more Beetles than manuka oil lures alone. These results indicate that a synthetic blend of volatiles based on the odour of the symbiotic fungus of X. glabratus may be useful for the development of more sensitive monitoring lures for this invasive pathogen vector.
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susceptibility of persea spp and other lauraceae to attack by redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus coleoptera curculionidae scolytinae
Florida Entomologist, 2012Co-Authors: Jorge E. Peña, Rita E Duncan, John L Capinera, Daniel Carrillo, Jason A. Smith, Stephen Mclean, Gurpreet S Brar, M L Arpaia, E Focht, Marc A HughesAbstract:Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (RAB), Xyleborus gla bratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Sco lytinae), a native of Asia, was first discovered in the USA near Savannah, Georgia in 2002 (Haack 2001; Rabaglia et al. 2006). RAB is an effective vector of Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva (Harrington et al. 2008) that causes laurel wilt (LW), a lethal disease of several trees in the Lauraceae in the southeastern USA (Crane et al. 2008; Mayfield et al. 2008). Ambrosia Beetle adults bore through the bark and into the xy lem (wood) where they lay eggs, then adults and larvae cultivate and feed on symbiotic Ambrosia fungi that grow in the galleries. Native Persea (Laurales: Lauraceae) species appear to be pre ferred hosts. LW is responsible for high mortality of redbay [P borbonia (L.) Spreng.], swampbay [P palustris (Raf.) Sarg.], and sassafras [Sassa fras albidum (Nuttall) Nees] in Alabama, Flor ida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina (Fraedrich et al. 2008; Hanula et al. 2008; Gramling 2010). As LW encroaches upon the Lake Wales Ridge ecosystem in south central Florida, silkbay (P. humilis Nash) is also showing susceptibility to LW and is dying. Addi tional species affected by LW include avocado (P. americana Mill.), spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume], and other woody Lauraceae (Fraedrich et al. 2008) (Table 1). The susceptibility of 5 avocado cultivars of Mexican, Guatemalan or West Indian origin to RAB and LW was demonstrated by Mayfield et al. (2008). However, with more than 23 West In dian cultivars grown in Florida, it is necessary to determine their susceptibility. Moreover, as an adventive species to the North American conti nent, RAB might affect other valuable New World species. Most Persea species are of Mexican, Cen tral American, or South American origin. These Persea may have significant value in germplasm collections, some have been discovered recently, and some have resistance to diseases that afflict their commercial relative, the avocado (Skutch et l. 1992; Scora & Bergh 1992; Zentmyer & Schieber 1992). Thus, their susceptibility to RAB and LW warrants evaluation. Another member of the Lauraceae of much concern is the California bay laurel [Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.], a dominant hardwood species of the U.S. Pacific Coast. Through inoculation experi ments, Fraedrich (2008) demonstrated that U. californica is susceptible to LW. With continued westward spread of LW, the host status of U. cali fornica needs to be confirmed. The 3 studies presented here evaluate sus ceptibility to RAB and LW in: 1) 13 West Indian avocado cultivars; 2) 10 non-commercial Persea spp., 1 Beilschmidia sp. (a genus related to Per sea), and 3) U. californica. First, no-choice ex periments were conducted to determine if RAB would bore into avocado cultivars not screened previously by Mayfield et al. (2008) and follow ing similar methodology. Avocado cultivars 'Ber necker', 'Beta', 'Brooks late', 'Choquette', 'Don nie', 'Dupuis', 'Hall', 'Loretta', 'Lula', 'Monroe', 'Simmonds', 'Tower 2' and 'Waldin' (4 plants each) were planted in 10-gallon pots in a screenhouse at he Plant Sciences Research and Education Unit, University of Florida (UF), Citra, Florida in VI 2008. Two plants of each cultivar were infested by enclosing 4 newly emerged 9 RAB (UF colony reared) within a mesh sleeve on the lower trunk. Two plants per cultivar were uninfested controls. Entrance holes and perseitol (white exudate from wounds) were monitored for 4 wk. Severity of wilt symptoms was scored using the following LW in dex: 0 = no wilt; 1 = wilt, no leaf necrosis; 2 = wilt, 10% necrosis or defoliation; 3 = wilt, 30% necrosis/ defoliation; 4 = 50% necrosis/defoliation; 5 = 75% necrosis/defoliation; 6 = 100% necrosis/defoliation
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Ambrosia Beetles coleoptera curculionidae scolytinae that breed in avocado wood in florida
Florida Entomologist, 2012Co-Authors: Daniel Carrillo, Rita E Duncan, Jorge E. PeñaAbstract:ABSTRACT Laurel wilt is a destructive disease caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola, which is transmitted by the invasive redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Here we document Ambrosia Beetles that emerged from wilted avocado trees throughout Florida. In addition, the Ambrosia Beetle fauna associated with wilted swampbay trees in Miami-Dade was studied. Fourteen species of scolytine Beetles were found associated with avocado wood from different parts of Florida. Multiple species of Ambrosia Beetles were found breeding in avocado and swampbay wood infected by R. lauricola with or without the presence of its primary vector, X. glabratus. Work is under way to determine whether other Ambrosia Beetle species can carry R. lauricola and transmit this pathogen to healthy avocado and swampbay trees.
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chemical control of the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus and other scolytinae coleoptera curculionidae
Florida Entomologist, 2011Co-Authors: Jorge E. Peña, Rita E Duncan, Gurbinder Singh Brar, John L Capinera, Stephen Mclean, Jonathan H Crane, Michael C Thomas, Ronald D. CaveAbstract:ABSTRACT The redbay Ambrosia Beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is an adventive pest of Lauraceae in the southeastern U.S. This wood-boring insect vectors a lethal fungus, Raffaelea lauricola T. C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, the causal agent of laurel wilt (LW) disease. The vector-pathogen complex is responsible for extensive mortality of native Persea trees in South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida, and now poses an imminent threat to the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) industry in south Florida. While chemical control of the vector is not viewed as the primary solution, control tactics should be made available to Florida avocado growers. Field and laboratory tests were conducted using avocado bolts, potted avocado trees, and field grown swampbay trees (Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg.) treated with contact and systemic insecticides. Zeta-cypermethrin + bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam provided the most consistent control of Scolytin...
Hisashi Kajimura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Novel Symbiotic Association Between Euwallacea Ambrosia Beetle and Fusarium Fungus on Fig Trees in Japan
'Frontiers Media SA', 2021Co-Authors: Zi-ru Jiang, Hayato Masuya, Hisashi KajimuraAbstract:Ficus carica plantations in Japan were first reported to be infested by an Ambrosia Beetle species, identified as Euwallacea interjectus, in 1996. The purpose of this study was to determine the symbiotic fungi of female adults of E. interjectus emerging from F. carica trees infected with fig wilt disease (FWD). Dispersal adults (51 females) of E. interjectus, which were collected from logs of an infested fig tree in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Japan, were separated into three respective body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and used for fungal isolation. Isolated fungi were identified based on the morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Over 13 species of associated fungi were detected, of which a specific fungus, Fusarium kuroshium, was dominant in female head (including oral mycangia). The plant-pathogenic fungus of FWD, Ceratocystis ficicola, was not observed within any body parts of E. interjectus. We further discussed the relationship among E. interjectus and its associated fungi in fig tree
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two novel ascomycetous yeast species wickerhamomyces scolytoplatypi sp nov and cyberlindnera xylebori sp nov isolated from Ambrosia Beetle galleries
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2013Co-Authors: Shinya Ninomiya, Hisashi Kajimura, Kozaburo Mikata, Hiroko KawasakiAbstract:Thirteen strains of yeasts were isolated from Ambrosia Beetle galleries at several sites in Japan. Based on the morphological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene of the yeasts, 10 strains were shown to represent a novel species of the genus Wickerhamomyces, described as Wickerhamomyces scolytoplatypi sp. nov. (type strain NBRC 11029(T) = CBS 12186(T)), and were closely related to Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis. The three other strains represented a novel species of the genus Cyberlindnera, described as Cyberlindnera xylebori sp. nov. (type strain NBRC 11048(T) = CBS 12187(T)), and were closely related to Cyberlindnera euphorbiiphila. It is suggested that these species are associated with Ambrosia Beetles and we consider Ambrosia Beetle galleries as good sources of novel yeasts.
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superinfection of five wolbachia in the alnus Ambrosia Beetle xylosandrus germanus blandford coleoptera curuculionidae
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2010Co-Authors: Yuuki Kawasaki, Masaaki Ito, K Miura, Hisashi KajimuraAbstract:Wolbachia bacteria are among the most common endosymbionts in insects. In Wolbachia research, the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene has been used as a phylogenetic tool, but relationships inferred by single-locus analysis can be unreliable because of the extensive genome recombination among Wolbachia strains. Therefore, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method for Wolbachia, which relies upon a set of five conserved genes, is recommended. In this study, we examined whether the alnus Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), is infected with Wolbachia using wsp and MLST genes. Wolbachia was detected from all tested specimens of X. germanus (n=120) by wsp amplification. Five distinct sequences (i.e. five alleles) for wsp were found, and labeled as wXge1-5. MLST analysis and molecular phylogeny of concatenated sequences of MLST genes identified wXge3 and wXge5 as closely-related strains. The detection rate of wXge4 and wXge1 was 100% and 63.3%, respectively; wXge2, wXge3 and wXge5 were detected from less than 15% of specimens. We performed mitochondrial haplotype analyses that identified three genetic types of X. germanus, i.e. Clades A, B and C. Wsp alleles wXge1, wXge2 and wXge4 were detected in all clade A Beetles; wXge2 allele was absent from Clades B and C. We concluded that (i) five wsp alleles were found from X. germanus, (ii) use of MLST genes, rather than the wsp gene, are more suited to construct Wolbachia phylogenies and (iii) wsp alleles wXge2 and wXge3/wXge5 would infect clade A and clade B/C of X. germanus, respectively.
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Phylogeography of an Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in Japan
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2009Co-Authors: Masaaki Ito, Hisashi KajimuraAbstract:We examined the genetic structure of populations of an Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus. Specimens were collected from 22 sites in Japan and their genetic structure was studied using a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct lineages (clades A, B and C), each of which was divided into two subclades (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2). Subclade A1 had 17 haplotypes from Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu populations, subclade A2 5 haplotypes mainly from Shikoku populations, subclade B1 15 haplotypes from central and western Honshu and Amami populations, subclade B2 2 haplotypes only from Naha population, subclade C1 4 haplotypes from Amami and Naha populations, and subclade C2 5 haplotypes only from Ishigaki population. Analysis of molecular variance detected genetic differentiation among populations. The data imply that the genetic structure of Japanese populations of X. crassiusculus has been affected by the geological history of the Japanese islands, but that the mtDNA phylogeographic pattern is so complex that we could not infer any simple scenario of population history in X. crassiusculus.
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genetic structure of japanese populations of an Ambrosia Beetle xylosandrus germanus curculionidae scolytinae
Entomological Science, 2008Co-Authors: Masaaki Ito, Hisashi Kajimura, Keiko Hamaguchi, Kunio Araya, Ferenc LakatosAbstract:We examined the genetic structures of 13 Japanese populations of an Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), to understand the effects of geographical barriers on the colonization dynamics of this species. The genetic structure was studied using portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct lineages (clades A, B and C) within X. germanus. Clade A contained 21 haplotypes from all 13 populations; whereas clade B contained eight haplotypes from Hokkaido (Sapporo and Furano), Iwate and Nagano populations; and clade C contained only a single a haplotype from the Hokkaido (Furano) population. In the analysis of molecular variance (amova), the greatest amount of genetic variation was detected between populations in Hokkaido and those in Honshu and other southern islands. Between these two groups of populations, all the values of the coefficient of gene differentiation were significantly larger than zero, except for the Hokkaido (Sapporo) versus Nagano comparison. Our results confirm that for X. germanus, gene flow has been interrupted between Hokkaido and Honshu since the last glacial maximum.
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evaluation of repellents for the redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus vector of the laurel wilt pathogen
Journal of Applied Entomology, 2017Co-Authors: Marc A Hughes, Xavier Martini, Emily H Kuhns, Lukasz L Stelinski, J Colee, Agenor Mafraneto, Jason A. SmithAbstract:The redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the vector of the laurel wilt disease fungal pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola. Since the vector's initial detection in the USA in the early 2000s, laurel wilt has killed millions of redbay, Persea borbonia, trees and other members of the plant family Lauraceae. To protect host trees from Beetle attack and laurel wilt infection, we tested the efficacy of host- and non-host-derived and commercial compounds as X. glabratus repellents in field experiments. In our first trial, the major constituents of the non-host tree, longleaf pine, Pinus palustris, and SPLAT Verb (verbenone 10%) were paired with manuka oil attractants and Beetle captures were counted. Verbenone and a 1 : 1 blend of myrcene and camphene were intermediate to both the manuka positive and blank negative controls. Subsequently, we tested different blends of methyl salicylate (MeSA), a host defence and signalling compound, and verbenone in SPLAT dispensers using freshly cut redbay bolts as an attractant. All treatments reduced X. glabratus captures and boring holes as compared to the redbay (-) repellent positive control; however, SPLAT Verb and SPLAT MeSA-Verb (5% each) achieved the highest repellency, with results comparable to that of the non-host (laurel oak). These trials establish that host-derived and commercially available repellent compounds can reduce X. glabratus attacks and therefore have potential as part of an integrated management strategy against laurel wilt and its vector.
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Attraction of Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus Glabratus, To Leaf Volatiles of its Host Plants in North America
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Xavier Martini, Jason A. Smith, Marc A Hughes, Lukasz L StelinskiAbstract:The redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus , is an important pest of redbay ( Persea borbonia ) and swamp bay ( P. palustris ) trees in forests of the southeastern USA. It is also a threat to commercially grown avocado. The Beetle is attracted to host wood volatiles, particularly sesquiterpenes. Contrary to other Ambrosia Beetles that attack stressed, possibly pathogen-infected, and dying trees, X. glabratus readily attacks healthy trees. To date little is known about the role of leaf volatiles in the host selection behavior and ecology of X. glabratus . To address this question, an olfactometer bioassay was developed to test the behavioral response of X. glabratus to plant leaf volatiles. We found that X. glabratus was attracted to the leaf odors of their hosts, redbay and swamp bay, with no attraction to a non-host tree tested (live oak, Quercus virginiana ), which served as a negative control. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS/MS) analysis of leaves revealed the absence of sesquiterpenes known to be attractive to X. glabratus and present in host wood, suggesting that additional leaf-derived semiochemicals may serve as attractants for this Beetle. An artificial blend of chemicals was developed based on GC/MS analyses of leaf volatiles and behavioral assays. This blend was attractive to X. glabratus at a level that rivaled currently used lures for practical monitoring of this pest. This synthetic redbay leaf blend also was tested in the field. Baited traps captured more X. glabratus than unbaited controls and equivalently to manuka oil lures. We hypothesize that leaf volatiles may be used by X. glabratus as an additional cue for host location.
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phylogeny of Ambrosia Beetle symbionts in the genus raffaelea
Fungal Biology, 2014Co-Authors: T. J. Dreaden, Randy C. Ploetz, Wilhelm Z De Beer, John M Davis, Pamela S Soltis, Jason A. SmithAbstract:The genus Raffaelea was established in 1965 when the type species, Raffaelea Ambrosia, a symbiont of Platypus Ambrosia Beetles was described. Since then, many additional Ambrosia Beetle symbionts have been added to the genus, including the important tree pathogens Raffaelea quercivora, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, and Raffaelea lauricola, causal agents of Japanese and Korean oak wilt and laurel wilt, respectively. The discovery of new and the dispersal of described species of Raffaelea to new areas, where they can become invasive, presents challenges for diagnosticians as well as plant protection and quarantine efforts. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive multigene phylogenetic analysis of Raffaelea. As it is currently defined, the genus was found to not be monophyletic. On the basis of this work, Raffaelea sensu stricto is defined and the affinities of undescribed isolates are considered.
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susceptibility of persea spp and other lauraceae to attack by redbay Ambrosia Beetle xyleborus glabratus coleoptera curculionidae scolytinae
Florida Entomologist, 2012Co-Authors: Jorge E. Peña, Rita E Duncan, John L Capinera, Daniel Carrillo, Jason A. Smith, Stephen Mclean, Gurpreet S Brar, M L Arpaia, E Focht, Marc A HughesAbstract:Redbay Ambrosia Beetle (RAB), Xyleborus gla bratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Sco lytinae), a native of Asia, was first discovered in the USA near Savannah, Georgia in 2002 (Haack 2001; Rabaglia et al. 2006). RAB is an effective vector of Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva (Harrington et al. 2008) that causes laurel wilt (LW), a lethal disease of several trees in the Lauraceae in the southeastern USA (Crane et al. 2008; Mayfield et al. 2008). Ambrosia Beetle adults bore through the bark and into the xy lem (wood) where they lay eggs, then adults and larvae cultivate and feed on symbiotic Ambrosia fungi that grow in the galleries. Native Persea (Laurales: Lauraceae) species appear to be pre ferred hosts. LW is responsible for high mortality of redbay [P borbonia (L.) Spreng.], swampbay [P palustris (Raf.) Sarg.], and sassafras [Sassa fras albidum (Nuttall) Nees] in Alabama, Flor ida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina (Fraedrich et al. 2008; Hanula et al. 2008; Gramling 2010). As LW encroaches upon the Lake Wales Ridge ecosystem in south central Florida, silkbay (P. humilis Nash) is also showing susceptibility to LW and is dying. Addi tional species affected by LW include avocado (P. americana Mill.), spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume], and other woody Lauraceae (Fraedrich et al. 2008) (Table 1). The susceptibility of 5 avocado cultivars of Mexican, Guatemalan or West Indian origin to RAB and LW was demonstrated by Mayfield et al. (2008). However, with more than 23 West In dian cultivars grown in Florida, it is necessary to determine their susceptibility. Moreover, as an adventive species to the North American conti nent, RAB might affect other valuable New World species. Most Persea species are of Mexican, Cen tral American, or South American origin. These Persea may have significant value in germplasm collections, some have been discovered recently, and some have resistance to diseases that afflict their commercial relative, the avocado (Skutch et l. 1992; Scora & Bergh 1992; Zentmyer & Schieber 1992). Thus, their susceptibility to RAB and LW warrants evaluation. Another member of the Lauraceae of much concern is the California bay laurel [Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.], a dominant hardwood species of the U.S. Pacific Coast. Through inoculation experi ments, Fraedrich (2008) demonstrated that U. californica is susceptible to LW. With continued westward spread of LW, the host status of U. cali fornica needs to be confirmed. The 3 studies presented here evaluate sus ceptibility to RAB and LW in: 1) 13 West Indian avocado cultivars; 2) 10 non-commercial Persea spp., 1 Beilschmidia sp. (a genus related to Per sea), and 3) U. californica. First, no-choice ex periments were conducted to determine if RAB would bore into avocado cultivars not screened previously by Mayfield et al. (2008) and follow ing similar methodology. Avocado cultivars 'Ber necker', 'Beta', 'Brooks late', 'Choquette', 'Don nie', 'Dupuis', 'Hall', 'Loretta', 'Lula', 'Monroe', 'Simmonds', 'Tower 2' and 'Waldin' (4 plants each) were planted in 10-gallon pots in a screenhouse at he Plant Sciences Research and Education Unit, University of Florida (UF), Citra, Florida in VI 2008. Two plants of each cultivar were infested by enclosing 4 newly emerged 9 RAB (UF colony reared) within a mesh sleeve on the lower trunk. Two plants per cultivar were uninfested controls. Entrance holes and perseitol (white exudate from wounds) were monitored for 4 wk. Severity of wilt symptoms was scored using the following LW in dex: 0 = no wilt; 1 = wilt, no leaf necrosis; 2 = wilt, 10% necrosis or defoliation; 3 = wilt, 30% necrosis/ defoliation; 4 = 50% necrosis/defoliation; 5 = 75% necrosis/defoliation; 6 = 100% necrosis/defoliation