The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles J. Newbold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long‐term physiological implications
Environmental microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, David R. Yáñez-ruiz, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Alison H. Kingston-smith, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long term physiological implications
Environmental Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Charles J. Newbold, D R Yanezruiz, Alison H KingstonsmithAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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Short- and long-term effects of conventional and Artificial Rearing strategies on the health and performance of growing lambs
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, 2018Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, J. Cooke, Eleanor Jones, Hilary J. Worgan, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Artificial Rearing of young animals represents a challenge in modern ruminant production systems. This work aims to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of the type of Rearing on the animal's health, growth, feed utilization and carcass performance. A total of 24 pregnant ewes carrying triplets were used. Within each triplet set, lambs were randomly allocated to one experimental treatment: natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial Rearing with milk replacer (NA) and 50 g of colostrum alternative supplementation followed by Artificial Rearing (AA). Milk replacer, ryegrass hay and creep feed were offered ad libitum, and each experimental group was kept in independent pens until weaning at 45 days of age. After weaning all lambs were placed together on the same pasture for fattening for 4 months. Blood samples were taken at 24 h after birth, at weaning and at the end of the fattening period (23 weeks). Results showed that no failure in the passive immune transfer was detected across treatments. Although Artificially reared lambs at weaning had lower plasma levels of β-hydroxy-butyrate (-62%), high-density lipoproteins (-13%) and amylase (-25%), and higher levels of low-density lipoproteins (+38%) and alkaline phosphatase (+30%), these differences disappeared during the fattening period. Only the greater levels of calcium and the lower levels of haemoglobin and white blood cells detected at weaning in Artificially reared lambs (+7.2%, -2.8% and -17.8%) persisted by the end of the fattening period (+4.3%, -3.3% and -9.5%, respectively). Minor diarrheal events from weeks 2 to 5 were recorded with Artificial Rearing, leading to lower growth rates during the 1st month. However, these Artificially reared lambs caught up towards the end of the milk feeding period and reached similar weaning weights to NN lambs. During the fattening period NN lambs had a greater growth rate (+16%) possibly as a result of their greater early rumen development, which allowed a higher feed digestibility during the fattening period in comparison to NA lambs (+5.9%). As a result, NN lambs had heavier final BWs (+7.0%), but tended to have lower dressing percentage (-5.7%) than Artificially reared lambs, thus no differences were noted in either carcass weight or in carcass conformation across treatments. In conclusion, the use of a colostrum alternative and milk replacer facilitated the successful Rearing of lambs, reaching similar productive parameters; however, special care must be taken to maximize the rumen development before weaning.
Alejandro Belanche - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long‐term physiological implications
Environmental microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, David R. Yáñez-ruiz, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Alison H. Kingston-smith, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long term physiological implications
Environmental Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Charles J. Newbold, D R Yanezruiz, Alison H KingstonsmithAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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Short- and long-term effects of conventional and Artificial Rearing strategies on the health and performance of growing lambs
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, 2018Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, J. Cooke, Eleanor Jones, Hilary J. Worgan, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Artificial Rearing of young animals represents a challenge in modern ruminant production systems. This work aims to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of the type of Rearing on the animal's health, growth, feed utilization and carcass performance. A total of 24 pregnant ewes carrying triplets were used. Within each triplet set, lambs were randomly allocated to one experimental treatment: natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial Rearing with milk replacer (NA) and 50 g of colostrum alternative supplementation followed by Artificial Rearing (AA). Milk replacer, ryegrass hay and creep feed were offered ad libitum, and each experimental group was kept in independent pens until weaning at 45 days of age. After weaning all lambs were placed together on the same pasture for fattening for 4 months. Blood samples were taken at 24 h after birth, at weaning and at the end of the fattening period (23 weeks). Results showed that no failure in the passive immune transfer was detected across treatments. Although Artificially reared lambs at weaning had lower plasma levels of β-hydroxy-butyrate (-62%), high-density lipoproteins (-13%) and amylase (-25%), and higher levels of low-density lipoproteins (+38%) and alkaline phosphatase (+30%), these differences disappeared during the fattening period. Only the greater levels of calcium and the lower levels of haemoglobin and white blood cells detected at weaning in Artificially reared lambs (+7.2%, -2.8% and -17.8%) persisted by the end of the fattening period (+4.3%, -3.3% and -9.5%, respectively). Minor diarrheal events from weeks 2 to 5 were recorded with Artificial Rearing, leading to lower growth rates during the 1st month. However, these Artificially reared lambs caught up towards the end of the milk feeding period and reached similar weaning weights to NN lambs. During the fattening period NN lambs had a greater growth rate (+16%) possibly as a result of their greater early rumen development, which allowed a higher feed digestibility during the fattening period in comparison to NA lambs (+5.9%). As a result, NN lambs had heavier final BWs (+7.0%), but tended to have lower dressing percentage (-5.7%) than Artificially reared lambs, thus no differences were noted in either carcass weight or in carcass conformation across treatments. In conclusion, the use of a colostrum alternative and milk replacer facilitated the successful Rearing of lambs, reaching similar productive parameters; however, special care must be taken to maximize the rumen development before weaning.
Gareth W. Griffith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long‐term physiological implications
Environmental microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, David R. Yáñez-ruiz, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Alison H. Kingston-smith, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long term physiological implications
Environmental Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Charles J. Newbold, D R Yanezruiz, Alison H KingstonsmithAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
Andrew P. Detheridge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long‐term physiological implications
Environmental microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, David R. Yáñez-ruiz, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Alison H. Kingston-smith, Charles J. NewboldAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
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maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiome having minor long term physiological implications
Environmental Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Belanche, Andrew P. Detheridge, Gareth W. Griffith, Charles J. Newbold, D R Yanezruiz, Alison H KingstonsmithAbstract:Increasing productivity is a key target in ruminant science which requires better understanding of the rumen microbiota. This study investigated how maternal versus Artificial Rearing shapes the rumen microbiota using 24 sets of triplet lambs. Lambs within each sibling set were randomly assigned to natural Rearing on the ewe (NN); ewe colostrum for 24 h followed by Artificial milk feeding (NA); and colostrum alternative and Artificial milk feeding (AA). Maternal colostrum feeding enhanced VFA production at weaning but not thereafter. At weaning, lambs reared on milk replacer had no rumen protozoa and lower microbial diversity, whereas natural Rearing accelerated the rumen microbial development and facilitated the transition to solid diet. Differences in the rumen prokaryotic communities disappear later in life when all lambs were grouped on the same pasture up to 23 weeks of age. However, NN animals retained higher fungal diversity and abundances of Piromyces, Feramyces and Diplodiniinae protozoa as well as higher feed digestibility (+4%) and animal growth (+6.5%) during the grazing period. Nevertheless, no correlations were found between rumen microbiota and productive outcomes. These findings suggest that the early life nutritional intervention determine the initial rumen microbial community, but the persistence of these effects later in life is weak.
Stephen J. Goldberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Artificial Rearing on contractile properties of genioglossus muscle in Sprague-Dawley rat.
Archives of oral biology, 2006Co-Authors: Wayne A. Moore, Stephen J. Goldberg, Mary S. ShallAbstract:Mammals suckle from a nipple during the early neonatal period to obtain nourishment. The genioglossus muscle helps position and move the tongue for efficient suckling. The purpose of this study was to examine the contractile properties and myosin heavy chain (MHC) phenotype of the genioglossus following an early period of Artificial Rearing, which reduced nutritive suckling. Beginning at 3 days of age, rats were fed via gastric cannula until postnatal day 14 (P14). At P14, Artificially reared rat pups were either allowed to grow to postnatal day 42 (P42) or anaesthetised and prepared for experimentation. Comparisons were made between Artificially reared and dam reared groups at P14 and P42. At P14 maximum tetanic tension and fatigue index were lower in the Artificially reared group than the dam reared group. By P42, Artificially reared rats had a higher fatigue index and lower percentage of MHCIIa than dam reared rats. The Artificial Rearing technique employed in this study was adequate to produce chronic changes in fatigue resistance and MHC distribution in genioglossus muscle of rat; the changes observed here may be similar to changes that occur in premature human infants requiring early Artificial feedings.
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Contractile properties and myosin heavy chain composition of rat tongue retrusor musculature show changes in early adulthood after 19 days of Artificial Rearing
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda Md. : 1985), 2006Co-Authors: J. Chadwick Smith, Stephen J. Goldberg, W. Allen Moore, Mary S. ShallAbstract:Previously, we showed that Artificial Rearing using the “pup in a cup” model results in decreased tongue activity and caused some minor alterations in the tongue retrusor musculature. However, the ...
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Effects of 12 days of Artificial Rearing on morphology of hypoglossal motoneurons innervating tongue retrusors in rat
The anatomical record. Part A Discoveries in molecular cellular and evolutionary biology, 2006Co-Authors: J. Chadwick Smith, J. Ross Mcclung, Stephen J. GoldbergAbstract:The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of reduced tongue activity by Artificial Rearing on the morphology of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue retrusors. Artificially reared rat pups were fed via gastric cannula from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 14. Artificially reared animals and dam-reared controls had cholera toxin (subunit B) conjugate of horseradish peroxidase injected into the styloglossus to label motoneurons innervating hyoglossus and styloglossus on postnatal day 13 and postnatal day 59, Artificially reared animals and dam-reared controls. Following perfusion on postnatal days 14 and 60, serial transverse sections treated with tetramethyl benzidine and counter-stained neutral red were used to analyze motoneuron morphology. The shorter diameter of hyoglossus motoneurons increased with age for the dam-reared but not the Artificially reared group. There was a tendency for a similar pattern for styloglossus motoneurons across the two Rearing groups. The changes in form factor reflected the changes in shorter diameter for both motoneuron pools. Therefore, reducing suckling activity during normal postnatal development leads to diminished motoneuron somal growth in rats. This may also be the case in premature infants necessarily fed Artificially.
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Effect of Artificial Rearing on the contractile properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms of developing rat tongue musculature.
Journal of neurophysiology, 2003Co-Authors: Stacy A. Kinirons, Mary S. Shall, J. Ross Mcclung, Stephen J. GoldbergAbstract:This study's purpose was to examine the influence of an altered activity level, via Artificial Rearing, on the contractile properties, myosin heavy chain phenotypes (MHC), and muscle fiber sizes of the developing rat tongue retractor musculature. Artificially reared rat pups were fed through a gastric cannula, eliminating nutritive suckling from postnatal day 4 to postnatal day 14. Rat pups were observed immediately following Artificial Rearing (postnatal day 14) and after a 1-mo resumption of function (postnatal day 42). The contractile characteristics of the tongue retractor musculature were measured in response to stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve. At postnatal day 14, Artificially reared rat pups demonstrated significantly longer twitch half-decay times, lower fusion frequencies, and a marked decrease in fatigue resistance. These contractile speed and fatigue characteristics were fully recovered following a 1-mo resumption of function. MHC phenotypes of the styloglossus muscle (a tongue retractor) were determined by gel electrophoresis. At postnatal day 14, Artificial Rearing had not altered the MHC phenotype or muscle fiber sizes of the styloglossus muscle. However, following a 1-mo resumption of function Artificially reared rat pups demonstrated a small but significant increase in MHCIIa expression and decrease in MHCIIb expression compared with dam-reared rats. These results support Artificial Rearing as a useful model for altering the activity level of the tongue and suggest that normal suckling behavior is necessary for the normal postnatal development of the tongue retractor musculature. This may also be the case for premature infants necessarily fed Artificially.
