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Edward D Walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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elizabethkingia anophelis physiologic and transcriptomic responses to iron stress
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Shicheng Chen, Benjamin K Johnson, Brooke N Nelson, Edward D WalkerAbstract:In this study, we investigated the global gene expression responses of Elizabethkingia anophelis to iron fluxes in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes fed sucrose or blood, and in iron-poor or iron-rich culture conditions. Of 3,686 transcripts revealed by RNAseq technology, 218 were upregulated while 112 were down-regulated under iron-poor conditions. Hemolysin gene expression was significantly repressed when cells were grown under iron-rich or high temperature (37°C) conditions. Furthermore, hemolysin gene expression was down-regulated after a blood meal, indicating that E. anophelis cells responded to excess iron and its associated physiological stress by limiting iron loading. By contrast, genes encoding respiratory chain proteins were up-regulated under iron-rich conditions, allowing these iron-containing proteins to chelate intracellular free iron. In vivo studies showed that growth of E. anophelis cells increased 3-fold in blood-fed mosquitoes over those in sucrose-fed ones. Deletion of siderophore synthesis genes led to impaired cell growth in both iron-rich and iron-poor media. Mutants showed more susceptibility to H2O2 toxicity and less biofilm formation than did wild-type cells. Mosquitoes with E. anophelis experimentally colonized in their guts produced more eggs than did those treated with erythromycin or left unmanipulated, as controls. Results reveal that E. anophelis bacteria respond to varying iron concentration in the mosquito gut, harvest iron while fending off iron-associated stress, contribute to lysis of red blood cells, and positively influence mosquito host fecundity.
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elizabethkingia anophelis response to iron stress physiologic genomic and transcriptomic analyses
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Shicheng Chen, Benjamin K Johnson, Brooke N Nelson, Edward D WalkerAbstract:Abstract Elizabethkingia anophelis bacteria encounter fluxes of iron in the midgut of mosquitoes, where they live as symbionts. They also establish bacteremia with severe clinical manifestations in humans, and live in water service lines in hospitals. In this study, we investigated the global gene expression responses of E. anophelis to iron fluxes in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes fed sucrose or blood, and in iron-poor or iron-rich culture conditions. Of 3,686 transcripts revealed by RNAseq technology, 218 were upregulated while 112 were down-regulated under iron-poor conditions. Most of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in functional groups assigned within “biological process,” “cell component” and “molecular function” categories. E. anophelis possessed 4 iron/heme acquisition systems. Hemolysin gene expression was significantly repressed when cells were grown under iron-rich or high temperature (37°C) conditions. Furthermore, hemolysin gene expression was down-regulated after a blood meal, indicating that E. anophelis cells responded to excess iron and its associated physiological stress by limiting iron loading. By contrast, genes encoding respiratory chain proteins were up-regulated under iron-rich conditions, allowing these iron-containing proteins to chelate intracellular free iron. In vivo studies showed that growth of E. anophelis cells increased 3-fold in blood-fed mosquitoes over those in sucrose-fed ones. Deletion of aerobactin synthesis genes led to impaired cell growth in both iron-rich and iron-poor media. Mutants showed more susceptibility to H2O2 toxicity and less biofilm formation than did wild-type cells. Mosquitoes with E. anophelis experimentally colonized in their guts produced more eggs than did those treated with erythromycin or left unmanipulated, as controls. Results reveal that E. anophelis bacteria respond to varying iron concentration in the mosquito gut, harvest iron while fending off iron-associated stress, contribute to lysis of red blood cells, and positively influence mosquito host fecundity.
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household level and surrounding peri domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban rural continuum in blantyre malawi
Malaria Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts.
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Household-level and surrounding peri-domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban–rural continuum in Blantyre, Malawi
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Abstract Background Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Methods Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Results Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. Conclusions This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts
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genomic physiologic and symbiotic characterization of serratia marcescens strains isolated from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Shicheng Chen, Jochen Blom, Edward D WalkerAbstract:Strains of Serratia marcescens, originally isolated from the gut lumen of adult female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, established persistent infection at high rates in adult A. stephensi whether fed to larvae or in the sugar meal to adults. By contrast, the congener S. fonticola originating from Aedes triseriatus had lower infection in A. stephensi, suggesting co-adaptation of Serratia strains in different species of host mosquitoes. Coinfection at high infection rate in adult A. stephensi resulted after feeding S. marcescens and Elizabethkingia anophelis in the sugar meal, but when fed together to larvae, infection rates with E. anophelis were much higher than were S. marcescens in adult A. stephensi, suggesting a suppression effect of coinfection across life stages. A primary isolate of S. marcescens was resistant to all tested antibiotics, showed high survival in the mosquito gut, and produced alpha-hemolysins which contributed to lysis of erythrocytes ingested with the blood meal. Genomes of two primary isolates from A. stephensi, designated S. marcescens ano1 and ano2, were sequenced and compared to other Serratia symbionts associated with insects, nematodes and plants. S. marcescens ano1 and ano2 had predicted virulence factors possibly involved in attacking parasites and/or causing opportunistic infection in mosquito hosts. S. marcescens ano1 and ano2 possessed multiple mechanisms for antagonism against other microorganisms, including production of bacteriocins and multi-antibiotic resistance determinants. These genes contributing to potential anti-malaria activity including serralysins, hemolysins and chitinases are only found in some Serratia species. It is interesting that genome sequences in S. marcescens ano1 and ano2 are distinctly different from those in Serratia sp. Ag1 and Ag2 which were isolated from Anopheles gambiae. Compared to Serratia sp. Ag1 and Ag2, S. marcescens ano1 and ano2 have more rRNAs and many important genes involved in commensal and anti-parasite traits.
Mark L Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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household level and surrounding peri domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban rural continuum in blantyre malawi
Malaria Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts.
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Household-level and surrounding peri-domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban–rural continuum in Blantyre, Malawi
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Abstract Background Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Methods Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Results Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. Conclusions This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts
Yoseph De Nachs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PENENTUAN SPESIES DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS H-14 TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Anopheles SPP SEBAGAI VEKTOR MALARIA DI KECAMATAN SIKAKAP KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI
2018Co-Authors: Yoseph De NachsAbstract:Nyamuk Anopheles spp adalah vektor utama penyebab penyakit malaria. Pengendalian vektor malaria dapat dilakukan dengan bioinsektisida salah satunya menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi spesies Anopheles dan mengetahui efektivitas Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14 terhadap larva nyamuk Anopheles di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan eksperimental yang dilaksanakan pada Juli 2017 – Maret 2018. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah konsekutif sampling berupa larva instar III dari Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Larva yang didapatkan dilapangan diidentifikasi untuk menentukan spesies dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji efektivitas dengan 5 konsentrasi yaitu 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 dan 0.04 % serta ditambah dengan kontrol. Hasil penelitian didapatkan spesies Anopheles yang terbanyak di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai adalah Anopheles subpictus. Nilai LC50 didapatkan pada konsentasi 0.005 % dan LC90 terdapat pada konsentrasi 0.015 % setelah 48 jam perlakuan. Penghitungan dengan konsentrasi 0.04 % didapatkan kematian larva LT50 dicapai pada menit ke 1123.30 dan LT90 pada menit ke 1682.25. Kesimpulannya adalah spesies Anopheles yang terbanyak di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai adalah Anopheles subpictus dan Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14 efektif menyebabkan kematian larva instar III nyamuk Anopheles dengan konsentrasi yang rendah. Kata kunci: Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Anopheles spp, Anopheles subpictus, LC50, LC90, LT50, LT90
Rusdji, Selfi Renita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Penentuan Spesies dan Uji Efektivitas Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis H-14 Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Anopheles spp Sebagai Vektor Malaria di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas, 2019Co-Authors: De Nachs Yoseph, Hasmiwati Hasmiwati, Rusdji, Selfi RenitaAbstract:Nyamuk Anopheles spp adalah vektor utama penyebab penyakit malaria. Pengendalian vektor malaria dapat dilakukan dengan bioinsektisida salah satunya menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi spesies Anopheles dan mengetahui efektivitas Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14 terhadap larva nyamuk Anopheles di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan eksperimental yang dilaksanakan pada Juli 2017 – Maret 2018. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah konsekutif sampling berupa larva instar III dari Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Larva yang didapatkan dilapangan diidentifikasi untuk menentukan spesies dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji efektivitas dengan 5 konsentrasi yaitu 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 dan 0.04 % serta ditambah dengan kontrol. Hasil penelitian didapatkan spesies Anopheles yang terbanyak di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai adalah Anopheles subpictus. Nilai LC50 didapatkan pada konsentasi 0.005 % dan LC90 terdapat pada konsentrasi 0.015 % setelah 48 jam perlakuan. Penghitungan dengan konsentrasi 0.04 % didapatkan kematian larva LT50 dicapai pada menit ke 1123.30 dan LT90 pada menit ke 1682.25. Kesimpulannya adalah spesies Anopheles yang terbanyak di Kecamatan Sikakap Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai adalah Anopheles subpictus dan Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis H-14 efektif menyebabkan kematian larva instar III nyamuk Anopheles dengan konsentrasi yang rendah
Nicole F Dear - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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household level and surrounding peri domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban rural continuum in blantyre malawi
Malaria Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts.
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Household-level and surrounding peri-domestic environmental characteristics associated with malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus along an urban–rural continuum in Blantyre, Malawi
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Nicole F Dear, Chifundo Kadangwe, Themba Mzilahowa, Andy Bauleni, Don P Mathanga, Chifundo Duster, Edward D Walker, Mark L WilsonAbstract:Abstract Background Malaria is increasing in some recently urbanized areas that historically were considered lower risk. Understanding what drives urban transmission is hampered by inconsistencies in how “urban” contexts are defined. A dichotomized “urban–rural” approach, based on political boundaries may misclassify environments or fail to capture local drivers of risk. Small-scale agriculture in urban or peri-urban settings has been shown to be a major risk determinant. Methods Household-level Anopheles abundance patterns in and around Malawi’s commercial capital of Blantyre (~ 1.9 M pop.) were analysed. Clusters (N = 64) of five houses each located at 2.5 km intervals along eight transects radiating out from Blantyre city centre were sampled during rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. Mosquito densities were measured inside houses using aspirators to sample resting mosquitoes, and un-baited CDC light traps to sample host seeking mosquitoes. Results Of 38,895 mosquitoes captured, 91% were female and 87% were Culex spp. Anopheles females (N = 5058) were primarily captured in light traps (97%). Anopheles abundance was greater during rainy seasons. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than Anopheles arabiensis, but both were found on all transects, and had similar associations with environmental risk factors. Anopheles funestus and An. arabiensis females significantly increased with distance from the urban centre, but this trend was not consistent across all transects. Presence of small-scale agriculture was predictive of greater Anopheles spp. abundance, even after controlling for urbanicity, number of nets per person, number of under-5-year olds, years of education, and season. Conclusions This study revealed how small-scale agriculture along a rural-to-urban transition was associated with An. arabiensis and An. funestus indoor abundances, and that indoor Anopheles density can be high within Blantyre city limits, particularly where agriculture is present. Typical rural areas with lower house density and greater distance from urban centres reflected landscapes more suitable for Anopheles reproduction and house invasion. However, similar characteristics and elevated Anopheles abundances were also found around some houses within the city limits. Thus, dichotomous designations of “urban” or “rural” can obscure important heterogeneity in the landscape of Plasmodium transmission, suggesting the need for more nuanced assessment of urban malaria risk and prevention efforts
