The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lisa L Weyandt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neurocognitive enhancement or impairment a systematic meta analysis of prescription Stimulant effects on processing speed decision making planning and cognitive perseveration
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Marissa E Marraccini, Lisa L Weyandt, Joseph S Rossi, Bergljot Gyda GudmundsdottirAbstract:Increasing numbers of adults, particularly college students, are misusing prescription Stimulants primarily for cognitive/academic enhancement, so it is critical to explore whether empirical findings support neurocognitive benefits of prescription Stimulants. Previous meta-analytic studies have supported small benefits from prescription Stimulants for the cognitive domains of inhibitory control and memory; however, no meta-analytic studies have examined the effects on processing speed or the potential impairment on other domains of cognition, including planning, decision-making, and cognitive perseveration. Therefore, the present study conducted a meta-analysis of the available literature examining the effects of prescription Stimulants on specific measures of processing speed, planning, decision-making, and cognitive perseveration among healthy adult populations. The meta-analysis results indicated a positive influence of prescription Stimulant medication on processing speed accuracy, with an overall mean effect size of g = 0.282 (95% CI [0.077, 0.488]; n = 345). Neither improvements nor impairments were revealed for planning time, planning accuracy, advantageous decision-making, or cognitive perseveration; however, findings are limited by the small number of studies examining these outcomes. Findings support that prescription Stimulant medication may indeed act as a neurocognitive enhancer for accuracy measures of processing speed without impeding other areas of cognition. Considering that adults are already engaging in illegal use of prescription Stimulants for academic enhancement, as well as the potential for Stimulant misuse to have serious side effects, the establishment of public policies informed by interdisciplinary research surrounding this issue, whether restrictive or liberal, is of critical importance. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: Stimulant and nonStimulant medications and misuse of prescription Stimulants.
Psychology research and behavior management, 2014Co-Authors: Lisa L Weyandt, Danielle R. Oster, Marisa E. Marraccini, Bergljot Gyda Gudmundsdottir, Bailey A. Munro, Brynheld Martinez Zavras, Ben KuharAbstract:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that cause functional impairment. Recent research indicates that symptoms persist into adulthood in the majority of cases, with prevalence estimates of approximately 5% in the school age population and 2.5%–4% in the adult population. Although students with ADHD are at greater risk for academic underachievement and psychosocial problems, increasing numbers of students with ADHD are graduating from high school and pursuing higher education. Stimulant medications are considered the first line of pharmacotherapy for individuals with ADHD, including college students. Although preliminary evidence indicates that prescription Stimulants are safe and effective for college students with ADHD when used as prescribed, very few controlled studies have been conducted concerning the efficacy of prescription Stimulants with college students. In addition, misuse of prescription Stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well. The purpose of the present systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of prescription Stimulants for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and the nonmedical use and misuse of prescription Stimulants. Results revealed that both proStimulant and Stimulant medications, including lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and mixed-amphetamine salts, are effective at reducing ADHD symptoms in adolescents and adults with ADHD. Findings also suggest that individuals with ADHD may have higher rates of Stimulant misuse than individuals without the disorder, and characteristics such as sex, race, use of illicit drugs, and academic performance are associated with misuse of Stimulant medications. Results also indicate that individuals both with and without ADHD are more likely to misuse short-acting agents than long-acting agents. These findings have implications for intervention, prevention, and future research.
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nonmedical prescription Stimulant use among a sample of college students relationship with psychological variables
Journal of Attention Disorders, 2009Co-Authors: Lisa L Weyandt, Grace M Janusis, Kimberly G Wilson, Genevieve Verdi, Gregory Paquin, Justin Lopes, Michael Varejao, Crystal DussaultAbstract:Objective: To further investigate use and potential misuse of prescription Stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta) among a sample of college students and to explore the relationship between psychological variables and nonmedical Stimulant use. Method: The sample consisted of 390 college students (71.6% female, 28.4% male). Participants were asked to complete five questionnaires concerning demographic information, prescription Stimulant use, internal restlessness, sensation seeking, and psychological distress. Results: The study findings revealed that, regarding nonprescribed Stimulants, 7.5% reported use within the past 30 days; 60% reported knowing students who misused Stimulants; and 50% agreed or strongly agreed that prescription Stimulants were “easy to get on this campus.” Findings further revealed a relationship between Stimulant use and degree of psychological distress and internal restlessness. Conclusions: Continued research regarding psychological variables, specific group membership (e.g...
Conrad L Woolsey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of alcohol and alcohol mixed with energy drinks on non-medical prescription Stimulant use in a nationally representative sample of 12th-grade students
American Journal on Addictions, 2016Co-Authors: Jeff M. Housman, Ronald D. Williams, Conrad L WoolseyAbstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Approximately 30% of high school students use energy drinks. Alcohol use and alcohol mixed with energy drink use (AmED) is associated with risky behavior, including non-medical prescription Stimulant use. We assessed alcohol-only, AmED and non-medical prescription Stimulant use among 12th grade students in the U.S. using a nationally representative secondary data from the 2012 Monitoring the Future Study. METHODS: Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests and logistic regression analyses were used to determine differences in non-medical prescription Stimulant use by students who used alcohol-only versus AmED and to identify covariates of non-medical prescription Stimulant use. Pearson-product moment coefficients were used to determine strength of variable relationships. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in frequency of Ritalin (p DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need to better understand influences on non-medical prescription Stimulant, energy drink and AmED use, as the combined effects of Stimulants contained in energy drinks and the depressant effects of alcohol appear to be associated with increased non-medical prescription Stimulant use. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Research on the influential factors related to energy drinks, alcohol, and non-medical prescription Stimulants will help practitioners to more appropriately design prevention and intervention strategies addressing these high-risk behaviors. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1-7).© 2016 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. Language: en
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frequency of energy drink use predicts illicit prescription Stimulant use
Substance Abuse, 2014Co-Authors: Conrad L Woolsey, Laura L B Barnes, Bert H Jacobson, Weston Kensinger, Adam E Barry, Niels C Beck, Andrew G Resnik, Marion W EvansAbstract:ABSTRACT. Background: The purpose of this study was to examine energy drink (ED) usage patterns and to investigate the illicit use of prescription Stimulants among college students. Methods: A sample of 267 undergraduate and graduate students (mean age of 22.48 among Stimulant users) from a large midwestern university and its branch campus locations voluntarily participated in the study. Results: Among prescription Stimulant users without a valid medical prescription, Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of ED use was a significant predictor of the illicit use of prescription Stimulants. Moreover, frequency of ED consumption was a significant predictor of the illicit use of prescription Stimulant medications, with the odds for using increasing by .06 with each additional day of ED use past 0 day (odds for use = 1.06, P =.008). Conclusions: Results indicate that the frequency of ED use is a significant predictor of the illicit use of prescription Stimulants. All...
Michael Farrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating the contribution of Stimulant injection to hiv and hcv epidemics among people who inject drugs and implications for harm reduction a modeling analysis
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2020Co-Authors: Javier A Cepeda, Michael Farrell, Peter Vickerman, Julie Bruneau, Geng Zang, Annick Borquez, Louisa Degenhardt, Natasha K MartinAbstract:Abstract Background Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, are widely injected among people who inject drugs (PWID). Systematic reviews indicate Stimulant injection is associated with HIV and HCV among PWID. Using these associations, we estimated the contribution of Stimulant injection to HIV and HCV transmission among PWID. Methods We modeled HIV and HCV transmission among PWID, incorporating excess injecting and sexual risk among PWID who inject Stimulants. We simulated three illustrative settings with different Stimulants injected, prevalence of Stimulant injecting, and HIV/HCV epidemiology. We estimated one-year population attributable fractions of Stimulant injection on new HIV and HCV infections, and impact of scaling up needle-syringe programs (NSP). Results In low prevalence settings of Stimulant injection (St. Petersburg-like, where 13 % inject amphetamine), 9% (2.5–97.5 % interval [95 %I]: 6–15 %) and 7% (95 %I 4–11 %) of incident HIV and HCV cases, respectively, could be associated with Stimulant injection in the next year. With moderate Stimulant injection (Montreal-like, where 34 % inject cocaine), 29 % (95 %I: 19–37 %) and 19 % (95 %I: 16–21 %) of incident HIV and HCV cases, respectively, could be associated with Stimulant injection. In high-burden settings like Bangkok where 65 % inject methamphetamine, 23 % (95%I:10–34%) and 20 % (95%I: 9-27%) of incident HIV and HCV cases could be due to Stimulant injection. High-coverage NSP (60 %) among PWID who inject Stimulants could reduce HIV (by 22–65 %) and HCV incidence (by 7–11 %) in a decade. Discussion Stimulant injection contributes substantially to HIV and HCV among PWID. NSP scale-up and development of novel interventions among PWID who inject Stimulants are warranted.
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integrating hiv pre exposure prophylaxis and harm reduction among men who have sex with men and transgender women to address intersecting harms associated with Stimulant use a modelling study
Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Farrell, Javier A Cepeda, Annick Borquez, Louisa Degenhardt, Katherine M Rich, Rebecca Mcketin, Lucy Thi Tran, Alfonso Silvasantisteban, Kelika A KondaAbstract:Introduction Among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW), Stimulant use is high and has been associated with an increased risk of HIV infection, suicide and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We used epidemic modelling to investigate these intersecting health harms among MSM/TW in Lima, Peru and assess whether they could be mitigated by prioritizing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and harm reduction interventions among MSM/TW who use Stimulants. Methods We adapted a dynamic model of HIV transmission among MSM/TW in Lima to incorporate Stimulant use and increased HIV risk, suicide and CVD mortality. Among 6% to 24% of MSM/TW using Stimulants (mostly cocaine), we modelled an increased risk of unprotected anal sex (RR = 1.35 [95%CI: 1.17 to 1.57]) obtained from local data, and increased risk of suicide (SMR = 6.26 [95%CI: 2.84 to 13.80]) and CVD (SMR = 1.83 [95%CI: 0.39 to 8.57]) mortality associated with cocaine use based on a global systematic review. We estimated the proportion of health harms occurring among MSM/TW who use Stimulants in the next year (01-2020/01-2021). We also investigated the 10-year impact (01-2020/01-2030) of: (1) PrEP prioritization for Stimulant-using MSM/TW compared to random allocation, and (2) integrating PrEP with a theoretical intervention halving Stimulant-associated risk. Results MSM/TW in Lima will experience high HIV incidence, suicide mortality and CVD mortality (1.6/100 py, and 0.018/100 py, 0.13/100 py respectively) in 2020. Despite Stimulant using MSM/TW comprising an estimated 9.5% (95%CI: 7.8 to 11.5) of all MSM/TW, in the next year, 11% 95%CI (i.e. 2.5% to 97.5% percentile) 10% to 13%) of new HIV infections, 39% (95%CI: 18% to 60%) of suicides and 15% (95%CI: 3% to 44%) of CVD deaths could occur among this group. Scaling up PrEP among all Stimulant using MSM/TW could prevent 19% (95%CI: 11% to 31%) more HIV infections over 10 years compared to random allocation. Integrating PrEP and an intervention to halve Stimulant-associated risks could reduce new HIV infections by 20% (95%CI: 10% to 37%), suicide deaths by 14% (95%CI: 5% to 27%) and CVD deaths by 3% (95%CI: 0% to 16%) over a decade. Conclusions MSM/TW who use Stimulants experience a disproportionate burden of health harms. Prioritizing PrEP based on Stimulant use, in addition to sexual behaviour/gender identity criteria, could increase its impact. Integrated substance use, harm reduction, mental health and HIV care among MSM/TW is needed.
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non medical prescription Stimulant use to improve academic performance among australian university students prevalence and correlates of use
BMC Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Charmaine Jensen, Cynthia Forlini, Bradley Partridge, Sharlene Kaye, Jayne Lucke, Matthew Dunn, Gary C K Chan, Michael FarrellAbstract:Some university students consume pharmaceutical Stimulants without a medical prescription with the goal of improving their academic performance. The prevalence of this practice has been well documented in the US, but less so in other countries. The potential harms of using prescription Stimulants require a better understanding of the prevalence of this practice within Australian universities. An internet survey of 1136 Australian students was conducted in 2015 in three large Australian universities. Students were asked about their personal use of prescription Stimulants, attitudes and experiences with prescription Stimulants. They were also asked about their use of caffeine, energy drinks and illicit drugs to enhance their academic performance. Lifetime self-reported use of Stimulant medication to improve academic performance was 6.5, and 4.4% in the past year. Students were far more likely to report using coffee and energy drinks (41.4 and 23.6% respectively, lifetime use) than prescription Stimulants to help them study and complete university assessments. Non-medical use of prescription Stimulants was strongly associated with a history of illicit drug use. The prevalence of nonmedical prescription Stimulant use to improve academic performance is low among university students in Australia, especially when compared with their use of coffee and energy drinks.
Deborah D. Hatton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Treatment effects of Stimulant medication in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2011Co-Authors: Jane E. Roberts, Margot Miranda, Maria Boccia, Heather Janes, Bridgette L. Tonnsen, Deborah D. HattonAbstract:Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and is caused by a CGG repeat expansion at Xq27.3 on the FMR1 gene. The majority of young boys with FXS display poor attention and hyperactivity that is disproportionate to their cognitive disability, and approximately 70% meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology is employed with 82% of young males 5–17 years of age, with Stimulant medication as the most common medication prescribed. This study evaluated the effects of Stimulant medication on the academic performance, attention, motor activity, and psychophysiological arousal of boys with FXS, as well as the concordance of effects within individuals. Participants in this study included 12 boys with FXS who were treated with Stimulants. Participants completed videotaped academic testing on two consecutive days and were randomly assigned to be off Stimulants for 1 day and on Stimulants the other day. On each day, multiple measures including academic performance, behavior regulation, and psychophysiological arousal were collected. Approximately 75% of participants performed better on attention and academic measures, and 70% showed improved physiological regulation while on Stimulant medication. A high degree of concordance among measures was found. Lower intelligence quotient (IQ), but not age, correlated with greater improvements in in-seat behavior. IQ and age did not relate to on-task behaviors. The frequency and magnitude of response to Stimulant medication in boys with FXS is higher than those reported for most children with non-specific intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.
Laurence L Greenhill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The science of Stimulant abuse.
Pediatric annals, 2006Co-Authors: Laurence L GreenhillAbstract:Stimulant medications, although classified by the US Drug Enforcement Agency as controlled with a Schedule IIa rating, are ubiquitous in our society because of their popularity as an effective treatment for childhood ADHD. The number of Stimulant products available for practitioners has tripled in the last decade. Although Stimulants' action on central dopamine systems can be reinforcing, especially when delivered via intraperitoneal or intravenous routes in laboratory animals, they are far less addicting when taken orally by children in the context of a medical treatment. Fortunately, the therapeutic Stimulants, available orally, have different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties than the illicit Stimulants, methamphetamine and cocaine. The lack of intravenous forms of the therapeutic Stimulants acts as a natural barrier and tends to prevent addiction. Furthermore, MPH produces dysphoria in school age children, further limiting its reinforcing properties. These pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate and amphetamine treatments for ADHD thus are less addicting because of their delivery systems. Future products, employing novel methods that only allow the drug molecule to be available if ingested, should further increase the safety of these important therapeutic agents.
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Stimulant medications current knowledge and unmet needs in pediatrics psychopharmacology
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Laurence L Greenhill, Jeffrey M Halperin, Howard AbikoffAbstract:Objective: To review the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of Stimulants for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: A Medline search was conducted for both randomized controlled trials and reviews to determine the efficacy and safety of Stimulant drugs for treating children with ADHD. Information was obtained on adverse events associated with their use, including their impact on height and weight gain during childhood. Animal data were reviewed for information on tolerance, sensitization, and the impact of high-dose Stimulant effects on neurons and on the development of hepatic tumors. Human data on dopamine transporter occupancy by Stimulants were also included. Results: Stimulant treatment studies show robust short-term efficacy and a good safety profile. Longerterm studies are few in number but have produced no conclusive evidence that careful therapeutic use of these medications is harmful. Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that Stimulants show efficacy and safety in studies lasting up to 24 months.
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Stimulant medications.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Laurence L Greenhill, Jeffrey M Halperin, Howard AbikoffAbstract:To review the short- and long-term safety and efficacy of Stimulants for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A Medline search was conducted for both randomized controlled trials and reviews to determine the efficacy and safety of Stimulant drugs for treating children with ADHD. Information was obtained on adverse events associated with their use, including their impact on height and weight gain during childhood. Animal data were reviewed for information on tolerance, sensitization, and the impact of high-dose Stimulant effects on neurons and on the development of hepatic tumors. Human data on dopamine transporter occupancy by Stimulants were also included. Stimulant treatment studies show robust short-term efficacy and a good safety profile. Longer-term studies are few in number but have produced no conclusive evidence that careful therapeutic use of these medications is harmful. Current evidence indicates that Stimulants show efficacy and safety in studies lasting up to 24 months.
