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Marcus Haward - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Marine plastic pollution in the polar south: Responses from Antarctic Treaty System
Polar Record, 2020Co-Authors: Mengzhu Zhang, Marcus Haward, Jeffrey McgeeAbstract:Abstract Marine plastic pollution is increasing prominence in current discussions on the governance of the world’s oceans. The Southern Ocean is geographically remote but is still significantly impacted by plastic pollution. Plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean can derive from a variety of sources, including waste from research stations and fishing operations within the Treaty Area and, through transport by ocean currents and wind-generated water movements, from outside the Treaty Area. While there is a growing academic literature on marine plastic pollution in Antarctic, there is less attention to date on the response of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) to this issue. This paper analyses how the ATS has engaged with the issue of plastic waste in general, and marine plastic pollution more particularly, from the entry into force of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1998–2019. Our results indicate that from 2017 the ATS has shown increased attention towards addressing locally sourced marine plastic pollution. A significant problem, however, remains with the respect to marine plastic pollution originating from outside Antarctic Treaty Area that requires a governance response from outside the ATS.
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The Antarctic Treaty System: challenges and opportunities
2020Co-Authors: Marcus HawardAbstract:Over the last 60 years, the scope of international governance of Antarctica has steadily expanded in scope. In 1959, during the geopolitical tension of the early cold-war period, the Antarctic Treaty was formed by the twelve original states to primarily prevent security competition in the Antarctic region. From its very creation, resolution – or at least management – of geopolitical tension has been a core norm of the Antarctic Treaty. This instrument was negotiated and entered into force during a period of heightened Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Antarctic Treaty effectively managed this tension by demilitarising the Antarctic continent and directing all human presence on the continent towards peaceful use and scientific research. Throughout its history the Antarctic Treaty has been viewed as a successful example of international governance because of its successful responses to internal and external pressures.
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Australian interests, bifocalism, bipartisanship, and the Antarctic Treaty System
Polar Record, 2012Co-Authors: Marcus Haward, Nicholas CooperAbstract:This article explores the character of domestic political support for the Australian Antarctic Territory and Australia’s involvement in the Antarctic Treaty System, using the linked frames of bifocalism and bipartisanship. After first unpacking these concepts it explores how they have shaped the extent and form of Australia’s Antarctic endeavours from the 1930s to the present day. It is argued that the analysis shows that bipartisan commitment to Australian interests in Antarctica is framed through bifocalism: first, Australian national interests are closely linked to maintenance of the Antarctic Treaty and Antarctic Treaty System, and second, presentation of these national interests is not inimical to commitments to the Antarctic Treaty and Antarctic Treaty System.
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Antarctic Treaty System ready for a challenge.
Science (New York N.Y.), 2012Co-Authors: Marcus Haward, Julia Jabour, Aj PressAbstract:In their Policy Forum “Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic” (13 July, p. [158][1]), S. L. Chown et al. discuss concerns about the Antarctic Treaty System's (ATS's) ability to navigate future challenges. We believe ATS has demonstrated that it is both robust and adaptable. ![Figure][2] United. Treaty nation flags fly over the South Pole. CREDIT: PETTY OFFICER 2ND CLASS JOHN K. SOKOLOWSKI/U.S. NAVY Chown et al. raise the issue of marine resource harvesting, biological prospecting, and potential mineral and hydrocarbon exploitation. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) regulates the harvesting of marine resources in the Southern Ocean, and it has arguably the most highly developed system for ecosystem-based management of any international agreement ([ 1 ][3]). Underpinning CCAMLR's decision-making processes is the precautionary approach which, as it has evolved, has set very conservative catch limits on fish stocks and provided other mechanisms for reducing harvesting impacts. The Southern Ocean krill fishery is arguably the largest underexploited fishery in the world. For many years, CCAMLR has been developing mechanisms in advance of projected escalation of interest in the fishery, including setting precautionary catch limits, establishing small-scale management areas, and invoking trigger points where, when a predesignated catch is exceeded, additional conservation measures will apply. In their discussion of the submissions of several Antarctic claimant states to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), Chown et al. have misconstrued both the actions of those Antarctic Treaty Parties and the effects of those actions. All Antarctic Treaty Parties are bound by the Antarctic mining ban ([ 2 ][4]). Submission of data to the CLCS in relation to Antarctic or other continental shelves has no bearing on that ban or a party's obligation to uphold it. Mitigating unacceptable human impacts in Antarctica is a substantial focus for the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, as Chown et al. note. There is no evidence that human interest in Antarctica will outpace the capacity of the ATS to respond. The historically steady climb in Antarctic tourism numbers from the 1990s has been reversed since the 2008 financial crisis ([ 3 ][5]) and also since the International Maritime Organization introduced a ban on the use and carriage of heavy and intermediate fuel into the Antarctic Treaty Area in 2011 ([ 4 ][6]). Tourism is subject to ongoing monitoring, oversight, and management, mainly through the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO)—an organization mindful of the extraordinary responsibilities it carries for maintaining the integrity of the pristine Antarctic environment. Local impact is minimized by a system of site guidelines and rules about behavior ashore—the latter originally adopted by IAATO in its by-laws and later formalized by the ATS. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties have addressed past challenges firmly and overtly within the Antarctic Treaty's twin pillars of peace and science ([ 5 ][7]). Reforms to the operation of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, increased opportunities for engagement with relevant international organizations, and the presence of nongovernmental organizations as observers to ATS meetings and as members of national delegations since the mid-1980s all work to strengthen the institutional resilience of the ATS. The number of parties acceding to instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System has steadily increased (including, notably, Malaysia and Pakistan in 2011). At the same time, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties have increased engagement with relevant international organizations: among them, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization regarding IUU fishing; the International Hydrographic Office in relation to charting Antarctic waters; and the International Maritime Organization in the development of the Polar Shipping Code. We concur that the challenges facing the region defy complacency. The quickening pace of global change requires scientists and policymakers to work together. With this as a fundamental underpinning for future action, we believe the ATS is well placed to meet these challenges. 1. [↵][8] 1. A. Constable , Fish Fisheries 12, 138 (2011). [OpenUrl][9][CrossRef][10][Web of Science][11] 2. [↵][12] Article 7, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat ([www.ats.aq/e/ep.htm][13]). 3. [↵][14] International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, Tourism Statistics ( ). 4. [↵][15] Annex I, Chapter 9, “Special requirements for the use or carriage of oils in the Antarctic area,” International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) (International Maritime Organization Resolution MEPC.189(60), 26 March 2010). 5. [↵][16] Articles I and III of the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat ([www.ats.aq/documents/ats/Treaty_original.pdf][17]). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1222821 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #ref-2 [5]: #ref-3 [6]: #ref-4 [7]: #ref-5 [8]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFish%2BFisheries%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253D138%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1467-2979.2011.00410.x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [10]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00410.x&link_type=DOI [11]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000290540700003&link_type=ISI [12]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [13]: http://www.ats.aq/e/ep.htm [14]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [15]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [16]: #xref-ref-5-1 "View reference 5 in text" [17]: http://www.ats.aq/documents/ats/Treaty_original.pdf
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introduction the Antarctic Treaty 1961 2011
The Polar Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Marcus HawardAbstract:June 23, 2011 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty. Much has been written about this Treaty and its negotiation, with the anniversary of its signing recognized in a variety of ways.1 The Antarctic Treaty is a remarkable instrument. The Treaty, established in the Cold War, and building on unprecedented collaboration between states in the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58, is noteworthy in a number of aspects. The Treaty addressed the major elements of the Antarctic Problem: differing attitudes to territorial claims and the potential conflict over the overlapping claims of Chile, Argentina and the United Kingdom in the Antarctic Peninsula. The Antarctic Treaty set aside this problem through the provisions of Article IV. In addition, the Treaty demilitarized the Antarctic continent (and surrounding ocean) and established a nuclear-free zone. These provisions were supplemented by the development of an innovative inspection regime. The Antarctic Treaty is a security instrument and, with its focus on science, provides one of the earliest examples of what is now termed environmental security. The Treaty built on the "gentleman’s agreement" that continued the "standstill proposal" relating to territorial acquisition during the IGY. Together with commitments to scientific endeavour developing from the work of the IGY, and more recently reinforced through the third International Polar Year of 2007–08, the core values of peace and science have retained their centrality.
Paul Arthur Berkman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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president eisenhower the Antarctic Treaty and the origin of international spaces
2011Co-Authors: Paul Arthur BerkmanAbstract:The late 1940s and early 1950s was a dangerous period of cold war posturing, with few bridges between the United States and Soviet Union. Nuclear weapons were a reality, and ballistic missiles were inevitable. It was during this period in the wake of World War II (as revealed in minutes of U.S. National Security Council meetings from 1954 to 1959) when President Eisenhower became the catalyst for an unprecedented mixture of global strategies to achieve “a day of freedom and of peace for all mankind.” One of the possibilities was to create an international status for the Antarctic area, as suggested in the draft agreement that was circulated by the United States to the seven claimant nations in 1948. Planning also was underway for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–1958 with scientific satellites anticipated to advance upper atmospheric research and promote the freedom of space, which was seen to be analogous to the longstanding concept of the freedom of the seas. In support of this space policy, the White House restrained the Army Ballistic Missile Agency from launching its JupiterC rocket into orbit in September 1956, which enabled the freedom of space to emerge with the IGY launch of Sputnik in October 1957. Building on this momentum of scientific cooperation, in May 1958, President Eisenhower invited the Soviet Union and the 10 other nations involved with Antarctic research to begin secret negotiations that would result in adoption of the Antarctic Treaty in Washington, D.C., on 1 December 1959, creating an international space “forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes . . . with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind.” Following the 1958 Convention on the High Seas that had created the initial international space beyond sovereign jurisdictions, the Antarctic Treaty also became the first nuclear arms agreement with nonarmament and peacefuluse provisions that would become precedents for the outerspace and the deepsea regimes that further established these areas as international spaces. The statesmanship of President Eisenhower that led to the Antarctic Treaty and the other international spaces demonstrates the role of science as a tool of diplomacy to build on the common interests of allies and adversaries alike for the lasting benefit of all humanity.
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Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance
The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 2009Co-Authors: Paul Arthur BerkmanAbstract:AbstractFor the past five decades, the Antarctic Treaty has provided a firm foundation for ongoing international cooperation to successfully manage nearly ten percent of the Earth for “peaceful purposes only ... on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation.” Growing from seven claimant and five non-claimant signatories, the Antarctic Treaty now engages 47 nations, representing nearly 90 percent of humankind. To assess the legacy lessons of the Antarctic Treaty and to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its December 1, 1959 signature in the city where it was adopted in “in the interest of all mankind” – the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance will be convened in Washington, DC at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, from November 30 to December 3, 2009. The Antarctic Treaty Summit will provide a unique open forum for scientists, legislators, administrators, lawyers, historians, educators, executives, students and other members of civil society to share insights. Together, this international and interdisciplinary group of stakeholders will explore science-policy achievements and precedents for sustained peaceful governance of international spaces that cover nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s surface beyond national jurisdictions.
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Antarctic Treaty summit science policy interactions in international governance
The Yearbook of Polar Law Online, 2009Co-Authors: Paul Arthur BerkmanAbstract:AbstractFor the past five decades, the Antarctic Treaty has provided a firm foundation for ongoing international cooperation to successfully manage nearly ten percent of the Earth for “peaceful purposes only ... on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation.” Growing from seven claimant and five non-claimant signatories, the Antarctic Treaty now engages 47 nations, representing nearly 90 percent of humankind. To assess the legacy lessons of the Antarctic Treaty and to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its December 1, 1959 signature in the city where it was adopted in “in the interest of all mankind” – the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance will be convened in Washington, DC at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, from November 30 to December 3, 2009. The Antarctic Treaty Summit will provide a unique open forum for scientists, legislators, administrators, lawyers, historians, educators, executives, students and other members of civil society to share insights. Together, this international and interdisciplinary group of stakeholders will explore science-policy achievements and precedents for sustained peaceful governance of international spaces that cover nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s surface beyond national jurisdictions.
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Antarctic Treaty Summit to Focus on Global Science Policy Lessons
Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2008Co-Authors: Paul Arthur Berkman, David W.h. Walton, C. Susan WeilerAbstract:The Antarctic Treaty Summit, which will coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty's signing, will be held at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D. C., from 30 November to 3 December 2009. The summit will provide an open international forum for scientists, legislators, lawyers, administrators, educators, students, corporate executives, historians, and other members of global civil society to explore science policy achievements from the first 50 years of the Antarctic Treaty. In addition, the summit will complement official government celebrations of the Antarctic Treaty anniversary that do not include public participation.
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Earth science in the Antarctic Treaty System
2007Co-Authors: Paul Arthur BerkmanAbstract:Earth science has had a profound influence on the design, development and implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) since the 1959 Antarctic Treaty was signed with insight that: scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind. This presentation will illustrate the extensive application of Earth science concepts in policies adopted subsequently by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties, who have been so designated by conducting substantial research. Digital library applications (http://aspire.nvi.net) will be demonstrated for Antarctic scientists to easily discover and interpret the policy relevance of their own research. Information also will be introduced about the Antarctic Treaty Summit: Science-Policy Interactions in International Governance, which is being planned to encompass the 50 anniversary of the signature day for the Antarctic Treaty on December 1, 2009.
Glenn M. Stein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Antarctic Treaty summit medal
Polar Record, 2010Co-Authors: Glenn M. SteinAbstract:The meeting of the International Board of the Antarctic Treaty summit (http://www.atsummit50.aq) celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959, provided an opportunity to design a medal based on the theme of science ‘in the interest of all mankind,’ as expressed in the Treaty’s preamble. The author presented the first design in January 2009 for a bronze medal, between 62–76 mm in diameter with a 7 mm thickness. The medal eventually went through five design changes before it was approved on behalf of the International Board for the Antarctic Treaty summit. In the autumn of 2009, 125 medals, measuring 62 mm in diameter and a thickness of 3 mm were struck by Maxwell Medals, Traverse City, Michigan. Each of the medals was numbered and a master list of the recipients was maintained. Specific numbered medals were provided to each of the speakers and panelists at the Antarctic Treaty summit along with the benefactors, patrons and sponsors. Medal recipients included HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, Ban Ki-moon, SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, and Dr. G. Wayne Clough, 12th Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The obverse is based on the summit’s logo featuring a central design of a large number ‘50’ upon a circle of horizontal lines, and a silhouette of Antarctica within the number zero (Fig. 1a).
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The Antarctic Treaty summit medal
Polar Record, 2010Co-Authors: Glenn M. SteinAbstract:The meeting of the International Board of the Antarctic Treaty summit (http://www.atsummit50.aq) celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959, provided an opportunity to design a medal based on the theme of science ‘in the interest of all mankind,’ as expressed in the Treaty's preamble.
Klaus Dodds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reflecting on the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty
Polar Record, 2019Co-Authors: Klaus DoddsAbstract:AbstractThis essay serves as an introduction to the special issue recognising the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty. It provides the geopolitical and scientific context informing the creation of the negotiations for a new Treaty between October and December 1959. Thereafter, it identifies some of the challenges facing the contemporary Antarctic Treaty System. While none are thought to be threatening to the collaborative spirit that informs the legal and political status quo, there is no room for complacency either. Finally, the contributors and their essays are introduced for the reader. Taken together, it showcases the diversity of work being undertaken by scholars in the humanities and social sciences.
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Guest editorial—the 1959 Antarctic Treaty: reflecting on the 50th anniversary of a landmark agreement
Polar Research, 2010Co-Authors: Klaus DoddsAbstract:Commemorating a particular anniversary is always an arbitrary affair, an act of whimsy. After all, why acknowledge the 50th anniversary of someone or some event as opposed to the 48th? In terms of birthdays, we tend to celebrate each year as another rite of human passage. However, when it comes to events such as wars and diplomatic encounters, the media and political commentators like more substantial blocks of time: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 100th anniversaries are particularly noteworthy. The year 2009 has proven no different in terms of representing a temporal marker for the 50th anniversary of the signing of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. In December 2009 a so-called Antarctic Treaty Summit was held in Washington, D.C. to take advantage of not only such a milestone, but also “to highlight lessons learned about international governance ‘with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind’ ” (Antarctic Treaty Summit 2009, emphasis added).por_163 145..149
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Governing Antarctica: Contemporary Challenges and the Enduring Legacy of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty
Global Policy, 2010Co-Authors: Klaus DoddsAbstract:This article considers the governance of the Antarctic in the light of the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty in December 2009. Created in the midst of the cold war, this Treaty provided a mechanism for governing the Antarctic. Science and international collaboration were central to this new regime. Over the next five decades, the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) expanded as new legal instruments were developed and entered into force including the Protocol on Environmental Protection. New issues such as fishing and tourism along with an expanded membership have transformed the politics of Antarctica. Current controversies involving illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, the Law of the Sea and the creation of the ‘coastal state’, tourism and whaling will continue to provoke serious challenges for the governance of Antarctica.
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The Great Game in Antarctica: Britain and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty
Contemporary British History, 2008Co-Authors: Klaus DoddsAbstract:This article is concerned with Britain's political and territorial interests in the Antarctic in the first half of the twentieth century, culminating in the signing of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. Using in part the diaries of a Foreign Office advisor, Dr Brian Roberts, attention is given as to how successive British governments and their officials sustained a presence in the remote polar continent. Rival claimants in the form of Argentina and Chile made the task all the more difficult. Mapping and surveying were essential in maintaining British sovereignty even if the end results were at times disappointing. The article concludes by suggesting that the Antarctic Treaty, while important in promoting international scientific collaboration, did not manage to resolve the political and territorial disputes surrounding the Antarctic. Arguably, the 1982 Falklands War and its aftermath provided a vivid reminder that Britain's most southerly possessions still remain deeply contested.
David W.h. Walton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty Parties, Observers and Experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings
Polar Record, 2018Co-Authors: José C. Xavier, Dragomir Mateev, Linda Capper, Annick Wilmotte, David W.h. WaltonAbstract:The development of formal discourse about education and outreach within the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), and the influence of major international activities in this field, are described. This study reflects on the ATCM Parties’ approach to implementing the ambition of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Article 6.1.a, to promote the educational value of Antarctica and its environment, and examines the role of workshops and expert groups within the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes. These early initiatives, which emerged in the 1990s, were a prelude to the development and implementation of a large number of International Polar Year (IPY) education and outreach programmes. The establishment of an Antarctic Treaty System Intersessional Contact Group, and an online forum on education and outreach during the 2015 ATCM in Bulgaria, is a legacy of IPY and is the next step in fostering collaboration to engage people around the world in the importance and relevance of Antarctica to our daily lives.
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The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research and the Antarctic Treaty
Science diplomacy : science Antarctica and the governance of international spaces, 2011Co-Authors: David W.h. WaltonAbstract:The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) had its antecedents in the Special Committee on Antarctic Research of the International Geophysical Year, and thus its establishment in 1958 predates the Antarctic Treaty. As a body of the International Council for Science (ICSU, formerly the International Council of Scientific Unions) it is a nongovernmental organization, yet it has been intimately linked to the governmental discussions at the Antarctic Treaty since the first Antarctic Treaty meeting in 1961. Its primary role has always been to develop and coordinate international scientific research, but it has also provided independent advice to Treaty Parties on many scientific and environmental questions, initially through national government delegations. Only in 1987 was SCAR itself granted the status of observer and the right to attend Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCMs) and to submit information and working papers. This paper looks at the changing relationship between SCAR and the Treaty Parties, at some of its most important science inputs to the ATCM, and at the way SCAR itself has changed. Its earliest input to governance was advice on conservation that became the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora of 1964, and for the first 40 years of the Antarctic Treaty, SCAR provided major input on protected areas and protected species, as well as environmental impact and monitoring. Its proposals for seal conservation and management gave it a specific role in the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, and its Biological Investigations of Marine Antarctic Systems and Stocks (BIOMASS) programme laid the foundations for the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Its nonpolitical stance has allowed it to provide the only unified gazetteer for the Antarctic. The organization of SCAR remained virtually unchanged for around 30 years until the logisticians split to form the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) in 1989. The organization was languishing, but a major review of structure and function changed that in 2000, resulting in the establishment of Open Science Conferences, major new international programmes, increased educational outreach, and a greater input to the annual Antarctic Treaty meetings, often on controversial subjects like marine acoustics or specially protected species. There are currently 31 full members with 4 associate members and 9 ICSU union members.
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Antarctic Treaty Summit to Focus on Global Science Policy Lessons
Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2008Co-Authors: Paul Arthur Berkman, David W.h. Walton, C. Susan WeilerAbstract:The Antarctic Treaty Summit, which will coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty's signing, will be held at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D. C., from 30 November to 3 December 2009. The summit will provide an open international forum for scientists, legislators, lawyers, administrators, educators, students, corporate executives, historians, and other members of global civil society to explore science policy achievements from the first 50 years of the Antarctic Treaty. In addition, the summit will complement official government celebrations of the Antarctic Treaty anniversary that do not include public participation.