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Pitt Supaphol - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrafine electrospun polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effects of Solvent System and Emitting Electrode Polarity on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effects of solvent system and emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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Electrospinning of methacrylate‐based copolymers: Effects of solution concentration and applied electrical potential on morphological appearance of as‐spun Fibers
Polymer Engineering & Science, 2005Co-Authors: Varaporn Pornsopone, Pitt Supaphol, Ratthapol Rangkupan, Supawan TantayanonAbstract:Three methacrylate-based copolymers [i.e., poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethyl-ammonioethyl methacrylate chloride), and poly(butyl methacrylate–co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)] were successfully electrospun into Fibers using ethanol as the solvent. For a given applied electrical potential, increasing the concentration of the spinning solutions caused the morphology of the as-spun products to change from discrete droplets to a combination of beaded and smooth Fibers and finally to completely smooth Fibers. For a given spinning solution having a low concentration, increasing the applied electrical potential increased the electro-spinnability of the spinning solution. The Average Diameters for all of the as-spun Fibers were found to range between about 0.2 and 5.5 μm. Generally, for a given applied potential, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing concentration of the spinning solutions, and for a given solution concentration the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing applied electrical potential. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1073–1080, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Manit Nithitanakul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrafine electrospun polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effects of Solvent System and Emitting Electrode Polarity on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effects of solvent system and emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2004Co-Authors: Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit Nithitanakul, Pitt SupapholAbstract:Summary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra-fine polyamide-6 (PA-6) Fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the Fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce Fibers without beads. At a given concentration, Fibers obtained from PA-6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in Diameter, but it was observed that the Average Diameters of the Fibers from PA-6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the Fiber Diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m-cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA-6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger Fiber Diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the Fiber Diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow. Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
Chidchanok Mit-uppatham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ultrafine electrospun polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effects of Solvent System and Emitting Electrode Polarity on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2004Co-Authors: Chidchanok Mit-uppatham, Manit Nithitanakul, Pitt SupapholAbstract:Summary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra-fine polyamide-6 (PA-6) Fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the Fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce Fibers without beads. At a given concentration, Fibers obtained from PA-6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in Diameter, but it was observed that the Average Diameters of the Fibers from PA-6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the Fiber Diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m-cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA-6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger Fiber Diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the Fiber Diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow. Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
Jie Ren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Process Optimization and Empirical Modeling for Electrospun Poly(D,L‐lactide) Fibers using Response Surface Methodology
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Jie RenAbstract:Summary: Ultrafine Fibers were spun from poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLA) solution using a homemade electrospinning set-up. Fibers with Diameter ranging from 350 to 1 900 nm were obtained. Morphologies of Fibers and distribution of Fiber Diameters were investigated varying concentration and applied voltage by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average Fiber Diameter and distribution were determined from about 100 measurements of the random Fibers with an image analyzer (SemAfore 5.0, JEOL). A more systematic understanding of process parameters of the electrospinning was obtained and a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters and Average Fiber Diameter was established by response surface methodology (RSM). It was concluded that the concentration of polymer solution played an important role in the Diameter of Fibers and standard deviation of Fiber Diameter. Lower concentration tended to facilitate the formation of bead-on-string structures. Fiber Diameter tended to increase with polymer concentration and decrease with applied voltage. Fibers with lower variation in Diameter can be obtained at lower concentration regardless of applied voltage. Fibers with uniform Diameter and lower variation in Diameter can be obtained at higher concentration and higher applied voltage. Process conditions for electrospinning of PDLA could be chosen according to the model in this study. Contour plots of Average Fiber Diameter as a function of concentration and applied voltage.
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Process optimization and empirical modeling for electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanoFiber precursor of carbon nanoFibers
European Polymer Journal, 2005Co-Authors: Jie Ren, Gyula J. VancsoAbstract:Ultrafine Fibers were spun from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) solution as a precursor of carbon nanoFibers using a homemade electrospinning set-up. Fibers with Diameter ranging from 200 nm to 1200 nm were obtained. Morphology of Fibers and distribution of Fiber Diameter were investigated varying concentration and applied voltage by scanning electric microscopy (SEM). Average Fiber Diameter and distribution were determined from 100 measurements of the random Fibers with an image analyzer (SemAfore 5.0, JEOL). A more systematic understanding of process parameters was obtained and a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters and Average Fiber Diameter was established by response surface methodology (RSM). It was concluded that concentration of solution played an important role to the Diameter of Fibers and standard deviation of Fiber Diameter. Applied voltage had no significant impact on Fiber Diameter and standard deviation of Fiber Diameter.
Chidchanok Mituppatham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effect of emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:Electrostatic spinning or electrospinning is now a well-known process for fabricating ultrafine Fibers with Diameters in the submicrometer down to nanometer range from materials of diverse origins. The polarity of the emitting electrode (i.e., the one that is in contact with the polymer solution or melt) can be either positive or negative. In the present contribution, the effects of emitting electrode polarity and some processing parameters (i.e., polyamide-6 (PA-6) concentration, molecular weight of PA-6, electrostatic field strength, solution temperature, solvent type, and addition of an inorganic salt) on morphological appearance and Average size of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs showed obvious morphological difference between the Fibers obtained under positive and negative polarity of the emitting electrode. The main differences were that the cross section of the as-spun PA-6 Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was flat, while that of those obtained under the positive one appeared to be round and that the Average size of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity was larger than that of those obtained under the positive one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3699–3712, 2005
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effects of solvent system and emitting electrode polarity on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Pitt Supaphol, Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit NithitanakulAbstract:In the present contribution, polyamide-6 (PA-6) solutions were prepared in various pure and mixed-solvent systems and later electrospun with the polarity of the emitting electrode being either positive or negative. The PA-6 concentration in the as-prepared solutions was fixed at 32% w/v. Some of the solution properties, i.e., shear viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, were measured. Irrespective of the polarity of the emitting electrode, only the elecrospinning of PA-6 solution in formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) produced uniform electrospun Fibers, while solutions of PA-6 in m-cresol or sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution) did not. In the mixed-solvent systems, formic acid (85 wt.-% aqueous solution) was blended with m-cresol, sulfuric acid (either 20 or 40 wt.-% aqueous solution), acetic acid, or ethanol in the compositional range of 10-40 vol.-% (based on the amount of the minor solvent). Generally, the Average Fiber Diameter increased with increasing amount of the minor solvent or liquid. Interestingly, the Diameters of the Fibers obtained under the negative electrode polarity were larger than those obtained under the positive one.
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ultrafine electrospun polyamide 6 Fibers effect of solution conditions on morphology and Average Fiber Diameter
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2004Co-Authors: Chidchanok Mituppatham, Manit Nithitanakul, Pitt SupapholAbstract:Summary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra-fine polyamide-6 (PA-6) Fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the Fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce Fibers without beads. At a given concentration, Fibers obtained from PA-6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in Diameter, but it was observed that the Average Diameters of the Fibers from PA-6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the Fiber Diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m-cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA-6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger Fiber Diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the Fiber Diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow. Average Diameter of as-spun Fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
