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Dale R Gardner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The serum concentrations of lupine alkaloids in orally-dosed Holstein cattle.
Research in veterinary science, 2015Co-Authors: Benedict T Green, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Stephen T. Lee, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, T. Zane DavisAbstract:Teratogenic alkaloid-containing Lupinus spp. cause congenital defects known as crooked calf disease that is periodically economically devastating for the cattle industry. Previous research indicates that cattle breeds may eliminate plant toxins differently, potentially altering their susceptibility. The objective of this study was to describe the toxicokinetics in Holsteins of Anagyrine, the teratogenic lupine alkaloid that produces crooked calf disease. Other alkaloids including lupanine, an unidentified alkaloid and 5,6-dehydrolupanine were also evaluated. Dried ground Lupinus leucophyllus was orally dosed to four Holstein steers and blood samples were collected for 96 h, analyzed for serum alkaloid concentrations and toxicokinetic parameters calculated. The serum elimination of Anagyrine in Holstein steers was faster than those reported for beef breeds. This suggests that Holsteins may be less susceptible to lupine-induced crooked calf disease. Additional work is needed to confirm these findings and to verify if there is a breed difference in disease incidence or severity.
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The alkaloid profiles of Sophora nuttalliana and Sophora stenophylla
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Clinton A Stonecipher, Daniel Cook, Russell J. Molyneux, Clairton Marcolongo-pereira, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Abstract Sophora is a diverse genus in the family Fabaceae, comprised of herbs, shrubs, and trees that occurs throughout the world, primarily in the northern hemisphere. Species of Sophora are known to contain quinolizidine alkaloids that are toxic and potentially teratogenic. Two perennial herbaceous species occur in North America, Sophora stenophylla and Sophora nuttalliana . The quinolizidine alkaloid composition of these two species was investigated throughout their geographical distribution using field collections and herbarium specimens. Both species contain quinolizidine alkaloids, and S. nuttalliana contains the teratogen Anagyrine. Lastly, neither species contains the neurotoxin swainsonine as implied by the common name “white loco” for S. nuttalliana .
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Alkaloid profiles of Dermatophyllum arizonicum, Dermatophyllum gypsophilum, Dermatophyllum secundiflorum, Styphnolobium affine, and Styphnolobium japonicum previously classified as Sophora species
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Daniel Cook, T. Zane Davis, Russell J. Molyneux, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Abstract Sophora arizonica , Sophora gypsophila , Sophora secundiflora , Sophora affinis , and Sophora japonica were recently reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum , Dermatophyllum gypsophilum , Dermatophyllum secundiflorum , Styphnolobium affine , and Styphnolobium japonicum , respectively. Some legumes of the sub family Papilionoideae including Sophora species are reported to contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The quinolizidine alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum , D. gypsophilum , D. secundiflorum , S. affine , and S. japonicum were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using field collections and herbarium specimens throughout their range of geographical distribution for the native species. This is the first report of the alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum and D. gypsophilum . Alkaloid profiles of the other species were compared to previous reports. The Dermatophyllum species contain quinolizidine alkaloids, and the teratogen Anagyrine ( 11 ), while the Styphnolobium species do not contain quinolizidine alkaloids. The chemotaxonomic data are consistent with the reclassification of each species.
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Detection of swainsonine and isolation of the endophyte Undifilum from the major locoweeds in Inner Mongolia
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Xinlei Gao, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, Michael H. Ralphs, Stephen T. Lee, Ling Yan, Bing Han, Meng-li ZhaoAbstract:Abstract Locoweeds are Astragalus and Oxytropis species that contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, causing widespread poisoning of livestock in Inner Mongolia. Taxa ( Astragalus , Oxytropis , Sphaerophysa , and Sophora species) suspected of causing locoism and/or poisoning in Inner Mongolia were surveyed for swainsonine and Undifilum , the fungal endophyte responsible for the production of swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected at concentrations greater than 0.01% in Astragalus variabilis and Oxytropis glabra . The endophyte Undifilum was detected by culturing and PCR in samples containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01%. In some specimens of A. variabilis and O. glabra swainsonine was not detected or concentrations were less than 0.01%. In these samples the endophyte could not be cultured, but was detected by PCR. Additionally, contrary to previous reports the quinolizidine alkaloids, thermopsine, Anagyrine, and lupanine, were not detected in O. glabra and Oxytropis ochrocephala , however the quinolizidine alkaloids, sophoridine, sophocarpine, and sophoramine were detected in Sophora alopecuroides as previously reported.
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the effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids Anagyrine and ammodendrine from lupines lupinus species that cause crooked calf disease
Journal of Animal Science, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Dale R Gardner, Kip E. Panter, J. A. Pfister, Kevin D WelchAbstract:Several species of lupine (Lupinus spp.) are toxic to livestock, causing death losses in sheep and cattle but more commonly crooked calf disease in pregnant range cows. The major toxic alkaloids in lupine are of the quinolizidine alkaloid group and include the teratogen Anagyrine, which is primarily responsible for crooked calf disease. Lupines also contain teratogenic piperidine alkaloids including ammodendrine. Previous work in sheep has shown that lupine alkaloid clearance may be influenced by the animal's physiological status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in body condition of cattle would alter the absorption and elimination of Anagyrine or ammodendrine given in a single oral dose as Lupinus leucophyllus or Lupinus sulphureus, respectively. Mature non-lactating cows in low body condition (LBC, n = 4) and high body condition (HBC, n = 4) received a single dose of dry ground lupine plant (2.0 g/kg of BW) via oral gavage. Lupinus leucophyllus (Anagyrine) was dosed first; then after 21 d the same animals were dosed with L. sulphureus (ammodendrine). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture 0 to 60 h after dosing. Serum Anagyrine and ammodendrine concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of Anagyrine was greater (P = 0.001) in the HBC group and peaked 2 h after dosing versus 12 h in LBC cows. Similarly for ammodendrine, the alkaloid concentration peaked at 3 h after dosing for the HBC group compared with 6 h for the LBC group (P = 0.001). Area under the curve tended to differ (P
Kip E. Panter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogenetic examination of two chemotypes of Lupinus leucophyllus
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2016Co-Authors: Ivan W. Mott, Clinton A Stonecipher, Daniel Cook, Kip E. PanterAbstract:Lupines (Lupinus spp.) are a common legume found on western U.S. rangelands. Lupinus spp. may contain quinolizidine and/or piperidine alkaloids that can be toxic and/or teratogenic to grazing livestock. Lupinus leucophyllus and Lupinus polyphyllus in particular represent important species in the rangelands of southeast Washington and northeast Oregon. The objectives of this study were to identify the alkaloid profiles of these two species, and to explore the phylogenetic relationship among the different populations using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Two chemotypes were found among the 14 accessions of Lupinus leucophyllyus. Chemotype A contained Anagyrine, a potent teratogen in cattle, and thus would pose a risk to cause crooked calf syndrome in grazing cattle, while Chemotype B did not contain Anagyrine and poses no teratogenic risk. No alkaloids were detected in the L. polyphyllus plants collected in this area. Phylogenetic analysis showed that L. leucophyllus accessions with the same chemotype that were geographically proximal were closely grouped in the cladogram; however, accessions that were geographically proximal that represented different chemotypes did not cluster together. Taken together, these results suggest that for the studied species, chemotype is the principle factor in determining relatedness followed by geography.
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Detection of swainsonine and isolation of the endophyte Undifilum from the major locoweeds in Inner Mongolia
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Xinlei Gao, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, Michael H. Ralphs, Stephen T. Lee, Ling Yan, Bing Han, Meng-li ZhaoAbstract:Abstract Locoweeds are Astragalus and Oxytropis species that contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, causing widespread poisoning of livestock in Inner Mongolia. Taxa ( Astragalus , Oxytropis , Sphaerophysa , and Sophora species) suspected of causing locoism and/or poisoning in Inner Mongolia were surveyed for swainsonine and Undifilum , the fungal endophyte responsible for the production of swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected at concentrations greater than 0.01% in Astragalus variabilis and Oxytropis glabra . The endophyte Undifilum was detected by culturing and PCR in samples containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01%. In some specimens of A. variabilis and O. glabra swainsonine was not detected or concentrations were less than 0.01%. In these samples the endophyte could not be cultured, but was detected by PCR. Additionally, contrary to previous reports the quinolizidine alkaloids, thermopsine, Anagyrine, and lupanine, were not detected in O. glabra and Oxytropis ochrocephala , however the quinolizidine alkaloids, sophoridine, sophocarpine, and sophoramine were detected in Sophora alopecuroides as previously reported.
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Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) Population Cycles with Precipitation
Western North American Naturalist, 2011Co-Authors: Michael H. Ralphs, Ernie S. Motteram, Kip E. PanterAbstract:ABSTRACT. Velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. ex Lindl) contains the teratogenic alkaloid Anagyrine that causes a crooked calf syndrome. An outbreak of crooked calves occurred in the Channeled Scabland region of eastern Washington in 1997 following 2 years of above-average precipitation. Following this catastrophic loss, we began studies to track velvet lupine density and relate its population cycle to precipitation. In the first study, five 1-m2 quadrats were systematically placed in dense lupine patches at each of 5 locations throughout the scabland region. The quadrats were permanently marked and the number of seedlings and established mature plants were counted biweekly or monthly through the growing seasons of 2001–2005. In the second study, four 1 × 30-m belt transects were established at each of 3 additional locations in the scabland region. The number of seedlings and mature lupine plants were counted within these transects in June or July each year from 2002 to 2009. A third study was cond...
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actions of piperidine alkaloid teratogens at fetal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2010Co-Authors: Benedict T Green, Kevin D Welch, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, James A PfisterAbstract:Abstract Teratogenic alkaloids are found in many species of plants including Conium maculatum L., Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana tabaccum, and multiple Lupinus spp. Fetal musculoskeletal defects produced by alkaloids from these plants include arthrogyropisis, scoliosis, torticollis, kyposis, lordosis, and cleft palate. A pharmacodynamic comparison of the alkaloids ammodendrine, anabasine, anabaseine, Anagyrine, and coniine in SH-SY5Y cells and TE-671 cells was made. These alkaloids and their enantiomers were more effective in depolarizing TE-671 cells which express the human fetal-muscle type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) relative to SH-SY5Y cells which predominately express autonomic nAChRs. The rank order of potency in TE-671 cells was: anabaseine > (+)-anabasine > (−)-anabasine > (±)-anabasine > Anagyrine > (−)-coniine > (±)-coniine > (+)-coniine > (±)-ammodendrine > (+)-ammodendrine. The rank order potency in SH-SY5Y cells was: anabaseine > (+)-anabasine > (−)-coniine > (+)-coniine > (+)-ammodendrine > Anagyrine > (−)-anabasine > (±)-coniine > (±)-anabasine > (−)-ammodendrine. The actions of these alkaloids at nAChRs in both cell lines could be distinguished by their maximum effects in depolarizing cell membrane potential. The teratogenic action of these compounds may be related to their ability to activate and subsequently desensitize nAChRs.
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the effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids Anagyrine and ammodendrine from lupines lupinus species that cause crooked calf disease
Journal of Animal Science, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Dale R Gardner, Kip E. Panter, J. A. Pfister, Kevin D WelchAbstract:Several species of lupine (Lupinus spp.) are toxic to livestock, causing death losses in sheep and cattle but more commonly crooked calf disease in pregnant range cows. The major toxic alkaloids in lupine are of the quinolizidine alkaloid group and include the teratogen Anagyrine, which is primarily responsible for crooked calf disease. Lupines also contain teratogenic piperidine alkaloids including ammodendrine. Previous work in sheep has shown that lupine alkaloid clearance may be influenced by the animal's physiological status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in body condition of cattle would alter the absorption and elimination of Anagyrine or ammodendrine given in a single oral dose as Lupinus leucophyllus or Lupinus sulphureus, respectively. Mature non-lactating cows in low body condition (LBC, n = 4) and high body condition (HBC, n = 4) received a single dose of dry ground lupine plant (2.0 g/kg of BW) via oral gavage. Lupinus leucophyllus (Anagyrine) was dosed first; then after 21 d the same animals were dosed with L. sulphureus (ammodendrine). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture 0 to 60 h after dosing. Serum Anagyrine and ammodendrine concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of Anagyrine was greater (P = 0.001) in the HBC group and peaked 2 h after dosing versus 12 h in LBC cows. Similarly for ammodendrine, the alkaloid concentration peaked at 3 h after dosing for the HBC group compared with 6 h for the LBC group (P = 0.001). Area under the curve tended to differ (P
Stephen T. Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The serum concentrations of lupine alkaloids in orally-dosed Holstein cattle.
Research in veterinary science, 2015Co-Authors: Benedict T Green, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Stephen T. Lee, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, T. Zane DavisAbstract:Teratogenic alkaloid-containing Lupinus spp. cause congenital defects known as crooked calf disease that is periodically economically devastating for the cattle industry. Previous research indicates that cattle breeds may eliminate plant toxins differently, potentially altering their susceptibility. The objective of this study was to describe the toxicokinetics in Holsteins of Anagyrine, the teratogenic lupine alkaloid that produces crooked calf disease. Other alkaloids including lupanine, an unidentified alkaloid and 5,6-dehydrolupanine were also evaluated. Dried ground Lupinus leucophyllus was orally dosed to four Holstein steers and blood samples were collected for 96 h, analyzed for serum alkaloid concentrations and toxicokinetic parameters calculated. The serum elimination of Anagyrine in Holstein steers was faster than those reported for beef breeds. This suggests that Holsteins may be less susceptible to lupine-induced crooked calf disease. Additional work is needed to confirm these findings and to verify if there is a breed difference in disease incidence or severity.
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The alkaloid profiles of Sophora nuttalliana and Sophora stenophylla
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Clinton A Stonecipher, Daniel Cook, Russell J. Molyneux, Clairton Marcolongo-pereira, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Abstract Sophora is a diverse genus in the family Fabaceae, comprised of herbs, shrubs, and trees that occurs throughout the world, primarily in the northern hemisphere. Species of Sophora are known to contain quinolizidine alkaloids that are toxic and potentially teratogenic. Two perennial herbaceous species occur in North America, Sophora stenophylla and Sophora nuttalliana . The quinolizidine alkaloid composition of these two species was investigated throughout their geographical distribution using field collections and herbarium specimens. Both species contain quinolizidine alkaloids, and S. nuttalliana contains the teratogen Anagyrine. Lastly, neither species contains the neurotoxin swainsonine as implied by the common name “white loco” for S. nuttalliana .
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Alkaloid profiles of Dermatophyllum arizonicum, Dermatophyllum gypsophilum, Dermatophyllum secundiflorum, Styphnolobium affine, and Styphnolobium japonicum previously classified as Sophora species
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Daniel Cook, T. Zane Davis, Russell J. Molyneux, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Abstract Sophora arizonica , Sophora gypsophila , Sophora secundiflora , Sophora affinis , and Sophora japonica were recently reclassified as Dermatophyllum arizonicum , Dermatophyllum gypsophilum , Dermatophyllum secundiflorum , Styphnolobium affine , and Styphnolobium japonicum , respectively. Some legumes of the sub family Papilionoideae including Sophora species are reported to contain a variety of quinolizidine alkaloids. The quinolizidine alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum , D. gypsophilum , D. secundiflorum , S. affine , and S. japonicum were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using field collections and herbarium specimens throughout their range of geographical distribution for the native species. This is the first report of the alkaloid profiles of D. arizonicum and D. gypsophilum . Alkaloid profiles of the other species were compared to previous reports. The Dermatophyllum species contain quinolizidine alkaloids, and the teratogen Anagyrine ( 11 ), while the Styphnolobium species do not contain quinolizidine alkaloids. The chemotaxonomic data are consistent with the reclassification of each species.
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Detection of swainsonine and isolation of the endophyte Undifilum from the major locoweeds in Inner Mongolia
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Xinlei Gao, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, Michael H. Ralphs, Stephen T. Lee, Ling Yan, Bing Han, Meng-li ZhaoAbstract:Abstract Locoweeds are Astragalus and Oxytropis species that contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, causing widespread poisoning of livestock in Inner Mongolia. Taxa ( Astragalus , Oxytropis , Sphaerophysa , and Sophora species) suspected of causing locoism and/or poisoning in Inner Mongolia were surveyed for swainsonine and Undifilum , the fungal endophyte responsible for the production of swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected at concentrations greater than 0.01% in Astragalus variabilis and Oxytropis glabra . The endophyte Undifilum was detected by culturing and PCR in samples containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01%. In some specimens of A. variabilis and O. glabra swainsonine was not detected or concentrations were less than 0.01%. In these samples the endophyte could not be cultured, but was detected by PCR. Additionally, contrary to previous reports the quinolizidine alkaloids, thermopsine, Anagyrine, and lupanine, were not detected in O. glabra and Oxytropis ochrocephala , however the quinolizidine alkaloids, sophoridine, sophocarpine, and sophoramine were detected in Sophora alopecuroides as previously reported.
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the effect of body condition on serum concentrations of two teratogenic alkaloids Anagyrine and ammodendrine from lupines lupinus species that cause crooked calf disease
Journal of Animal Science, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Dale R Gardner, Kip E. Panter, J. A. Pfister, Kevin D WelchAbstract:Several species of lupine (Lupinus spp.) are toxic to livestock, causing death losses in sheep and cattle but more commonly crooked calf disease in pregnant range cows. The major toxic alkaloids in lupine are of the quinolizidine alkaloid group and include the teratogen Anagyrine, which is primarily responsible for crooked calf disease. Lupines also contain teratogenic piperidine alkaloids including ammodendrine. Previous work in sheep has shown that lupine alkaloid clearance may be influenced by the animal's physiological status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in body condition of cattle would alter the absorption and elimination of Anagyrine or ammodendrine given in a single oral dose as Lupinus leucophyllus or Lupinus sulphureus, respectively. Mature non-lactating cows in low body condition (LBC, n = 4) and high body condition (HBC, n = 4) received a single dose of dry ground lupine plant (2.0 g/kg of BW) via oral gavage. Lupinus leucophyllus (Anagyrine) was dosed first; then after 21 d the same animals were dosed with L. sulphureus (ammodendrine). Blood samples were taken via jugular venipuncture 0 to 60 h after dosing. Serum Anagyrine and ammodendrine concentrations were evaluated. The concentration of Anagyrine was greater (P = 0.001) in the HBC group and peaked 2 h after dosing versus 12 h in LBC cows. Similarly for ammodendrine, the alkaloid concentration peaked at 3 h after dosing for the HBC group compared with 6 h for the LBC group (P = 0.001). Area under the curve tended to differ (P
Michael H. Ralphs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Detection of swainsonine and isolation of the endophyte Undifilum from the major locoweeds in Inner Mongolia
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Xinlei Gao, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, Michael H. Ralphs, Stephen T. Lee, Ling Yan, Bing Han, Meng-li ZhaoAbstract:Abstract Locoweeds are Astragalus and Oxytropis species that contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, causing widespread poisoning of livestock in Inner Mongolia. Taxa ( Astragalus , Oxytropis , Sphaerophysa , and Sophora species) suspected of causing locoism and/or poisoning in Inner Mongolia were surveyed for swainsonine and Undifilum , the fungal endophyte responsible for the production of swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected at concentrations greater than 0.01% in Astragalus variabilis and Oxytropis glabra . The endophyte Undifilum was detected by culturing and PCR in samples containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01%. In some specimens of A. variabilis and O. glabra swainsonine was not detected or concentrations were less than 0.01%. In these samples the endophyte could not be cultured, but was detected by PCR. Additionally, contrary to previous reports the quinolizidine alkaloids, thermopsine, Anagyrine, and lupanine, were not detected in O. glabra and Oxytropis ochrocephala , however the quinolizidine alkaloids, sophoridine, sophocarpine, and sophoramine were detected in Sophora alopecuroides as previously reported.
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Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) Population Cycles with Precipitation
Western North American Naturalist, 2011Co-Authors: Michael H. Ralphs, Ernie S. Motteram, Kip E. PanterAbstract:ABSTRACT. Velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl. ex Lindl) contains the teratogenic alkaloid Anagyrine that causes a crooked calf syndrome. An outbreak of crooked calves occurred in the Channeled Scabland region of eastern Washington in 1997 following 2 years of above-average precipitation. Following this catastrophic loss, we began studies to track velvet lupine density and relate its population cycle to precipitation. In the first study, five 1-m2 quadrats were systematically placed in dense lupine patches at each of 5 locations throughout the scabland region. The quadrats were permanently marked and the number of seedlings and established mature plants were counted biweekly or monthly through the growing seasons of 2001–2005. In the second study, four 1 × 30-m belt transects were established at each of 3 additional locations in the scabland region. The number of seedlings and mature lupine plants were counted within these transects in June or July each year from 2002 to 2009. A third study was cond...
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Lupine induced "crooked calf disease" in Washington and Oregon: identification of the alkaloid profiles in Lupinus sulfureus, Lupinus leucophyllus, and Lupinus sericeus.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Stephen T. Lee, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook, Kip E. Panter, Michael H. Ralphs, Ernie S. Motteram, James A PfisterAbstract:Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid Anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.
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Alkaloid Profiles, Concentration, and Pools in Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) Over the Growing Season
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2007Co-Authors: Michael H. Ralphs, Kip E. Panter, Daniel Cook, Dale R GardnerAbstract:Lupinus leucophyllus is one of many lupine species known to contain toxic and/or teratogenic alkaloids that can cause congenital birth defects. The concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual major alkaloids were measured in three different years from different plant parts over the phenological development of the plant. All of the alkaloids were found in the different plant tissues throughout the growing season, although their levels varied in different tissues. Concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual alkaloids varied on an annual basis and in their distribution in the different tissues. Anagyrine levels were highest in the floral tissue, lupanine and unknown F accumulated to the greatest level in the vegetative tissue, and 5,6-dehydrolupanine accumulated to the highest level in the stem. These alkaloids appear to be in a metabolically active state with the teratogenic alkaloid Anagyrine accumulating to its highest level in the developing seed. The latter is, thus, the phenological stage posing the greatest danger to grazing livestock.
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Cattle Consumption of Velvet Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) in the Channel Scablands of Eastern Washington
Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2006Co-Authors: Michael H. Ralphs, Kip E. Panter, Ernie S. Motteram, Stephen T. LeeAbstract:Certain lupines (Lupinus spp.) contain alkaloids that cause contracture-type skeletal birth defects and cleft palate (‘‘crooked calf syndrome’’) when consumed by cows during the 40th to 70th day of gestation. The objective of this study was to determine when cattle graze velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl.) during its phenological development, and whether this period overlaps the critical period of gestation. Grazing studies were conducted in 2001, 2002, and 2003 in the same 100 ha pasture in eastern Washington. A second objective was addressed in 2001 to determine if cows with crooked calves consumed more lupine than cows with normal calves. Five mature Hereford cows with crooked calves at their side and 6 mature Hereford cows with normal calves grazed together for the summer. There was no difference (P ¼ 0.17) in the amount of lupine consumed between groups, and all cows consumed some lupine. In 2002, 10 3-year-old Hereford cows with normal calves were used, and in 2003, 8 of the same cows from the 2002 study with normal calves were used. In all 3 years, cows started consuming lupine in July and August after annual grasses dried and annual forbs matured. Lupine is a deep-rooted perennial that remained green and succulent longer into the summer than the associated forages. Concentration of the teratogenic alkaloid Anagyrine declined as lupine seeds shattered in late June and early July. Lupine consumption occurred during the critical period of gestation in 2 of the 3 years, but no crooked calves were produced. Apparently, the cows did not ingest sufficient amounts of Anagyrine over the susceptible period of time to produce crooked calves. The management recommendation for this site is to restrict access to lupine during July when cattle begin to graze lupine and Anagyrine levels may still be relatively high. Once the seeds shatter, toxicity greatly declines.
Isao Kubo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2 3 dehydro 10 oxo α isosparteine in uresiphita reversalis larvae fed on cytisus monspessulanus leaves
Phytochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Ken-ichi Nihei, Kozo Shibata, Isao KuboAbstract:Abstract Quinolizidine alkaloids, found in the leaves of Cytisus monspessulanus L. (Leguminosae), were characterized in the cuticle of larvae of the pyralid moth Uresiphita reversalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) when the latter were fed on this weed. By GC–MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of the cuticle, four quinolizidine alkaloids, N -methylcytisine, cytisine, aphylline and Anagyrine, were identified as possible defense substances. In addition, the quinolizidine alkaloid, (+)-2,3-dehydro-10-oxo-α-isosparteine was characterized in both the insect and host plant.
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(+)-2,3-Dehydro-10-oxo-α-isosparteine in Uresiphita reversalis larvae fed on Cytisus monspessulanus leaves
Phytochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Ken-ichi Nihei, Kozo Shibata, Isao KuboAbstract:Abstract Quinolizidine alkaloids, found in the leaves of Cytisus monspessulanus L. (Leguminosae), were characterized in the cuticle of larvae of the pyralid moth Uresiphita reversalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) when the latter were fed on this weed. By GC–MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of the cuticle, four quinolizidine alkaloids, N -methylcytisine, cytisine, aphylline and Anagyrine, were identified as possible defense substances. In addition, the quinolizidine alkaloid, (+)-2,3-dehydro-10-oxo-α-isosparteine was characterized in both the insect and host plant.