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Larry W. Swanson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The retinoHypothalamic tract: comparison of axonal projection patterns from four major targets.
Brain Research Reviews, 2011Co-Authors: Newton S. Canteras, E. R. Ribeiro-barbosa, Marina Goto, José Cipolla-neto, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:The retinoHypothalamic tract is one component of the optic nerve that transmits information about environmental luminance levels through medial and lateral branches to four major terminal fields in the hypothalamus. The spatial distribution and organization of axonal projections from each of these four terminal fields were analyzed and compared systematically with the anterograde pathway tracer PHAL in rats where the terminal fields had been labeled with intravitreal injections of a different anterograde pathway tracer, CTb. First, the well-known projections of two medial retinoHypothalamic tract targets (the ventrolateral suprachiasmatic Nucleus and perisuprachiasmatic region) were confirmed and extended. They share qualitatively similar projections to a well-known set of brain regions thought to control circadian rhythms. Second, the projections of a third medial tract target, the ventromedial part of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, were analyzed for the first time and shown to resemble qualitatively those from the suprachiasmatic Nucleus and perisuprachiasmatic region. And third, projections from the major lateral retinoHypothalamic tract target were analyzed for the first time and shown to be quite different from those associated with medial tract targets. This target is a distinct core part of the ventral zone of the Anterior group of the lateral Hypothalamic area that lies just dorsal to the caudal two-thirds of the supraoptic Nucleus. Its axonal projections are to neural networks that control a range of specific goal-oriented behaviors (especially drinking, reproductive, and defensive) along with adaptively appropriate and complementary visceral responses and adjustments to behavioral state.
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Analysis of direct hippocampal cortical field CA1 axonal projections to diencephalon in the rat
The Journal of comparative neurology, 2006Co-Authors: Lee A. Cenquizca, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:The hippocampal formation is generally considered essential for processing episodic memory. However, the structural organization of hippocampal afferent and efferent axonal connections is still not completely understood, although such information is critical to support functional hypotheses. The full extent of axonal projections from field CA1 to the interbrain (diencephalon) is analyzed here with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method. The ventral pole of field CA1 establishes direct pathways to, and terminal fields within, the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, lateral Hypothalamic and lateral preoptic areas, medial preoptic area, and certain other Hypothalamic regions, as well as particular midline thalamic nuclei. These results suggest that hippocampal field CA1 modulates motivated or goal-directed behaviors, and physiological responses, associated with the targeted Hypothalamic neuron populations.
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Organization of projections from the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat.
The Journal of comparative neurology, 1994Co-Authors: P.y Risold, Newton S. Canteras, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (AHN) projections were examined with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) method in adult male rats. Labeled axons from the AHN follow three major routes. 1) A large ascending pathway ends densely in the telencephalon, particularly in the lateral septal Nucleus. Axons along this route provide moderate to dense input to the medial and lateral preoptic areas, and a few are also observed in the septofimbrial Nucleus and fimbria; the latter end in the temporal hippocampus. A few axons reach the amygdala through the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, which receive a moderate input, and then the stria terminalis, and others reach it by way of the ansa peduncularis. 2) The second pathway travels dorsal to the AHN, ending densely in rostral perifornical regions of the lateral Hypothalamic area, and the rostral ventrolateral tip of the Nucleus reuniens. The parataenial and rostral paraventricular thalamic nuclei also receive a significant input. Some fibers and boutons were also observed in the rhomboid, interanterodorsal, and mediodorsal nuclei, and others course through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenula. 3) the largest pathway descends through dorsal and ventral routes in the medial Hypothalamic zone before ending massively in the periaqueductal gray. Dorsal route fibers provide inputs to the zona incerta and posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, whereas more ventral axons generate dense terminal fields in the ventromedial Nucleus capsule and core, and dorsal premammillary Nucleus. The retrochiasmatic area, dorsomedial Nucleus, and medial supramammillary Nucleus also receive significant inputs, and a few axons end in the subparafascicular Nucleus, superior colliculus, and mammillary body. The caudalmost axons were seen in the pontine central gray and reticular formation. These pathways are bilateral, usually with a distinct ipsilateral predominance. The overall pattern of efferents from Anterior, central, and posterior parts of the AHN is similar, whereas the relative densities of particular terminal fields may vary considerably. Projections from adjacent parts of the retrochiasmatic and perifornical areas are also described. The results are discussed in terms of neural circuitry that may be involved in mediating interactions between animals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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The dorsal premammillary Nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1992Co-Authors: Newton S. Canteras, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:The results of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport experiments in the rat indicate that the dorsal premammillary Nucleus (PMd) gives rise to a branched pathway ending in the Anterior thalamic group and brainstem, like the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei. However, unlike these nuclei, the ascending PMd projection courses through and to the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, and the descending PMd projection ends in the periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, and adjacent parts of the reticular formation. Also unlike the traditional mammillary nuclei, the PMd does not receive a direct input from the columns of the fornix; instead, it receives a bilateral input from the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, which in turn receives inputs from areas related to the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. The results provide interesting perspectives on the organization of medial Hypothalamic circuits underlying the goal-oriented behaviors associated with hunger, thirst, and reproduction.
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Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: A PHAL anterograde tract‐tracing study in the rat
The Journal of comparative neurology, 1992Co-Authors: Newton S. Canteras, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:The projections of the ventral subiculum are organized differentially along the dorsoventral (or septotemporal) axis of this cortical field, with more ventral regions playing a particularly important role in hippocampal communication with the amygdala, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), and rostral hypothalamus. In the present study we re-examined the projection of the ventral subiculum to these regions with the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in the rat. The results confirm and extend earlier conclusions based primarily on the autoradiographic method. Projections from the ventral subiculum course either obliquely through the angular bundle to innervate the amygdala and adjacent parts of the temporal lobe, or follow the alveus and fimbria to the precommissural fornix and medial corticoHypothalamic tract. The major amygdalar terminal field is centered in the posterior basomedial Nucleus, while other structures that appear to be innervated include the piriformamygdaloid area, the posterior basolateral, posterior cortical, posterior, central, medial, and intercalated nuclei, and the Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Projections from the ventral subiculum reach the BST mainly by way of the precommissural fornix, and provide rather dense inputs to the anterodorsal area as well as the transverse and interfascicular nuclei. The medial corticoHypothalamic tract is the main route taken by fibers from the ventral subiculum to the hypothalamus, where they innervate the medial preoptic area, “shell” of the ventromedial Nucleus, dorsomedial Nucleus, ventral premammillary Nucleus, and cell-poor zone around the medial mammillary Nucleus. We also observed a rather dense terminal field just dorsal to the suprachiasmatic Nucleus that extends dorsally and caudally to fill the subparaventricular zone along the medial border of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus and ventrolateral border of the paraventricular Nucleus. The general pattern of outputs to the hypothalamus and septum is strikingly similar for the ventral subiculum and suprachiasmatic Nucleus, the endogenous circadian rhythm generator. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Newton S. Canteras - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment 4– Projections of the dlPAG.
2013Co-Authors: Grasielle C. Kincheski, Newton S. Canteras, Sandra R. Mota-ortiz, Eloisa Pavesi, Antônio P. CarobrezAbstract:Dark-field photomicrographs showing the distribution pattern of PHA-L immunoreactive axons in the rostral Nucleus reuniens (A), the intralaminar and lateral dorsal thalamic nuclei (B), the parvicellular subparafascicular, peripeduncular, suprageniculate and medial geniculate nuclei (C), and the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus and subfornical region of the lateral hypothalamus (D). Abbreviations: 3 V – third ventricle; AD – anterodorsal Nucleus thalamus; AHNc – Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, central part; CL – central lateral Nucleus thalamus; CM – central medial Nucleus thalamus; fx – fornix; LD – lateral dorsal Nucleus thalamus; LHAd – lateral Hypothalamic area, dorsal region; LHAsf – lateral Hypothalamic area, subfornical region; MD – mediodorsal Nucleus thalamus; MGd, m, v – medial geniculate complex, dorsal, medial and ventral parts; MRN – midbrain reticular Nucleus; PT – paratenial Nucleus; PVH – paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; PVT – paraventricular thalamic Nucleus; RE – Nucleus reuniens; SGN – suprageniculate Nucleus; SPFpl – subparafascicular Nucleus thalamus, parvicelular part, lateral division; VAL – ventral Anterior-lateral complex thalamus; VMH – ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus. Scale bars = 200 µm.
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Summary diagram illustrating the dlPAG ascending projections to Hypothalamic and thalamic targets influencing cortical-hippocampal-amygdalar circuits.
2013Co-Authors: Grasielle C. Kincheski, Newton S. Canteras, Sandra R. Mota-ortiz, Eloisa Pavesi, Antônio P. CarobrezAbstract:Red lines indicate the dlPAG – medial Hypothalamic defensive circuit – thalamic pathway, where we have shown that beta-adrenergic blockade of the dorsal premammillary Nucleus impaired the acquisition of olfactory fear conditioning induced by the dlPAG-NMDA injection. Abbreviations: ACA – Anterior cingulate area; AHN – Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus; AMv – anteromedial thalamic Nucleus, ventral part; dlPAG – dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; HIP – hippocampal formation; IL – intralaminar thalamic nuclei; LA – lateral amygdalar Nucleus; LD – lateral dorsal thalamic Nucleus; PMd – dorsal premammillary Nucleus; POR – postrhinal area;RE – Nucleus reuniens; RSP – retrosplenial area; SGN – suprageniculate Nucleus; SPFpl – subparafascicular Nucleus thalamus, parvicelular part, lateral division; VMHdm – ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, dorsomedial part.
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The retinoHypothalamic tract: comparison of axonal projection patterns from four major targets.
Brain Research Reviews, 2011Co-Authors: Newton S. Canteras, E. R. Ribeiro-barbosa, Marina Goto, José Cipolla-neto, Larry W. SwansonAbstract:The retinoHypothalamic tract is one component of the optic nerve that transmits information about environmental luminance levels through medial and lateral branches to four major terminal fields in the hypothalamus. The spatial distribution and organization of axonal projections from each of these four terminal fields were analyzed and compared systematically with the anterograde pathway tracer PHAL in rats where the terminal fields had been labeled with intravitreal injections of a different anterograde pathway tracer, CTb. First, the well-known projections of two medial retinoHypothalamic tract targets (the ventrolateral suprachiasmatic Nucleus and perisuprachiasmatic region) were confirmed and extended. They share qualitatively similar projections to a well-known set of brain regions thought to control circadian rhythms. Second, the projections of a third medial tract target, the ventromedial part of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, were analyzed for the first time and shown to resemble qualitatively those from the suprachiasmatic Nucleus and perisuprachiasmatic region. And third, projections from the major lateral retinoHypothalamic tract target were analyzed for the first time and shown to be quite different from those associated with medial tract targets. This target is a distinct core part of the ventral zone of the Anterior group of the lateral Hypothalamic area that lies just dorsal to the caudal two-thirds of the supraoptic Nucleus. Its axonal projections are to neural networks that control a range of specific goal-oriented behaviors (especially drinking, reproductive, and defensive) along with adaptively appropriate and complementary visceral responses and adjustments to behavioral state.
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The medial Hypothalamic defensive system: hodological organization and functional implications.
Pharmacology biochemistry and behavior, 2002Co-Authors: Newton S. CanterasAbstract:The hypothalamus is a relatively small division of the vertebrate forebrain that plays especially important roles in neural mechanisms assuring homeostasis, defense, and reproduction. Previous studies from our laboratory have suggested a distinct circuit in the medial Hypothalamic zone as critically involved in the organization of innate defensive behavior. Thus, after exposure to a natural predator known to elicit innate defensive responses, increased Fos levels in the medial zone of the hypothalamus have been found restricted to the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, dorsomedial part of the ventromedial Nucleus, and dorsal premammillary Nucleus (PMd). Previous anatomical studies have shown that these Fos-responsive cell groups in the medial hypothalamus are interconnected in a distinct neural system, in which the PMd appears to be a critical element for the expression of defensive responses elicited by the presence of a predator. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what is currently known about the functional and hodological organization of this Hypothalamic circuit subserving defensive responses.
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The role of the retrochiasmatic area in the control of pineal metabolism.
Neuroendocrinology, 1999Co-Authors: José Cipolla-neto, E. R. Ribeiro-barbosa, Analúcia Skorupa, I Bartol, S R Mota, Solangecastro Afeche, Philippe Delagrange, Béatrice Guardiola-lemaitre, Newton S. CanterasAbstract:The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of neurotoxic ibotenic acid lesion of the retrochiasmatic area on the daily profile of pineal N-acetylserotonin and melatonin synthesis and on the pineal metabolic reactivity to nocturnal short-term retinal photostimulation. Groups of rats were killed 6 h after lights off either in the dark of immediately after being photostimulated for 1 or 15 min. Additionally, groups of rats were sacrificed at six different time points throughout the 24-hour light-dark cycle. The results suggested the presence of two functionally distinct territories in the retrochiasmatic area. The basal retrochiasmatic area, an area situated immediately ventral to the third ventricle, behind the suprachiasmatic nuclei and in front of the arcuate Nucleus, is implicated in the nocturnal inhibitory process induced by short-term retinal photostimulation. The lateral retrochiasmatic area, which is situated immediately lateral to the Anterior periventricular Nucleus, below the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus and in front of the ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, is importantly involved in the control of the peak amplitude of the daily production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin by the pineal gland.
J. Michael Wyss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estrogen Depletion Increases Blood Pressure and Hypothalamic Norepinephrine in Middle-Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Hypertension (Dallas Tex. : 1979), 2003Co-Authors: Ning Peng, John T. Clark, Chi-chang Wei, J. Michael WyssAbstract:In male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) a high NaCl diet increases arterial pressure via a reduction in Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus norepinephrine release. Young female SHR are relatively well protected from this NaCl-sensitive hypertension, but depletion of both endogenous and dietary estrogens greatly exacerbates NaCl-sensitive hypertension. This study tests the hypothesis that estrogen also protects late middle-aged female SHR from NaCl-sensitive hypertension and that this effect is mediated by an estrogen-related effect on Hypothalamic norepinephrine release. Ten-month-old female SHR were ovariectomized and placed on a phytoestrogen-free diet containing either basal or high NaCl. Each rat was implanted with a silastic tube containing 17β estradiol or vehicle. Three months later, arterial pressure and Hypothalamic norepinephrine metabolite levels (MOPEG) were measured. On the basal NaCl diet, estrogen-depleted rats displayed increased arterial pressure (12 mm Hg) and decreased Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus MOPEG (20%). Both effects were reversed by estrogen treatment. In all groups, the high NaCl diet increased arterial pressure by over 35 mm Hg and reduced Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus MOPEG by >60%. Across all groups, there was a significant inverse correlation between arterial pressure and Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus MOPEG. These data suggest that both dietary NaCl excess and estrogen depletion raise arterial pressure in middle-aged female SHR by a decreasing Hypothalamic norepinephrine.
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α2A-Adrenergic Receptors Mediate Sympathoinhibitory Responses to Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in the Mouse Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
Hypertension (Dallas Tex. : 1979), 2003Co-Authors: Ning Peng, Suzanne Oparil, Brandon D. Chambless, J. Michael WyssAbstract:In the rat, activation of α 2 -adrenergic receptors in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus inhibits sympathetic nervous system activity. Furthermore, local release of atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits norepinephrine release in this Nucleus, blocking local activation of α 2 -adrenergic receptors, and thereby contributes to NaCl-sensitive hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To further test the specificity of this mechanism, either α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists or atrial natriuretic peptide was microinjected into Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus of conscious C57BL/6 mice in which the α 2 -adrenergic receptor was functionally deleted by a single point mutation (n=10 per group). In control mice, microinjection of either clonidine or guanabenz (10 −3 to 10 −7 mol/L) caused a rapid fall in mean arterial pressure that lasted for several minutes. In the knockout mice there was no response to the injection of either dose of either agonist. Microinjection of atrial natriuretic peptide (10 −6 to 10 −7 mol/L) caused a rapid increase in mean arterial pressure (8.2±1.3 and 6.55±1.2 mm Hg, respectively) in the control mice that was similar to the responses previously observed in Wistar-Kyoto rats. In contrast, the microinjections did not significantly alter mean arterial pressure in the knockout mice. These experiments demonstrate that in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus of the mouse (and probably in the rat) α 2A -adrenergic receptors mediate both sympathoinhibitory responses to α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists and the action of atrial natriuretic peptide.
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the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis regulates noradrenaline release in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
Neuroscience, 2000Co-Authors: Ning Peng, Suzanne Oparil, J. Michael WyssAbstract:Abstract Changes in either plasma sodium concentration or arterial pressure can differentially affect Hypothalamic neurons. For instance, increases in plasma NaCl concentration decrease noradrenaline release from nerve terminals in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, while increases in arterial pressure unrelated to an elevation in plasma NaCl enhance noradrenaline release in Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus. The present study tests the hypothesis that in the rat the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (an osmosensitive area of the brain) detects rises in plasma NaCl concentration and conveys this information to Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus. The axons projecting from the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis to the hypothalamus were unilaterally cut immediately caudal to organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, and five days later, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol (the major metabolite of noradrenaline in brain) was continuously monitored in the ipsilateral or contralateral Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus in response to an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, the infusion decreased the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol concentration by 24±2% in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus contralateral to the lesion, and in control spontaneously hypertensive rats. In contrast, in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, hypertonic saline infusion caused a 58±3% increase in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol. These data support the hypothesis that the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis is part of the circuit that transmits information concerning plasma NaCl concentration to Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus.
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Distribution of neurons in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus activated by blood pressure changes in the rat.
Brain research bulletin, 1999Co-Authors: J. Michael Wyss, Kanokwan Tilokskulchai, Kathryn King, Inga Kadish, Thomas Van GroenAbstract:Electrophysiological and Fos-like protein immunocytochemical methods were used to identify the number and distribution of Anterior Hypothalamic neurons that are activated by changes in arterial pressure. First, in anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats, arterial pressure increases and decreases led to differential activation of neurons in the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus. Most of the units that responded to a rise in arterial pressure with a decrease in activity (pressor units) were located in the central part of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, whereas units that increased firing when arterial pressure rose (the depressor units) were found throughout the Nucleus. Second, in awake, male Sprague-Dawley rats, Fos-like protein immunoreactivity was mapped following sustained arterial pressure changes. Within the Anterior hypothalamus, reduction in arterial pressure increased the number of Fos-labeled neurons primarily in the paraventricular Nucleus and to a lesser extent in the Anterior half of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus. In contrast, elevation in arterial pressure increased Fos labeling throughout the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus and to a lesser extent in the paraventricular Nucleus.
L W Swanson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of direct hippocampal cortical field ca1 axonal projections to diencephalon in the rat
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2006Co-Authors: Lee A. Cenquizca, L W SwansonAbstract:The hippocampal formation is generally considered essential for processing episodic memory. However, the structural organization of hippocampal afferent and efferent axonal connections is still not completely understood, although such information is critical to support functional hypotheses. The full extent of axonal projections from field CA1 to the interbrain (diencephalon) is analyzed here with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method. The ventral pole of field CA1 establishes direct pathways to, and terminal fields within, the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, lateral Hypothalamic and lateral preoptic areas, medial preoptic area, and certain other Hypothalamic regions, as well as particular midline thalamic nuclei. These results suggest that hippocampal field CA1 modulates motivated or goal-directed behaviors, and physiological responses, associated with the targeted Hypothalamic neuron populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:101–114, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis dorsomedial Nucleus implications for cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine autonomic and drinking responses
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2006Co-Authors: Hongwei Dong, L W SwansonAbstract:The overall projection pattern of a tiny bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anteromedial group differentiation, the dorsomedial Nucleus (BSTdm), was analyzed with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde pathway tracing method in rats. Many brain regions receive a relatively moderate to strong input from the BSTdm. They fall into eight general categories: humeral sensory-related (subfornical organ and median preoptic Nucleus, involved in initiating drinking behavior and salt appetite), neuroendocrine system (magnocellular: oxytocin, vasopressin; parvicellular: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone), central autonomic control network (central amygdalar Nucleus, BST anterolateral group, descending paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, Barrington's Nucleus), Hypothalamic visceromotor pattern-generator network (five of six known components), behavior control column (ingestive: descending paraventricular Nucleus; reproductive: lateral medial preoptic Nucleus; defensive: Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus; foraging: ventral tegmental area, along with interconnected Nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata), orofacial motor control (retrorubral area), thalamocortical feedback loops (paraventricular, central medial, intermediodorsal, and medial mediodorsal nuclei; Nucleus reuniens), and behavioral state control (subparaventricular zone, ventrolateral preoptic Nucleus, tuberomammillary Nucleus, supramammillary Nucleus, lateral habenula, and raphe nuclei). This pattern of axonal projections, and what little is known of its inputs suggest that the BSTdm is part of a striatopallidal differentiation involved in coordinating the homeostatic and behavioral responses associated thirst and salt appetite, although clearly it may relate them to other functions as well. The BSTdm generates the densest known inputs directly to the neuroendocrine system from any part of the cerebral hemispheres. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:75–107, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nobutada Tashiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efferent connections of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus: a biocytin study in the cat.
Brain research bulletin, 2000Co-Authors: Hideki Kanemaru, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Hiroyuki Isayama, Masaru Kawabuchi, Nobutada TashiroAbstract:The efferent connections of the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus (AH) were examined using biocytin as anterograde tracer in the cat. The results provide several new findings in addition to confirming earlier observations. In the hypothalamus, the AH projections terminated mainly in the medial regions which are related to the defensive, reproductive and feeding behaviors, and autonomic functions. Moreover, we found dense patches of the AH terminals in the medial preoptic area and ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, which suggests the existence of modular connections between sub-regions of each Nucleus. In addition, the AH projected to regions which may be related to the emotional and autonomic responses, i.e., such regions in the amygdala, midline thalamus, septum, subthalamus, and midbrain. The data suggest that the AH may play an important role in the autonomic functions and behaviors between animals, and thus may play a key role in the defensive behavior elicited in the medial preoptic area and ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus.
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Distribution and Co-Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Argininosuccinate Synthetase in the Cat Hypothalamus
Archives of histology and cytology, 1997Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Isayama, Hideki Kanemaru, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Masaru Kawabuchi, Keiko Kobayashi, Pierce C. Emson, Nobutada TashiroAbstract:Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) comprise part of the cyclic metabolic pathway to produce nitric oxide (NO). ASS is one of the arginine synthesis enzymes which synthesizes argininosuccinate from aspartate and citrulline, and NOS forms NO and citrulline from arginine. This study examines the localization of ASS and NOS in the cat hypothalamus using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and immunohistochemistry against ASS and NOS. NADPH-d positive and/or ASS-immunoreactive neurons were localized in the following areas: the Anterior Hypothalamic area, the Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus, the supraoptic Nucleus, the suprachiasmatic Nucleus, the periventricular complex, the paraventricular Nucleus, the parvocellular Nucleus, the lateral Hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus, the dorsal Hypothalamic area, the posterior Hypothalamic area, and the supramammillary Nucleus. NOS and ASS double-labeled neurons were found in the Anterior Hypothalamic area, the supraoptic Nucleus, the central part of the paraventricular Nucleus of the hypothalamus, the lateral Hypothalamic area, ventral part of the parvocellular Hypothalamic Nucleus, the posterior Hypothalamic area, and the supramammillary Nucleus. Double-labeled neurons in the hypothalamus comprised 20.7-32.0% of ASS-immunoreactive neurons and 10.2-26.3% of NOS-immunoreactive neurons. The results suggest the existence of the 'NO cycle' in situ and the physiological importance of NO and argininosuccinate in several regions of the cat hypothalamus.