The Experts below are selected from a list of 21315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
William E. Pelham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The specificity of the effects of stimulant medication on classroom learning-related measures of Cognitive Processing for Attention Deficit Disorder children
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: Michael J. Balthazor, Richard K. Wagner, William E. PelhamAbstract:There appear to be beneficial effects of stimulant medication on daily classroom measures of Cognitive functioning for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) children, but the specificity and origin of such effects is unclear. Consistent with previous results, 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate improved ADD children's performance on a classroom reading comprehension measure. Using the Posner letting-matching task and four additional measures of phonological Processing, we attempted to isolate the effects of methylphenidate to parameter estimates of (a) selective attention, (b) the Basic Cognitive Process of retrieving name codes from permanent memory, and (c) a constant term that represented nonspecific aspects of information Processing. Responses to the letter-matching stimuli were faster and more accurate with medication compared to placebo. The improvement in performance was isolated to the parameter estimate that reflected nonspecific aspects of information Processing. A lack of medication effect on the other measures of phonological Processing supported the Posner task findings in indicating that methylphenidate appears to exert beneficial effects on academic Processing through general rather than specific aspects of information Processing .
Janusz Trempała - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of working memory and attentional control training and their transfer onto fluid intelligence in early and late adulthood
Health Psychology Report, 2016Co-Authors: Ludmiła Zając-lamparska, Janusz TrempałaAbstract:Background The interest in the possibility of improving Cognitive functioning through training of Basic Cognitive Processes is growing. This possibility is of particular importance for older adults, whose Cognitive functions are weakened, and who may need Cognitive rehabilitation. However, improvement of the performance in the tasks being trained is not the only goal of Basic Cognitive Processes training. Far transfer, onto tasks different to the ones trained, and engaging other (usually complex) Processes, including fluid intelligence, is an important goal of such training. Yet, meta-analyses suggest that results of studies on the far transfer phenomenon vary, and are not conclusive. Participants and procedure One hundred and eighty healthy volunteers took part in this study. They were divided into groups: Experimental 1 (working memory training), Experimental 2 (attentional control training) and Control (non-contact). Each of these groups included participants from the two age subgroups: early and late adulthood. Training involved 7 appointments and lasted for about 4 weeks. Additional measurements, including an assessment of fluid intelligence, were performed on each group at baseline, and at the end of training. Results Our results suggest that (a) the training of Basic Cognitive Processes in adults leads to an improvement in the correctness, but not the speed, at which tasks are performed, (b) there is a transfer effect onto fluid intelligence, but this effect is weak, and (c) the effects of Basic Cognitive Process training depend on the kind of trained tasks, age of participants and the interactions between these two factors: working memory training is equally as effective in both age groups, whereas training of attentional control is particularly effective among older individuals, and has limited efficacy for young adults. Conclusions Finally, one can conclude that the effectiveness of Basic Cognitive function training is limited. However, it can be significant, even in the aspect of transfer, under conditions related to the type of trained tasks and the age of the participants
Michael J. Balthazor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The specificity of the effects of stimulant medication on classroom learning-related measures of Cognitive Processing for Attention Deficit Disorder children
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: Michael J. Balthazor, Richard K. Wagner, William E. PelhamAbstract:There appear to be beneficial effects of stimulant medication on daily classroom measures of Cognitive functioning for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) children, but the specificity and origin of such effects is unclear. Consistent with previous results, 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate improved ADD children's performance on a classroom reading comprehension measure. Using the Posner letting-matching task and four additional measures of phonological Processing, we attempted to isolate the effects of methylphenidate to parameter estimates of (a) selective attention, (b) the Basic Cognitive Process of retrieving name codes from permanent memory, and (c) a constant term that represented nonspecific aspects of information Processing. Responses to the letter-matching stimuli were faster and more accurate with medication compared to placebo. The improvement in performance was isolated to the parameter estimate that reflected nonspecific aspects of information Processing. A lack of medication effect on the other measures of phonological Processing supported the Posner task findings in indicating that methylphenidate appears to exert beneficial effects on academic Processing through general rather than specific aspects of information Processing .
Nancy C Andreasen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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defining the phenotype of schizophrenia Cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms
Biological Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Nancy C Andreasen, Peg Nopoulos, Daniel S Oleary, Del D Miller, Thomas H Wassink, Michael FlaumAbstract:Abstract All research on schizophrenia depends on selecting the correct phenotype to define the sample to be studied. Definition of the phenotype is complicated by the fact that there are no objective markers for the disorder. Further, the symptoms are diverse, leading some to propose that the disorder is heterogeneous and not a single disorder or syndrome. This article explores an alternative possibility. It proposes that schizophrenia may be a single disorder linked by a common pathophysiology (a neurodevelopmental mechanism), which leads to a misconnection syndrome of neural circuitry. Evidence for disruption in a specific circuit is explored: the cortical–thalamic–cerebellar–cortical circuit (CCTCC). It is suggested that a disruption in this circuit leads to an impairment in synchrony, or the smooth coordination of mental Processes. When synchrony is impaired, the patient suffers from a Cognitive dysmetria, and the impairment in this Basic Cognitive Process defines the phenotype of schizophrenia and produces its diversity of symptoms.
Erich J. Greene - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Age-Related Deficit in Prefrontal Cortical Function Associated With Refreshing Information
Psychological science, 2004Co-Authors: Marcia K. Johnson, Karen J. Mitchell, Carol L. Raye, Erich J. GreeneAbstract:Older adults are slower than young adults to think of an item they just saw, that is, to engage or execute (or both) the simple reflective operation of refreshing just-activated information. In addition, they derive less long-term memory benefit from refreshing information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that relative to young adults, older adults showed reduced refresh-related activity in an area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann's Area 9), but not in other refresh-related areas. This provides strong evidence that a frontal component of the circuit that subserves this Basic Cognitive Process is especially vulnerable to aging. Such a refresh deficit could contribute to poorer performance of older than young adults on a wide range of Cognitive tasks.