The Experts below are selected from a list of 246 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

J.f. González - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Small scale biogas production with Animal Excrement and agricultural residues
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2019
    Co-Authors: A.i. Parralejo, L. Royano, J.f. González
    Abstract:

    Abstract Anaerobic digestion is a very versatile technology producing biogas, which can be used for heating and electricity production or upgraded and used for vehicle fuel or gas-grid injection. The purpose of using anaerobic digestion is usually related to waste management (agricultural residues, Animal manure and other organic waste). Animal manure (AM) of Iberian pig, calf and lamb were studied. The methane production was analyzed in co-digestion of the aforementioned Animal manure, and finally they were used as substrates in the co-digestion with silages of tomato pulp (T), grape byproduct (G) and olive agro-food byproduct (O). The results obtained in the different experiments showed that anaerobic co-digestion allow to establish the mixture of Animal manure and agricultural residues more suitable to optimize the production of biogas and stabilize the anaerobic digestion process. A higher proportion of Animal manure in the co-digested mixture leads to higher methane yield. Kinetic parameters results correspond to similar parameters published in literature, they are located in 0.04-0.07 d−1 for methane production rate constant from first order model fit, 0.58–2.85 NLCH4 kg VS−1 d−1 for maximum methane production rate and 0.004–18.96 d for lag phase from modified Gompertz model fit, and 0.03-0.07 d−1 for methane production rate constant from Cone model fit and 2.07–3.07 for the model dimensionless Cone constant (n).

Christine D. White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with
    2013
    Co-Authors: Maize Mays, Paul Szpak, Fred J. Longstaffe, Jean-françois Millaire, Christine D. White
    Abstract:

    Background: Stable isotope analysis is being utilized with increasing regularity to examine a wide range of issues (diet, habitat use, migration) in ecology, geology, archaeology, and related disciplines. A crucial component to these studies is a thorough understanding of the range and causes of baseline isotopic variation, which is relatively poorly understood for nitrogen (d 15 N). Animal Excrement is known to impact plant d 15 N values, but the effects of seabird guano have not been systematically studied from an agricultural or horticultural standpoint. Methodology/Principal Findings: This paper presents isotopic (d 13 C and d 15 N) and vital data for maize (Zea mays) fertilized with Peruvian seabird guano under controlled conditions. The level of 15 N enrichment in fertilized plants is very large, with d 15 N values ranging between 25.5 and 44.7 % depending on the tissue and amount of fertilizer applied; comparatively, control plant d 15 N values ranged between 20.3 and 5.7%. Intraplant and temporal variability in d 15 N values were large, particularly for the guano-fertilized plants, which can be attributed to changes in the availability of guano-derived N over time, and the reliance of stored vs. absorbed N. Plant d 13 C values were not significantly impacted by guano fertilization. High concentrations of seabird guano inhibited maize germination and maize growth. Moreover, high levels of seabird guano greatly impacted the N metabolism of the plants, resulting in significantly higher tissue N content, particularly in the stalk. Conclusions/Significance: The results presented in this study demonstrate the very large impact of seabird guano on maiz

  • Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)
    PLOS ONE, 2012
    Co-Authors: Paul Szpak, Fred J. Longstaffe, Jean-françois Millaire, Christine D. White
    Abstract:

    Background: Stable isotope analysis is being utilized with increasing regularity to examine a wide range of issues (diet, habitat use, migration) in ecology, geology, archaeology, and related disciplines. A crucial component to these studies is a thorough understanding of the range and causes of baseline isotopic variation, which is relatively poorly understood for nitrogen (d 15 N). Animal Excrement is known to impact plant d 15 N values, but the effects of seabird guano have not been systematically studied from an agricultural or horticultural standpoint. Methodology/Principal Findings: This paper presents isotopic (d 13 C and d 15 N) and vital data for maize (Zea mays) fertilized with Peruvian seabird guano under controlled conditions. The level of 15 N enrichment in fertilized plants is very large, with d 15 N values ranging between 25.5 and 44.7% depending on the tissue and amount of fertilizer applied; comparatively, control plant d 15 N values ranged between 20.3 and 5.7%. Intraplant and temporal variability ind 15 N values were large, particularly for the guano-fertilized plants, which can be attributed to changes in the availability of guano-derived N over time, and the reliance of stored vs. absorbed N. Plant d 13 C values were not significantly impacted by guano fertilization. High concentrations of seabird guano inhibited maize germination and maize growth. Moreover, high levels of seabird guano greatly impacted the N metabolism of the plants, resulting in significantly higher tissue N content, particularly in the stalk. Conclusions/Significance: The results presented in this study demonstrate the very large impact of seabird guano on maize d 15 N values. The use of seabird guano as a fertilizer can thus be traced using stable isotope analysis in food chemistry applications (certification of organic inputs). Furthermore, the fertilization of maize with seabird guano creates an isotopic signature very similar to a high-trophic level marine resource, which must be considered when interpreting isotopic data from archaeological material.

Liguang Sun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stable isotope natural abundance of nitrous oxide emitted from Antarctic tundra soils: effects of sea Animal Excrement depositions.
    Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 2008
    Co-Authors: Renbin Zhu, Yashu Liu, Jianjun Sun, Liguang Sun
    Abstract:

    Nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, is mainly emitted from soils during the nitrification and denitrification processes. N2O stable isotope investigations can help to characterize the N2O sources and N2O production mechanisms. N2O isotope measurements have been conducted for different types of global terrestrial ecosystems. However, no isotopic data of N2O emitted from Antarctic tundra ecosystems have been reported although the coastal ice-free tundra around Antarctic continent is the largest sea Animal colony on the global scale. Here, we report for the first time stable isotope composition of N2O emitted from Antarctic sea Animal colonies (including penguin, seal and skua colonies) and normal tundra soils using in situ field observations and laboratory incubations, and we have analyzed the effects of sea Animal Excrement depositions on stable isotope natural abundance of N2O. For all the field sites, the soil-emitted N2O was 15N- and 18O-depleted compared with N2O in local ambient air. The mean delta values of the soil-emitted N2O were delta15N = -13.5 +/- 3.2 per thousand and delta18O = 26.2 +/- 1.4 per thousand for the penguin colony, delta15N = -11.5 +/- 5.1 per thousand and delta18O = 26.4 +/- 3.5 per thousand for the skua colony and delta15N = -18.9 +/- 0.7 per thousand and delta18O = 28.8 +/- 1.3 per thousand for the seal colony. In the soil incubations, the isotopic composition of N2O was measured under N2 and under ambient air conditions. The soils incubated under the ambient air emitted very little N2O (2.93 microg N2O--N kg(-1)). Under N2 conditions, much more N2O was formed (9.74 microg N2O--N kg(-1)), and the mean delta15N and delta18O values of N2O were -19.1 +/- 8.0 per thousand and 21.3 +/- 4.3 per thousand, respectively, from penguin colony soils, and -17.0 +/- 4.2 per thousand and 20.6 +/- 3.5 per thousand, respectively, from seal colony soils. The data from in situ field observations and laboratory experiments point to denitrification as the predominant N2O source from Antarctic sea Animal colonies.

  • Animal Excrement: a potential biomonitor of heavy metal contamination in the marine environment.
    The Science of the total environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: Xuebin Yin, Lijun Xia, Liguang Sun, Honghao Luo, Yuhong Wang
    Abstract:

    To assess the feasibility of using Animal Excrement to biomonitor the extent of heavy metal contamination in the marine environment, concentrations of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the fresh Excrement of seabirds and marine mammals, along with other biomaterials, from the Arctic, Antarctica (West and East), and Xisha Archipelago of the South China Sea were determined. Results show that the Excrement of marine Animals at higher trophic levels generally contained high levels of Hg, demonstrating the biomagnification of Hg through food chains in different remote regions. Significant variations in metal accumulation in the Excrements were observed among the distinctive geographical areas, with the highest Hg concentration in Xisha Archipelago and the highest Pb concentration in the Arctic, which reflects different levels of air metal pollution at various sampling locations. Concentrations of Cu in the Excrements primarily correlate to the geochemical background levels in the regions. High Cu concentrations were found near the Great Wall Station in West Antarctica where a copper mineralized belt exists. No clear spatial variation pattern was found for Zn accumulation in the Excrement. This study shows that Animal Excrement can be used as bioindicators for the level of metal contamination in the marine environment, with the advantages of easy sampling, accurate detection (i.e., with high levels of metal accumulation), and reconstructing historical metal contamination trends by long-term monitoring of sedimentary Excrements.

Paul Szpak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with
    2013
    Co-Authors: Maize Mays, Paul Szpak, Fred J. Longstaffe, Jean-françois Millaire, Christine D. White
    Abstract:

    Background: Stable isotope analysis is being utilized with increasing regularity to examine a wide range of issues (diet, habitat use, migration) in ecology, geology, archaeology, and related disciplines. A crucial component to these studies is a thorough understanding of the range and causes of baseline isotopic variation, which is relatively poorly understood for nitrogen (d 15 N). Animal Excrement is known to impact plant d 15 N values, but the effects of seabird guano have not been systematically studied from an agricultural or horticultural standpoint. Methodology/Principal Findings: This paper presents isotopic (d 13 C and d 15 N) and vital data for maize (Zea mays) fertilized with Peruvian seabird guano under controlled conditions. The level of 15 N enrichment in fertilized plants is very large, with d 15 N values ranging between 25.5 and 44.7 % depending on the tissue and amount of fertilizer applied; comparatively, control plant d 15 N values ranged between 20.3 and 5.7%. Intraplant and temporal variability in d 15 N values were large, particularly for the guano-fertilized plants, which can be attributed to changes in the availability of guano-derived N over time, and the reliance of stored vs. absorbed N. Plant d 13 C values were not significantly impacted by guano fertilization. High concentrations of seabird guano inhibited maize germination and maize growth. Moreover, high levels of seabird guano greatly impacted the N metabolism of the plants, resulting in significantly higher tissue N content, particularly in the stalk. Conclusions/Significance: The results presented in this study demonstrate the very large impact of seabird guano on maiz

  • Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)
    PLOS ONE, 2012
    Co-Authors: Paul Szpak, Fred J. Longstaffe, Jean-françois Millaire, Christine D. White
    Abstract:

    Background: Stable isotope analysis is being utilized with increasing regularity to examine a wide range of issues (diet, habitat use, migration) in ecology, geology, archaeology, and related disciplines. A crucial component to these studies is a thorough understanding of the range and causes of baseline isotopic variation, which is relatively poorly understood for nitrogen (d 15 N). Animal Excrement is known to impact plant d 15 N values, but the effects of seabird guano have not been systematically studied from an agricultural or horticultural standpoint. Methodology/Principal Findings: This paper presents isotopic (d 13 C and d 15 N) and vital data for maize (Zea mays) fertilized with Peruvian seabird guano under controlled conditions. The level of 15 N enrichment in fertilized plants is very large, with d 15 N values ranging between 25.5 and 44.7% depending on the tissue and amount of fertilizer applied; comparatively, control plant d 15 N values ranged between 20.3 and 5.7%. Intraplant and temporal variability ind 15 N values were large, particularly for the guano-fertilized plants, which can be attributed to changes in the availability of guano-derived N over time, and the reliance of stored vs. absorbed N. Plant d 13 C values were not significantly impacted by guano fertilization. High concentrations of seabird guano inhibited maize germination and maize growth. Moreover, high levels of seabird guano greatly impacted the N metabolism of the plants, resulting in significantly higher tissue N content, particularly in the stalk. Conclusions/Significance: The results presented in this study demonstrate the very large impact of seabird guano on maize d 15 N values. The use of seabird guano as a fertilizer can thus be traced using stable isotope analysis in food chemistry applications (certification of organic inputs). Furthermore, the fertilization of maize with seabird guano creates an isotopic signature very similar to a high-trophic level marine resource, which must be considered when interpreting isotopic data from archaeological material.

Achim Weiske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Control of NO_3 ^− and N_2O emissions in agroecosystems: A review
    Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015
    Co-Authors: Gero Benckiser, Tanja Schartel, Achim Weiske
    Abstract:

    Energized electron flows through biological systems sustain nature’s complexity. They drive bacterial, archaeal, and fungal oxidation–reduction processes and enable to introduce CO_2 and N_2 from the atmospheric pool. Electron flux-based food webs convert soil organic matter (SOM) in virgin forest and permafrost soils, over-fertilized agricultural land, grassland systems, compost/wastewater treatment plants, oceans, rain forests, savannahs, and forests of the temperate climate zones, and have their strategy adapted on the system in which they are active. Thus, the electron driving power is responsible in our industrializing world that carbon and nitrogen returns to the atmosphere presently with an annual N_2O-N proportion of 0.5 to 4.2 terragrams (Tg) or an annual atmospheric N_2O-N increase of 0.25 %. N_2O is a 300-times more potent greenhouse gas than CO_2. Nature’s water-soluble soil carbon (C_H2O)/NO_3 ^− ratio balancing is seen as a model of how N_2O emissions could be kept in a tolerable range. Sub strategies beyond are (a) an annual 400–800 terragrams (Tg) photosynthate-C (90–95 % sugars) release into plant rhizospheres, (b) spot-wise N enriching Animal Excrement and wide C/N ratio litter fall distributions, (c) viral shunts or life shortcuts to supporting O_2 consuming, N supplying, and denitrifying recycler communities, (d) subterranean organic–inorganic soil components mixing and O_2 diffusion promoting NO_3 ^− formation, and (e) the release of nitrification inhibiting compounds as neem, karanjin, or specific humic acids which help in controlling nitrate formation and denitrification. Soil microbial transport vehicles are fungal hyphae, plant roots, and subterranean Animals. Through their activities, aerobic–anaerobic gradients in the soil crumb mosaics emerge. Plant root intertissue spaces, Animal guts, and co-transported soil crumbs where under carbon-dominated C_H2O/NO_3 ^− ratios preferred microbes reside are mobile locations in well-aerated soils. In such reduction-equivalent surplus environments, denitrifying communities are forced to use during anaerobic respiration available nitrate-, nitrite ions, NO, and N_2O economically. Though at carbon-dominated C_H2O/NO_3 ^− ratios more N_2O is reduced to N_2 than in nitrate surplus environments, a complete prevention of N_2O emissions is not a reality and even not desirable from the climate point of view. After describing N_2O formation and emissions from a compost pile, a municipal wastewater treatment plant, a constructed wetland, and mineral N-fertilizer, sewage sludge or nitrification inhibitor-stabilized N-fertilizer amended soils with their aerobic-anaerobic mosaics, this review tries to deduce exercisable CN (C_H2O/NO_3) ratio shaping and N_2O emission lowering strategies for ecologists, agriculturists, and waste managers in our industrializing world.

  • Control of NO3− and N2O emissions in agroecosystems: A review
    Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015
    Co-Authors: Gero Benckiser, Tanja Schartel, Achim Weiske
    Abstract:

    AbstractEnergized electron flows through biological systems sustain nature’s complexity. They drive bacterial, archaeal, and fungal oxidation–reduction processes and enable to introduce CO2 and N2 from the atmospheric pool. Electron flux-based food webs convert soil organic matter (SOM) in virgin forest and permafrost soils, over-fertilized agricultural land, grassland systems, compost/wastewater treatment plants, oceans, rain forests, savannahs, and forests of the temperate climate zones, and have their strategy adapted on the system in which they are active. Thus, the electron driving power is responsible in our industrializing world that carbon and nitrogen returns to the atmosphere presently with an annual N2O-N proportion of 0.5 to 4.2 terragrams (Tg) or an annual atmospheric N2O-N increase of 0.25 %. N2O is a 300-times more potent greenhouse gas than CO2. Nature’s water-soluble soil carbon (CH2O)/NO3− ratio balancing is seen as a model of how N2O emissions could be kept in a tolerable range. Sub strategies beyond are (a) an annual 400–800 terragrams (Tg) photosynthate-C (90–95 % sugars) release into plant rhizospheres, (b) spot-wise N enriching Animal Excrement and wide C/N ratio litter fall distributions, (c) viral shunts or life shortcuts to supporting O2 consuming, N supplying, and denitrifying recycler communities, (d) subterranean organic–inorganic soil components mixing and O2 diffusion promoting NO3− formation, and (e) the release of nitrification inhibiting compounds as neem, karanjin, or specific humic acids which help in controlling nitrate formation and denitrification. Soil microbial transport vehicles are fungal hyphae, plant roots, and subterranean Animals. Through their activities, aerobic–anaerobic gradients in the soil crumb mosaics emerge. Plant root intertissue spaces, Animal guts, and co-transported soil crumbs where under carbon-dominated CH2O/NO3− ratios preferred microbes reside are mobile locations in well-aerated soils. In such reduction-equivalent surplus environments, denitrifying communities are forced to use during anaerobic respiration available nitrate-, nitrite ions, NO, and N2O economically. Though at carbon-dominated CH2O/NO3− ratios more N2O is reduced to N2 than in nitrate surplus environments, a complete prevention of N2O emissions is not a reality and even not desirable from the climate point of view. After describing N2O formation and emissions from a compost pile, a municipal wastewater treatment plant, a constructed wetland, and mineral N-fertilizer, sewage sludge or nitrification inhibitor-stabilized N-fertilizer amended soils with their aerobic-anaerobic mosaics, this review tries to deduce exercisable CN (CH2O/NO3) ratio shaping and N2O emission lowering strategies for ecologists, agriculturists, and waste managers in our industrializing world.