The Experts below are selected from a list of 3477 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jacinthe Leblanc - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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word frequency effects in immediate serial recall of pure and mixed lists tests of the Associative Link hypothesis
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Jean Saintaubin, Jacinthe LeblancAbstract:Abstract In immediate serial recall, high-frequency words are better recalled than low-frequency words. Recently, it has been suggested that high-frequency words are better recalled because of their better long-term Associative Links, and not because of the intrinsic properties of their long-term representations. In the experiment reported here, recall performance was compared for pure lists of high-and low-frequency words, and for mixed lists composed of either one low- and five high-frequency words or the reverse. The usual advantage of high-frequency words was found with pure lists and this advantage was reduced, but still significant with mixed lists composed of five low-frequency words. However, the low-frequency word included in a high-frequency list was recalled just as well as high-frequency words. Results are challenging for the Associative Link hypothesis and are best interpreted within an item-based reconstruction hypothesis, along with a distinctiveness account. In immediate serial recall, it is clearly established that high-frequency words are better recalled than lowfrequency words (see, e.g., Hulme, Stuart, Brown, & Morin, 2003; Hulme et al., 1997; Poirier & Saint-Aubin, 1996; Stuart & Hulme, 2000). To account for this effect, a number of researchers have put forward what can be called a reconstruction hypothesis. The reconstruction hypothesis can be summarised as follows. List presentation is thought to set up phonological representations that are degraded at the time of recall - either because of decay or interference (see also, Neath & Nairne, 1995 and Saint-Aubin, Ouellette, & Poirier, 2005, for versions in which other kinds of codes are used along with phonological representations). Factors typically associated to short-term memory such as articulatory suppression, word length, and phonological similarity would influence the degree of degradation of the phonological representations at the time of recall (see, e.g., Neath & Nairne, 1995; Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 2000). In order to be output as a response, degraded phonological representations must be reconstructed or completed. Most often, it is assumed that this is done by attempting to access the long-term representation that corresponds to the degraded item. The reconstruction process has sometimes been modeled after the speech repair processes occurring in speech perception (see, e.g., Hulme, Maughan, & Brown, 1991; Hulme et al., 1997; Schweickert, 1993). Similar reconstruction processes have also been implemented in a number of formal models (see, e.g., Brown & Hulme, 1995; Nairne, 1990; Neath & Nairne, 1995). Characteristics of the stimuli that are stored in long-term memory, such as frequency and lexicality, are thought to influence the accessibility of the relevant long-term representations and hence the probability of successful retrieval (see, e.g., Hulme et al., 1991; Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 1999; Schweickert, 1993)· For instance, according to this view, nonwords would not benefit from the reconstruction process because for all practical purposes, they do not have useful long-term representations (Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 2000). On the other hand, the reconstruction process would benefit from an easier access to longterm representations of high- as compared to low-frequency words. This would occur either because highfrequency words are associated to a larger number of exemplars, to better specified long-term representations or because their baseline level of activation is higher (Hulme et al., 1997; Poirier & Saint-Aubin, 1996; SaintAubin & Poirier, 2005). It is important to note that in immediate serial recall, the better recall of high- relative to low-frequency words is not thought to derive from a direct contribution of long-term representations to recall performance. Instead, the easier access to the long-term representations of high-frequency words enhances the probability of a successful reconstruction, which in turn enhances the probability of a successful recall. …
Jean Saintaubin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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word frequency effects in immediate serial recall of pure and mixed lists tests of the Associative Link hypothesis
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Jean Saintaubin, Jacinthe LeblancAbstract:Abstract In immediate serial recall, high-frequency words are better recalled than low-frequency words. Recently, it has been suggested that high-frequency words are better recalled because of their better long-term Associative Links, and not because of the intrinsic properties of their long-term representations. In the experiment reported here, recall performance was compared for pure lists of high-and low-frequency words, and for mixed lists composed of either one low- and five high-frequency words or the reverse. The usual advantage of high-frequency words was found with pure lists and this advantage was reduced, but still significant with mixed lists composed of five low-frequency words. However, the low-frequency word included in a high-frequency list was recalled just as well as high-frequency words. Results are challenging for the Associative Link hypothesis and are best interpreted within an item-based reconstruction hypothesis, along with a distinctiveness account. In immediate serial recall, it is clearly established that high-frequency words are better recalled than lowfrequency words (see, e.g., Hulme, Stuart, Brown, & Morin, 2003; Hulme et al., 1997; Poirier & Saint-Aubin, 1996; Stuart & Hulme, 2000). To account for this effect, a number of researchers have put forward what can be called a reconstruction hypothesis. The reconstruction hypothesis can be summarised as follows. List presentation is thought to set up phonological representations that are degraded at the time of recall - either because of decay or interference (see also, Neath & Nairne, 1995 and Saint-Aubin, Ouellette, & Poirier, 2005, for versions in which other kinds of codes are used along with phonological representations). Factors typically associated to short-term memory such as articulatory suppression, word length, and phonological similarity would influence the degree of degradation of the phonological representations at the time of recall (see, e.g., Neath & Nairne, 1995; Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 2000). In order to be output as a response, degraded phonological representations must be reconstructed or completed. Most often, it is assumed that this is done by attempting to access the long-term representation that corresponds to the degraded item. The reconstruction process has sometimes been modeled after the speech repair processes occurring in speech perception (see, e.g., Hulme, Maughan, & Brown, 1991; Hulme et al., 1997; Schweickert, 1993). Similar reconstruction processes have also been implemented in a number of formal models (see, e.g., Brown & Hulme, 1995; Nairne, 1990; Neath & Nairne, 1995). Characteristics of the stimuli that are stored in long-term memory, such as frequency and lexicality, are thought to influence the accessibility of the relevant long-term representations and hence the probability of successful retrieval (see, e.g., Hulme et al., 1991; Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 1999; Schweickert, 1993)· For instance, according to this view, nonwords would not benefit from the reconstruction process because for all practical purposes, they do not have useful long-term representations (Saint-Aubin & Poirier, 2000). On the other hand, the reconstruction process would benefit from an easier access to longterm representations of high- as compared to low-frequency words. This would occur either because highfrequency words are associated to a larger number of exemplars, to better specified long-term representations or because their baseline level of activation is higher (Hulme et al., 1997; Poirier & Saint-Aubin, 1996; SaintAubin & Poirier, 2005). It is important to note that in immediate serial recall, the better recall of high- relative to low-frequency words is not thought to derive from a direct contribution of long-term representations to recall performance. Instead, the easier access to the long-term representations of high-frequency words enhances the probability of a successful reconstruction, which in turn enhances the probability of a successful recall. …
Jeanette Altarriba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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testing the Associative Link hypothesis in immediate serial recall evidence from word frequency and word imageability effects
Memory, 2007Co-Authors: Chishing Tse, Jeanette AltarribaAbstract:Two immediate serial recall experiments were conducted to test the Associative-Link hypothesis (Stuart & Hulme, 2000). We manipulated interitem association by varying the intralist latent semantic analysis (LSA) cosines in our 7-item study word lists, each of which consists of high- or low-frequency words in Experiment 1 and high- or low-imageability words in Experiment 2. Whether item recall performance was scored by a serial-recall or free-recall criterion, we found main effects of interitem association, word imageability, and word frequency. The effect of interitem association also interacted with the word frequency effect, but not with the word imageability effect. The LSA-cosine×word frequency interaction occurred in the recency, but not primacy, portion of the serial position curve. The present findings set explanatory boundaries for the Associative-Link hypothesis and we argue that both item- and Associative-based mechanisms are necessary to account for the word frequency effect in immediate serial...
Robert Colin Honey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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straw men and selective citation are needed to argue that Associative Link formation makes no contribution to human learning
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2009Co-Authors: Dominic M Dwyer, Mike Le E Pelley, David N George, Mark Haselgrove, Robert Colin HoneyAbstract:Mitchell et al. contend that there is no need to posit a contribution based on the formation of Associative Links to human learning. In order to sustain this argument, they have ignored evidence which is difficult to explain with propositional accounts; and they have mischaracterised the evidence they do cite by neglecting features of these experiments that contradict a propositional account.
Chris J Mitchell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human appetitive Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: a goal-directed account
Psychological Research, 2021Co-Authors: Justin Mahlberg, Chris J Mitchell, Gabrielle Weidemann, Tina Seabrooke, Lee Hogarth, Ahmed A. MoustafaAbstract:Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks assess the impact of environmental stimuli on instrumental actions. Since their initial translation from animal to human experiments, PIT tasks have provided insight into the mechanisms that underlie reward-based behaviour. This review first examines the main types of PIT tasks used in humans. We then seek to contribute to the current debate as to whether human PIT effects reflect a controlled, goal-directed process, or a more automatic, non-goal-directed mechanism. We argue that the data favour a goal-directed process. The extent to which the major theories of PIT can account for these data is then explored. We discuss a number of Associative accounts of PIT as well as dual-process versions of these theories. Ultimately, however, we favour a propositional account, in which human PIT effects are suggested to be driven by both perceived outcome availability and outcome value. In the final section of the review, we present the potential objections to the propositional approach that we anticipate from advocates of Associative Link theories and our response to them. We also identify areas for future research.
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do reaction times in the perruchet effect reflect variations in the strength of an Associative Link
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Chris J Mitchell, Susan G Wardle, Peter F Lovibond, Gabrielle Weidemann, Betty P I ChangAbstract:In 3 experiments, we examined Perruchet, Cleeremans, and Destrebecqz's (2006) double dissociation of cued reaction time (RT) and target expectancy. In this design, participants receive a tone on every trial and are required to respond as quickly as possible to a square presented on 50% of those trials (a partial reinforcement schedule). Participants are faster to respond to the square following many recent tone-square pairings and slower to respond following many tone-alone presentations. Of importance, expectancy of the square is highest when performance on the RT task is poorest-following many tone-alone trials. This finding suggests that RT performance is determined by the strength of a tone-square Link and that this Link is the product of a non-expectancy-based learning mechanism. The present experiments, however, provide evidence that the speeded RTs are not the consequence of the strengthening and weakening of a tone-square Link. Thus, the RT Perruchet effect does not provide evidence for a non-expectancy-based Link-formation mechanism.
