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David A. Warrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • animals hazardous to humans venomous Bites and Stings and envenoming
    2020
    Co-Authors: David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    Abstract Some fish can inflict very painful Stings, whereas others, such as sharks, needle fish, stingrays, and piranhas, are capable of inflicting fatal trauma. Cnidarians’ (jellyfish, etc.) stinging cells can cause severe systemic envenoming, whereas Echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins) impale on their sharp venomous spines. Dangerous mollusks include cone shells and blue-ringed octopuses. Leeches on land and in water are blood-sucking annelids, whose Bites may be infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Bites by venomous Gila monsters and Mexican beaded lizards cause severe pain and systemic effects. Venomous snakeBites are an occupational/environmental hazard of agricultural workers throughout rural areas of the tropics. Typically, Bites by Elapidae cause descending flaccid paralysis, but some produce local necrosis, rhabdomyolysis and hemostatic disturbances. Bites by Viperidae often cause severe local envenoming with tissue necrosis, together with a variety of severe systemic effects: shock, consumptive coagulopathy, spontaneous systemic bleeding, acute kidney injury, and neurotoxicity.

  • venomous Bites Stings and poisoning an update
    Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 2019
    Co-Authors: David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, and treatment of venomous Bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; Stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, insects, and scorpions; and poisoning by ingestion of fish, turtles, and shellfish. Invertebrate Stings cause fatalities by anaphylaxis, secondary to acquired hypersensitivity (Hymenoptera, such as bees, wasps, and ants; and jellyfish), and by direct envenoming (scorpions, spiders, jellyfish, and echinoderms). Simple preventive techniques, such as wearing protective clothing, using a flashlight at night, and excluding venomous animals from sleeping quarters, are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of venomous Bites and Stings.

  • Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine - Venomous animal Bites and Stings and marine poisoning
    Oxford Handbook of Humanitarian Medicine, 2019
    Co-Authors: David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    This chapter provides the reader with essential information on venomous animals, and the risk they may pose in many humanitarian settings, especially in rural, remote, and tropical settings. Humanitarian providers will have the responsibility of preventing and treating venomous Bites and Stings both in the local community as well as among their team members, and this chapter provides the necessary information to help guide planning, decision-making, and management.

  • Specific substancesVenomous animals
    Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    Bites by venomous snakes cause more than 100,000 deaths and many permanent sequelae each year, while scorpion Stings kill thousands of children. Hypersensitization to bee, wasp and ant venoms is a common cause of anaphylaxis but mass attacks by African killer bees can kill by direct envenoming. Aquatic venomous animals include sea snakes, stinging fish, jellyfish, corals, cone shells, blue-ringed octopuses and sea urchins. Treatment of severe envenoming by all these groups of animals requires specific antivenom, supportive treatment for cardiorespiratory and renal failure, and surgical management of wounds. Animal Bites and Stings can be prevented by learning about local venomous fauna, wearing protective clothing, using a light after dark, and sleeping off the ground or under a bed net.

  • Management of venomous Bites and Stings in British Military Personnel deployed in Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus.
    Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 2008
    Co-Authors: Lucy Lamb, David G Lalloo, David Ross, Andrew D Green, Elaine R. Morgan, David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    Introduction Snake and spider Bites and scorpion Stings are rare among British Military Personnelthough cases have been reported in soldiers from other countries. However, in certain areas of the world, they are common causes of death and severe morbidity in the local population. It is important that specific and simple guidelines are available for the management of military patients deployed overseas in Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus. These guidelines aim to provide a guide to the recognition of venomous species in these geographical areas and offer a plan for the management of a patient presenting with a bite or sting. Since it is difficult to distinguish venomous from non venomous species, unnecessary contact with snakes, scorpions or spiders should be avoided and patients bitten by any species should be assessed carefully. Emphasis will be placed on the management of Bites and Stings from the first aid given by the soldier on the ground to the management by hospital staff of a patient with signs of envenoming Background British Military Personnel are currently deployed to 80 countries worldwide Deployments vary in strength from single military personnel to full operational deployment to countries inhabited by venomous snakes, scorpions and spiders. Of these countries only 3 have a Role 2E/3 or greater facility for casualty evacuation (Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus). It is only at this level that antivenom should be administered to a casualty presenting with signs of envenoming. This paper focuses on the geographical distribution, clinical effects of envenoming and management of Bites and Stings by snakes, scorpions and spiders in these countries

Leila Alavi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • How to cite this article:
    2015
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Animal Bites and Stings are among the most common injuries in Iran and worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animal in the population of Khuzestan admitted in educational hospital emergency departments. Methodology: In this retrospective study medical records of 894 admitted patients with animal bite or sting were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed in SPSS 11.5 by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of total 894 patients 61.9 % were male, median age of male and female was 24.4 years and 26.2 years respectively. Dog, scorpion, mouse and snake were the most common animal species with the frequency of 69%, 12.6%, 8.8 % and 4.4 % respectively. Feet (58.05%) and hands (30.65%) were the most common body part affected, followed by face and other parts. One hundred Twenty seven patients had infectious complications, among them soft tissue infection 94(74.05%), sepsis 28(22.04%) and endocarditis 5(3.91%). Thirty five case (3.91%) died of animal Bites and Stings, among them 28(80%) due to scorpion sting, 4(11.4%) related to dog and 3(8.6%) from snake bite. No rabid case was observed in these patients. Conclusions: Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan with a high frequency, significantly high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality

  • TEN YEARS SURVEY OF ANIMAL Bites IN KHUZESTAN
    Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Animal Bites and Stings are among the most common injuries in Iran and worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animal in the population of Khuzestan admitted in educational hospital emergency departments. Methodology: In this retrospective study medical records of 894 admitted patients with animal bite or sting were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed in SPSS 11.5 by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of total 894 patients 61.9% were male, median age of male and female was 24.4 years and 26.2 years respectively. Dog, scorpion, mouse and snake were the most common animal species with the frequency of 69%, 12.6%, 8.8% and 4.4% respectively. Feet (58.05%) and hands (30.65%) were the most common body part affected, followed by face and other parts. One hundred Twenty seven patients had infectious complications, among them soft tissue infection 94(74.05%), sepsis 28(22.04%) and endocarditis 5(3.91%). Thirty five case (3.91%) died of animal Bites and Stings, among them 28(80%) due to scorpion sting, 4(11.4%) related to dog and 3(8.6%) from snake bite. No rabid case was observed in these patients. Conclusions: Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan with a high frequency, significantly high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

  • Epidemiology of animal Bites and Stings in Khuzestan, Iran, 1997–2006
    Journal of infection and public health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Summary Objectives To determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animals among the population of Khuzestan region, Iran admitted to teaching hospital emergency departments. Study Retrospective study. Place and duration of study From 1997 to 2006 in teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology The medical records of 894 patients admitted to hospital with animal Bites or Stings were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the χ2 test. Results Of 894 patients 62.0% were male, and the median age of males and females was 24.4 years and 26.2 years, respectively. Dogs, scorpions, mice and snakes were the most commonly involved animal species, causing injuries with a frequency of 69%, 12.5%, 8.8% and 4.4%, respectively. Feet (58.1%) and hands (30.6%) were the most commonly affected body parts, followed by the face and other parts. Infectious complications were seen in 127 patients, among them 94 soft tissue infections (74.1%), 28 cases of sepsis (22.0%) and five of endocarditis (3.9%). Thirty-five cases (3.9%) died following animal Bites and Stings, among them 28 (80%) due to scorpion Stings, four (11.4%) related to dogs and three (8.6%) from snake Bites. No cases of rabies were observed in these patients. Conclusion Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan, with a high frequency, a high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

  • epidemiology of animal Bites and Stings in khuzestan iran 1997 2006
    Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Summary Objectives To determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animals among the population of Khuzestan region, Iran admitted to teaching hospital emergency departments. Study Retrospective study. Place and duration of study From 1997 to 2006 in teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology The medical records of 894 patients admitted to hospital with animal Bites or Stings were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the χ2 test. Results Of 894 patients 62.0% were male, and the median age of males and females was 24.4 years and 26.2 years, respectively. Dogs, scorpions, mice and snakes were the most commonly involved animal species, causing injuries with a frequency of 69%, 12.5%, 8.8% and 4.4%, respectively. Feet (58.1%) and hands (30.6%) were the most commonly affected body parts, followed by the face and other parts. Infectious complications were seen in 127 patients, among them 94 soft tissue infections (74.1%), 28 cases of sepsis (22.0%) and five of endocarditis (3.9%). Thirty-five cases (3.9%) died following animal Bites and Stings, among them 28 (80%) due to scorpion Stings, four (11.4%) related to dogs and three (8.6%) from snake Bites. No cases of rabies were observed in these patients. Conclusion Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan, with a high frequency, a high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

David G Lalloo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Management of venomous Bites and Stings in British Military Personnel deployed in Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus.
    Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 2008
    Co-Authors: Lucy Lamb, David G Lalloo, David Ross, Andrew D Green, Elaine R. Morgan, David A. Warrell
    Abstract:

    Introduction Snake and spider Bites and scorpion Stings are rare among British Military Personnelthough cases have been reported in soldiers from other countries. However, in certain areas of the world, they are common causes of death and severe morbidity in the local population. It is important that specific and simple guidelines are available for the management of military patients deployed overseas in Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus. These guidelines aim to provide a guide to the recognition of venomous species in these geographical areas and offer a plan for the management of a patient presenting with a bite or sting. Since it is difficult to distinguish venomous from non venomous species, unnecessary contact with snakes, scorpions or spiders should be avoided and patients bitten by any species should be assessed carefully. Emphasis will be placed on the management of Bites and Stings from the first aid given by the soldier on the ground to the management by hospital staff of a patient with signs of envenoming Background British Military Personnel are currently deployed to 80 countries worldwide Deployments vary in strength from single military personnel to full operational deployment to countries inhabited by venomous snakes, scorpions and spiders. Of these countries only 3 have a Role 2E/3 or greater facility for casualty evacuation (Iraq, Afghanistan and Cyprus). It is only at this level that antivenom should be administered to a casualty presenting with signs of envenoming. This paper focuses on the geographical distribution, clinical effects of envenoming and management of Bites and Stings by snakes, scorpions and spiders in these countries

  • Principles and Practice of Travel Medicine - Venomous Bites and Stings
    Medicine, 2005
    Co-Authors: David G Lalloo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Venomous Bites and Stings occur worldwide and are a particular problem for rural workers in the remote tropics. They are caused by a large variety of terrestrial and marine animals and are associated with both mortality and morbidity. Most snakeBites occur on the lower limbs; not all Bites by venomous species lead to envenoming, but they may result in both local and systemic effects. Clinical features depend on the species of snake; elapids tend to cause minimal local damage and neurotoxicity, whereas vipers may cause local swelling and necrosis in addition to coagulopathy and shock. Careful clinical observation of patients after snakebite is crucial; the 20-minute whole-blood clotting test is useful in the diagnosis of some viper Bites. Intravenous infusion of antivenom is the mainstay of treatment in those with clear signs of envenoming; the antivenom used should be appropriate to the biting species and the geographical region. The dose of antivenom is the same for adults and children, and supportive care (e.g. fluid replacement in shock, respiratory support for severe neurotoxicity) is crucial. Scorpion Stings commonly cause pain, but in children may lead to systemic envenoming with transmitter release from autonomic nerves; antivenom is effective in some regions. There are many venomous spider species; some cause local skin necrosis, others cause severe systemic envenoming. Many marine animals are venomous, often causing severe pain at the site of the sting. Some jellyfish (e.g. box jellyfish) can cause life-threatening systemic envenoming.

  • venomous Bites and Stings
    Medicine, 2001
    Co-Authors: David G Lalloo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Venomous Bites and Stings occur worldwide and are a particular problem for rural workers in the remote tropics. They are caused by a large variety of terrestrial and marine animals and are associated with both mortality and morbidity. Most snakeBites occur on the lower limbs; not all Bites by venomous species lead to envenoming, but they may result in both local and systemic effects. Clinical features depend on the species of snake; elapids tend to cause minimal local damage and neurotoxicity, whereas vipers may cause local swelling and necrosis in addition to coagulopathy and shock. Careful clinical observation of patients after snakebite is crucial; the 20-minute whole-blood clotting test is useful in the diagnosis of some viper Bites. Intravenous infusion of antivenom is the mainstay of treatment in those with clear signs of envenoming; the antivenom used should be appropriate to the biting species and the geographical region. The dose of antivenom is the same for adults and children, and supportive care (e.g. fluid replacement in shock, respiratory support for severe neurotoxicity) is crucial. Scorpion Stings commonly cause pain, but in children may lead to systemic envenoming with transmitter release from autonomic nerves; antivenom is effective in some regions. There are many venomous spider species; some cause local skin necrosis, others cause severe systemic envenoming. Many marine animals are venomous, often causing severe pain at the site of the sting. Some jellyfish (e.g. box jellyfish) can cause life-threatening systemic envenoming.

Seyed Mohammad Alavi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • How to cite this article:
    2015
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Animal Bites and Stings are among the most common injuries in Iran and worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animal in the population of Khuzestan admitted in educational hospital emergency departments. Methodology: In this retrospective study medical records of 894 admitted patients with animal bite or sting were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed in SPSS 11.5 by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of total 894 patients 61.9 % were male, median age of male and female was 24.4 years and 26.2 years respectively. Dog, scorpion, mouse and snake were the most common animal species with the frequency of 69%, 12.6%, 8.8 % and 4.4 % respectively. Feet (58.05%) and hands (30.65%) were the most common body part affected, followed by face and other parts. One hundred Twenty seven patients had infectious complications, among them soft tissue infection 94(74.05%), sepsis 28(22.04%) and endocarditis 5(3.91%). Thirty five case (3.91%) died of animal Bites and Stings, among them 28(80%) due to scorpion sting, 4(11.4%) related to dog and 3(8.6%) from snake bite. No rabid case was observed in these patients. Conclusions: Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan with a high frequency, significantly high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality

  • TEN YEARS SURVEY OF ANIMAL Bites IN KHUZESTAN
    Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2009
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Animal Bites and Stings are among the most common injuries in Iran and worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animal in the population of Khuzestan admitted in educational hospital emergency departments. Methodology: In this retrospective study medical records of 894 admitted patients with animal bite or sting were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed in SPSS 11.5 by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of total 894 patients 61.9% were male, median age of male and female was 24.4 years and 26.2 years respectively. Dog, scorpion, mouse and snake were the most common animal species with the frequency of 69%, 12.6%, 8.8% and 4.4% respectively. Feet (58.05%) and hands (30.65%) were the most common body part affected, followed by face and other parts. One hundred Twenty seven patients had infectious complications, among them soft tissue infection 94(74.05%), sepsis 28(22.04%) and endocarditis 5(3.91%). Thirty five case (3.91%) died of animal Bites and Stings, among them 28(80%) due to scorpion sting, 4(11.4%) related to dog and 3(8.6%) from snake bite. No rabid case was observed in these patients. Conclusions: Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan with a high frequency, significantly high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

  • Epidemiology of animal Bites and Stings in Khuzestan, Iran, 1997–2006
    Journal of infection and public health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Summary Objectives To determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animals among the population of Khuzestan region, Iran admitted to teaching hospital emergency departments. Study Retrospective study. Place and duration of study From 1997 to 2006 in teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology The medical records of 894 patients admitted to hospital with animal Bites or Stings were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the χ2 test. Results Of 894 patients 62.0% were male, and the median age of males and females was 24.4 years and 26.2 years, respectively. Dogs, scorpions, mice and snakes were the most commonly involved animal species, causing injuries with a frequency of 69%, 12.5%, 8.8% and 4.4%, respectively. Feet (58.1%) and hands (30.6%) were the most commonly affected body parts, followed by the face and other parts. Infectious complications were seen in 127 patients, among them 94 soft tissue infections (74.1%), 28 cases of sepsis (22.0%) and five of endocarditis (3.9%). Thirty-five cases (3.9%) died following animal Bites and Stings, among them 28 (80%) due to scorpion Stings, four (11.4%) related to dogs and three (8.6%) from snake Bites. No cases of rabies were observed in these patients. Conclusion Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan, with a high frequency, a high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

  • epidemiology of animal Bites and Stings in khuzestan iran 1997 2006
    Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Alavi, Leila Alavi
    Abstract:

    Summary Objectives To determine the incidence and characteristics of the injuries caused by animals among the population of Khuzestan region, Iran admitted to teaching hospital emergency departments. Study Retrospective study. Place and duration of study From 1997 to 2006 in teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology The medical records of 894 patients admitted to hospital with animal Bites or Stings were studied. Data including epidemiological aspects, clinical findings and outcomes of treatment were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the χ2 test. Results Of 894 patients 62.0% were male, and the median age of males and females was 24.4 years and 26.2 years, respectively. Dogs, scorpions, mice and snakes were the most commonly involved animal species, causing injuries with a frequency of 69%, 12.5%, 8.8% and 4.4%, respectively. Feet (58.1%) and hands (30.6%) were the most commonly affected body parts, followed by the face and other parts. Infectious complications were seen in 127 patients, among them 94 soft tissue infections (74.1%), 28 cases of sepsis (22.0%) and five of endocarditis (3.9%). Thirty-five cases (3.9%) died following animal Bites and Stings, among them 28 (80%) due to scorpion Stings, four (11.4%) related to dogs and three (8.6%) from snake Bites. No cases of rabies were observed in these patients. Conclusion Animal bite is a major public health problem in Khuzestan, with a high frequency, a high percentage of hospitalization and considerable mortality.

Peter J. Fenner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Venomous Bites and Stings.
    British medical bulletin, 1993
    Co-Authors: David A. Warrell, Peter J. Fenner
    Abstract:

    Travellers to tropical countries are often extremely concerned about the risk of Bites and Stings by venomous animals. This fear prompts many enquiries, usually at the last moment before departure, about the possibility of carrying first aid kits and antivenoms. In fact, these accidents are extremely rare because most travellers wear shoes and are far less exposed to venomous animals than indigenous peoples for whom Bites and Stings may be important causes of death or morbidity.