The Experts below are selected from a list of 122406 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard K B Jenkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novel approach for quantifying illegal bushmeat consumption reveals high consumption of Protected Species in madagascar
Oryx, 2012Co-Authors: Julie H Razafimanahaka, Richard K B Jenkins, Aidan Keane, Victor Rakotomboavonjy, Felicien Randrianandrianina, Daudet Andriafidison, Julia P G JonesAbstract:Information on the extent of bushmeat hunting is needed to assess the likely impact on hunted Species, to provide information on the opportunity cost to local people of conservation, and to judge the efficacy of interventions at reducing pressure. However, where hunting is illegal, or socially unacceptable, respondents may not answer honestly to direct questions about hunting or consumption of bushmeat. We adapted a specialized method for investigating sensitive behaviours (the randomized response technique, RRT) and questioned 1,851 people in Madagascar about their consumption of six Species, using either RRT or direct questions. For most Species at most sites RRT and direct questions returned similar estimates of the proportion of the population who had consumed bushmeat in the previous year. However, RRT resulted in significantly higher estimates of bushmeat consumption in communities surrounding a Protected area, where conservation activities made such questions sensitive. RRT has been predominately used in Europe and the USA; we demonstrate that it can provide a valuable approach for studying rule-breaking among people with poor literacy in low income countries. Between 12 and 33% of people across our sites had eaten brown lemur (Eulemur spp.), and 12–29% had eaten sifaka (Propithecus spp.) in the previous year. These results add to the growing body of evidence that hunting of Protected Species in Madagascar is a serious problem requiring urgent action. Conservation interventions to tackle bushmeat hunting will make questions about hunting or consumption more sensitive, increasing the need for researchers to use appropriate approaches for asking sensitive questions.
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analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of Protected Species in eastern madagascar
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Richard K B Jenkins, Aidan Keane, Andrinajoro R Rakotoarivelo, Victor Rakotomboavonjy, Felicien Randrianandrianina, Julie H Razafimanahaka, Sylvain R Ralaiarimalala, Julia P G JonesAbstract:Understanding the patterns of wild meat consumption from tropical forests is important for designing approaches to address this major threat to biodiversity and mitigate potential pathways for transmission of emerging diseases. Bushmeat consumption has been particularly poorly studied in Madagascar, one of the world's hottest biodiversity hotspots. Studying bushmeat consumption is challenging as many Species are Protected and researchers must consider the incentives faced by informants. Using interviews with 1154 households in 12 communes in eastern Madagascar, as well as local monitoring data, we investigated the importance of socio-economic variables, taste preference and traditional taboos on consumption of 50 wild and domestic Species. The majority of meals contain no animal protein. However, respondents consume a wide range of wild Species and 95% of respondents have eaten at least one Protected Species (and nearly 45% have eaten more than 10). The rural/urban divide and wealth are important predictors of bushmeat consumption, but the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between Species. Bushmeat Species are not preferred and are considered inferior to fish and domestic animals. Taboos have provided protection to some Species, particularly the Endangered Indri, but we present evidence that this taboo is rapidly eroding. By considering a variety of potential influences on consumption in a single study we have improved understanding of who is eating bushmeat and why. Evidence that bushmeat Species are not generally preferred meats suggest that projects which increase the availability of domestic meat and fish may have success at reducing demand. We also suggest that enforcement of existing wildlife and firearm laws should be a priority, particularly in areas undergoing rapid social change. The issue of hunting as an important threat to biodiversity in Madagascar is only now being fully recognised. Urgent action is required to ensure that heavily hunted Species are adequately Protected.
Guy Cowlishaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Species protection the changing informal economy and the politics of access to the bushmeat trade in the democratic republic of congo
Conservation Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Emmanuel De Merode, Guy CowlishawAbstract:Our understanding of the linkages between the bushmeat trade and the wider informal economy is limited. This lack of knowledge is particularly problematic for conservation under conditions of political instability, when the informal economy can be highly dynamic and impacts on wildlife populations can be severe. To explore these interlinked processes, we conducted a study of the bushmeat trade in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, through a combination of market surveys, semistructured interviews, and direct observation. We focused on the sale of Protected and unProtected Species in urban and rural markets, and the bushmeat commodity chains that supplied these markets, under conditions of political stability and armed conflict. During peacetime, Protected Species from the park (predominantly elephant and buffalo) rarely appeared in the rural markets, but they comprised more than half of all bushmeat sales in the urban markets. This pattern reflected differences in the rural and urban commodity chains. Automatic weapons were urban trade. The use of such weapons was discouraged by the traditional chiefs, who administered the village markets. During wartime, the sales of Protected Species in the urban markets increased fivefold because the military officers fled, leaving behind an open-access system that led to a massive increase in the exploitation of Protected Species. In contrast, the rural markets remained relatively stable because of the continued authority of the village chiefs. Our results indicate that sociopolitical factors can be an important determinant of Species offtake and, therefore, that knowledge of the bushmeat commodity chain can be vital to controlling theprocesses that drive Species extraction. In addition, our findings suggest that traditional authorities can be potentially valuable partners for bushmeat management.
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Species protection the changing informal economy and the politics of access to the bushmeat trade in the democratic republic of congo
Conservation Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Emmanuel De Merode, Guy CowlishawAbstract:: Our understanding of the linkages between the bushmeat trade and the wider informal economy is limited. This lack of knowledge is particularly problematic for conservation under conditions of political instability, when the informal economy can be highly dynamic and impacts on wildlife populations can be severe. To explore these interlinked processes, we conducted a study of the bushmeat trade in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, through a combination of market surveys, semistructured interviews, and direct observation. We focused on the sale of Protected and unProtected Species in urban and rural markets, and the bushmeat commodity chains that supplied these markets, under conditions of political stability and armed conflict. During peacetime, Protected Species from the park (predominantly elephant and buffalo) rarely appeared in the rural markets, but they comprised more than half of all bushmeat sales in the urban markets. This pattern reflected differences in the rural and urban commodity chains. Automatic weapons were required to hunt large Protected Species and were supplied to hunters by the military officers who controlled the urban trade. The use of such weapons was discouraged by the traditional chiefs, who administered the village markets. During wartime, the sales of Protected Species in the urban markets increased fivefold because the military officers fled, leaving behind an open-access system that led to a massive increase in the exploitation of Protected Species. In contrast, the rural markets remained relatively stable because of the continued authority of the village chiefs. Our results indicate that sociopolitical factors can be an important determinant of Species offtake and, therefore, that knowledge of the bushmeat commodity chain can be vital to controlling the processes that drive Species extraction. In addition, our findings suggest that traditional authorities can be potentially valuable partners for bushmeat management. Resumen: Nuestro entendimiento de los vinculos ente el comercio de carne silvestre y la economia informal es limitado. Esta falta de conocimiento es particularmente problematica para la conservacion bajo condiciones de inestabilidad politica, cuando la economia informal puede ser altamente dinamica y los impactos sobre las poblaciones silvestres pueden ser severos. Para explorar estos procesos interrelacionados realizamos un estudio del comercio de carne silvestre en el Parque Nacional Garamba, Republica Democratica de Congo, por medio de una combinacion de encuestas de mercado, entrevistas semiestructuradas y observacion directa. Nos concentramos en la venta de eSpecies protegidas y no protegidas en mercados urbanos y rurales y las cadenas de produccion de carne silvestre que abastecieron a estos mercados en condiciones de inestabilidad politica y de conflicto armado. Durante tiempos de paz, las eSpecies protegidas del parque (predominantemente elefante y bufalo) raramente aparecian en los mercados rurales, pero comprendieron mas de la mitad de todas las ventas de carne silvestre en los mercados urbanos. Este patron reflejo diferencias en las cadenas de productos rurales y urbanos. Se requerian armas automaticas para cazar eSpecies protegidas grandes y fueron proporcionadas por los oficiales militares que controlaban el comercio urbano. El uso de tales armas fue desalentado por jefes tradicionales, quienes administraban los mercados en poblados. Durante tiempos de guerra, las ventas de eSpecies protegidas en los mercados urbanos se quintuplicaron porque los oficiales militares huyeron, dejando atras un sistema de acceso abierto que condujo al incremento masivo en la explotacion de eSpecies protegidas. En contraste, los mercados rurales permanecieron relativamente estables debido a la autoridad continuada de los jefes tradicionales. Nuestros resultados indican que los factores sociopoliticos pueden ser un determinante importante de la captura de eSpecies y, por lo tanto, ese conocimiento de la cadena de produccion de carne silvestre puede ser vital para el control de procesos que dirigen la extraccion de eSpecies. Adicionalmente, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las autoridades tradicionales pueden ser socios potencialmente valiosos para la gestion de carne silvestre.
Julia P G Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novel approach for quantifying illegal bushmeat consumption reveals high consumption of Protected Species in madagascar
Oryx, 2012Co-Authors: Julie H Razafimanahaka, Richard K B Jenkins, Aidan Keane, Victor Rakotomboavonjy, Felicien Randrianandrianina, Daudet Andriafidison, Julia P G JonesAbstract:Information on the extent of bushmeat hunting is needed to assess the likely impact on hunted Species, to provide information on the opportunity cost to local people of conservation, and to judge the efficacy of interventions at reducing pressure. However, where hunting is illegal, or socially unacceptable, respondents may not answer honestly to direct questions about hunting or consumption of bushmeat. We adapted a specialized method for investigating sensitive behaviours (the randomized response technique, RRT) and questioned 1,851 people in Madagascar about their consumption of six Species, using either RRT or direct questions. For most Species at most sites RRT and direct questions returned similar estimates of the proportion of the population who had consumed bushmeat in the previous year. However, RRT resulted in significantly higher estimates of bushmeat consumption in communities surrounding a Protected area, where conservation activities made such questions sensitive. RRT has been predominately used in Europe and the USA; we demonstrate that it can provide a valuable approach for studying rule-breaking among people with poor literacy in low income countries. Between 12 and 33% of people across our sites had eaten brown lemur (Eulemur spp.), and 12–29% had eaten sifaka (Propithecus spp.) in the previous year. These results add to the growing body of evidence that hunting of Protected Species in Madagascar is a serious problem requiring urgent action. Conservation interventions to tackle bushmeat hunting will make questions about hunting or consumption more sensitive, increasing the need for researchers to use appropriate approaches for asking sensitive questions.
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analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of Protected Species in eastern madagascar
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Richard K B Jenkins, Aidan Keane, Andrinajoro R Rakotoarivelo, Victor Rakotomboavonjy, Felicien Randrianandrianina, Julie H Razafimanahaka, Sylvain R Ralaiarimalala, Julia P G JonesAbstract:Understanding the patterns of wild meat consumption from tropical forests is important for designing approaches to address this major threat to biodiversity and mitigate potential pathways for transmission of emerging diseases. Bushmeat consumption has been particularly poorly studied in Madagascar, one of the world's hottest biodiversity hotspots. Studying bushmeat consumption is challenging as many Species are Protected and researchers must consider the incentives faced by informants. Using interviews with 1154 households in 12 communes in eastern Madagascar, as well as local monitoring data, we investigated the importance of socio-economic variables, taste preference and traditional taboos on consumption of 50 wild and domestic Species. The majority of meals contain no animal protein. However, respondents consume a wide range of wild Species and 95% of respondents have eaten at least one Protected Species (and nearly 45% have eaten more than 10). The rural/urban divide and wealth are important predictors of bushmeat consumption, but the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between Species. Bushmeat Species are not preferred and are considered inferior to fish and domestic animals. Taboos have provided protection to some Species, particularly the Endangered Indri, but we present evidence that this taboo is rapidly eroding. By considering a variety of potential influences on consumption in a single study we have improved understanding of who is eating bushmeat and why. Evidence that bushmeat Species are not generally preferred meats suggest that projects which increase the availability of domestic meat and fish may have success at reducing demand. We also suggest that enforcement of existing wildlife and firearm laws should be a priority, particularly in areas undergoing rapid social change. The issue of hunting as an important threat to biodiversity in Madagascar is only now being fully recognised. Urgent action is required to ensure that heavily hunted Species are adequately Protected.
Emmanuel De Merode - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Species protection the changing informal economy and the politics of access to the bushmeat trade in the democratic republic of congo
Conservation Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Emmanuel De Merode, Guy CowlishawAbstract:Our understanding of the linkages between the bushmeat trade and the wider informal economy is limited. This lack of knowledge is particularly problematic for conservation under conditions of political instability, when the informal economy can be highly dynamic and impacts on wildlife populations can be severe. To explore these interlinked processes, we conducted a study of the bushmeat trade in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, through a combination of market surveys, semistructured interviews, and direct observation. We focused on the sale of Protected and unProtected Species in urban and rural markets, and the bushmeat commodity chains that supplied these markets, under conditions of political stability and armed conflict. During peacetime, Protected Species from the park (predominantly elephant and buffalo) rarely appeared in the rural markets, but they comprised more than half of all bushmeat sales in the urban markets. This pattern reflected differences in the rural and urban commodity chains. Automatic weapons were urban trade. The use of such weapons was discouraged by the traditional chiefs, who administered the village markets. During wartime, the sales of Protected Species in the urban markets increased fivefold because the military officers fled, leaving behind an open-access system that led to a massive increase in the exploitation of Protected Species. In contrast, the rural markets remained relatively stable because of the continued authority of the village chiefs. Our results indicate that sociopolitical factors can be an important determinant of Species offtake and, therefore, that knowledge of the bushmeat commodity chain can be vital to controlling theprocesses that drive Species extraction. In addition, our findings suggest that traditional authorities can be potentially valuable partners for bushmeat management.
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Species protection the changing informal economy and the politics of access to the bushmeat trade in the democratic republic of congo
Conservation Biology, 2006Co-Authors: Emmanuel De Merode, Guy CowlishawAbstract:: Our understanding of the linkages between the bushmeat trade and the wider informal economy is limited. This lack of knowledge is particularly problematic for conservation under conditions of political instability, when the informal economy can be highly dynamic and impacts on wildlife populations can be severe. To explore these interlinked processes, we conducted a study of the bushmeat trade in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, through a combination of market surveys, semistructured interviews, and direct observation. We focused on the sale of Protected and unProtected Species in urban and rural markets, and the bushmeat commodity chains that supplied these markets, under conditions of political stability and armed conflict. During peacetime, Protected Species from the park (predominantly elephant and buffalo) rarely appeared in the rural markets, but they comprised more than half of all bushmeat sales in the urban markets. This pattern reflected differences in the rural and urban commodity chains. Automatic weapons were required to hunt large Protected Species and were supplied to hunters by the military officers who controlled the urban trade. The use of such weapons was discouraged by the traditional chiefs, who administered the village markets. During wartime, the sales of Protected Species in the urban markets increased fivefold because the military officers fled, leaving behind an open-access system that led to a massive increase in the exploitation of Protected Species. In contrast, the rural markets remained relatively stable because of the continued authority of the village chiefs. Our results indicate that sociopolitical factors can be an important determinant of Species offtake and, therefore, that knowledge of the bushmeat commodity chain can be vital to controlling the processes that drive Species extraction. In addition, our findings suggest that traditional authorities can be potentially valuable partners for bushmeat management. Resumen: Nuestro entendimiento de los vinculos ente el comercio de carne silvestre y la economia informal es limitado. Esta falta de conocimiento es particularmente problematica para la conservacion bajo condiciones de inestabilidad politica, cuando la economia informal puede ser altamente dinamica y los impactos sobre las poblaciones silvestres pueden ser severos. Para explorar estos procesos interrelacionados realizamos un estudio del comercio de carne silvestre en el Parque Nacional Garamba, Republica Democratica de Congo, por medio de una combinacion de encuestas de mercado, entrevistas semiestructuradas y observacion directa. Nos concentramos en la venta de eSpecies protegidas y no protegidas en mercados urbanos y rurales y las cadenas de produccion de carne silvestre que abastecieron a estos mercados en condiciones de inestabilidad politica y de conflicto armado. Durante tiempos de paz, las eSpecies protegidas del parque (predominantemente elefante y bufalo) raramente aparecian en los mercados rurales, pero comprendieron mas de la mitad de todas las ventas de carne silvestre en los mercados urbanos. Este patron reflejo diferencias en las cadenas de productos rurales y urbanos. Se requerian armas automaticas para cazar eSpecies protegidas grandes y fueron proporcionadas por los oficiales militares que controlaban el comercio urbano. El uso de tales armas fue desalentado por jefes tradicionales, quienes administraban los mercados en poblados. Durante tiempos de guerra, las ventas de eSpecies protegidas en los mercados urbanos se quintuplicaron porque los oficiales militares huyeron, dejando atras un sistema de acceso abierto que condujo al incremento masivo en la explotacion de eSpecies protegidas. En contraste, los mercados rurales permanecieron relativamente estables debido a la autoridad continuada de los jefes tradicionales. Nuestros resultados indican que los factores sociopoliticos pueden ser un determinante importante de la captura de eSpecies y, por lo tanto, ese conocimiento de la cadena de produccion de carne silvestre puede ser vital para el control de procesos que dirigen la extraccion de eSpecies. Adicionalmente, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las autoridades tradicionales pueden ser socios potencialmente valiosos para la gestion de carne silvestre.
Barbara Thiem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phytochemical screening and acanthamoebic activity of shoots from in vitro cultures and in vivo plants of eryngium alpinum l the endangered and Protected Species
Molecules, 2020Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kikowska, Dariusz Kruszka, Monika Derda, Edward Hadaś, Barbara ThiemAbstract:Genetically uniform shoots of Eryngium alpinum L. cultured in vitro were subjected to the qualitative analysis applying the UPLC-HESI-HRMS technique. In vitro cultures give the opportunity to perform the phytochemical studies on the Protected Species without harvesting the plant material from the natural environment. The phytochemical screening of the crude methanolic extracts of shoots, both from in vitro cultures and in vivo plants, revealed the presence of phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, amino acids, or dipeptides. Active compounds detected are known to have medicinal importance, and for this reason, the present study represents a preliminary investigation of the extracts against pathogenic and opportunistic amoeba. Among the extracts tested, the extract of shoots from in vitro cultures exhibited remarkable amoebicidal action against trophozoites. On the second day of treatment, the extract at the concentrations of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, and 0.5 mg/mL showed the highest antiamoebicidal effect: the inhibition of trophozoites reached 81.14%, 66.38%, and 54.99%, respectively. To our best knowledge, the present report is the first to show the phytochemical screening and to discuss the antiamoebic activity of Eryngium alpinum L. shoots, both from in vitro cultures and in vivo plants.
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Comparative analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids in shoot cultures of Eryngium alpinum L.: an endangered and Protected Species with medicinal value
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2019Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kikowska, Barbara Thiem, Agnieszka Szopa, Marta Klimek-szczykutowicz, Monika Rewers, Elwira Sliwinska, Halina EkiertAbstract:This is the first report on establishment of Eryngium alpinum in vitro cultures and the shoot and callus biomass capacity to produce polyphenols—phenolic acids and flavonoids. Phenolic acids and flavonoids, important bioactive compounds of polyphenols, play a significant role in plants; their impact, mainly as antioxidants, on human health have been of great interest in recent years. The genetically uniform shoots of Eryngium alpinum L. cultured in vitro, developed via axillary buds and regenerated from callus tissue, maintained on the media supplemented with various plant growth regulators, were subjected to the phenolic acids and flavonoids quantitative analysis applying HPLC-DAD technique. In vitro cultures give the opportunity to perform the phytochemical studies on the Protected Species without harvesting the plant material from natural environment. Depending on the hormonal supplementation, the biomass from the shoot cultures accumulated from 11.41 to 25 times more phenolic acids [the total content ranged from 158.66 to 1817.96 mg/100 g of dry weight (DW)] and from 6.8 to 11.8 times more flavonoids (the total content ranged from 29.30 to 51.30 mg/100 g DW) than the shoots from the soil-grown plant. The polyphenols present in the shoot cultures include two phenolic acids: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic and caffeic, four depsides: caftaric, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, isochlorogenic, and rosmarinic acids, and flavonoids: aglycone—isoquercetin and glucoside—quercitrin. Most of them (apart from chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids) were detected for the first time in this Species cultured in vitro. To our best knowledge, the present report is the first one that discusses establishment of Eryngium alpinum L. in vitro cultures and the shoot and callus biomass capacity to produce two subgroups of polyphenols i.e. phenolic acids and flavonoids.
