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Shreyas Sen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toward Understanding the Return Path Capacitance in Capacitive Human Body Communication
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2020Co-Authors: Mayukh Nath, Shovan Maity, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) utilizes the human Body as a conductive channel to enable ultra-low-power secure Communication between devices on and around the Body. In Capacitive HBC, although the Body provides the forward path for Communication, the closed loop return path is formed through parasitic coupling of the device’s ground plane with the environment. This return path capacitance ( $C_{G}$ ) is a critical factor in determining the overall HBC channel response. Hence an in-depth understanding $C_{G}$ and the key factors affecting its value will enable optimized design of HBC systems. In this brief we provide a detailed analysis of the return path capacitance for wearable devices of different shapes (disc, rectangular) through derivations, simulations as well as experiments. FEM simulation results show that the parasitic capacitance is almost equal to the self capacitance found through theoretical derivations, when the distance of the device to earth’s ground is significantly larger than the device dimensions. Independent experiments using an LCR meter and wearable devices, show close correspondence with theory and simulations. The return path capacitance ( $C_{G}$ ) value, which is in the range of a few pFs for a watch sized wearable, is primarily dependent on the size of the device and almost independent of the distance from earth’s ground.
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Bodywire a 6 3 pj b 30 mb s 30 db sir tolerant broadband interference robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain interference rejection
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory Chang, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) utilizes the human Body as the Communication medium between devices in and around the Body, providing an energy-efficient, secure alternative to radio wave Communication traditionally used in Body area networks (BAN). However, the human antenna effect results in the human Body picking up environmental interference affecting HBC transmissions. Most state-of-the-art HBC transceivers utilize narrowband modulation techniques to communicate using frequencies, which are not affected by interference. In this article, we use capacitive termination and voltage mode Communication techniques to utilize the human Body as a broadband (BB) Communication channel enabling as a BB HBC. An integrating dual data rate (I-DDR) receiver utilizing time-domain interference rejection (TD-IR) through integration and periodic sampling is used for interference-robust BB HBC operation. The proposed receiver can achieve higher energy efficiency as it utilizes the full bandwidth of the Body for data transmission and does not require any modulation/demodulation. The BB HBC transceiver is fabricated in the TSMC 65-nm technology. Measurement results show 6.3-pJ/bit energy efficiency at a data rate of 30 Mb/s with −30-dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance, making it 18 $\times $ energy efficient compared with state-of-the-art HBC transceivers.
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bio physical modeling characterization and optimization of electro quasistatic human Body Communication
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Mayukh Nath, Debayan Das, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) has emerged as an alternative to radio wave Communication for connecting low power, miniaturized wearable, and implantable devices in, on, and around the human Body. HBC uses the human Body as the Communication channel between on-Body devices. Previous studies characterizing the human Body channel has reported widely varying channel response much of which has been attributed to the variation in measurement setup. This calls for the development of a unifying bio-physical model of HBC, supported by in-depth analysis and an understanding of the effect of excitation, termination modality on HBC measurements. This paper characterizes the human Body channel up to 1 MHz frequency to evaluate it as a medium for the broadband Communication. The Communication occurs primarily in the electro-quasistatic (EQS) regime at these frequencies through the subcutaneous tissues. A lumped bio-physical model of HBC is developed, supported by experimental validations that provide insight into some of the key discrepancies found in previous studies. Voltage loss measurements are carried out both with an oscilloscope and a miniaturized wearable prototype to capture the effects of non-common ground. Results show that the channel loss is strongly dependent on the termination impedance at the receiver end, with up to 4 dB variation in average loss for different termination in an oscilloscope and an additional 9 dB channel loss with wearable prototype compared to an oscilloscope measurement. The measured channel response with capacitive termination reduces low-frequency loss and allows flat-band transfer function down to 13 KHz, establishing the human Body as a broadband Communication channel. Analysis of the measured results and the simulation model shows that instruments with 50 Ω input impedance (Vector Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer) provides pessimistic estimation of channel loss at low frequencies. Instead, high impedance and capacitive termination should be used at the receiver end for accurate voltage mode loss measurements of the HBC channel at low frequencies. The experimentally validated bio-physical model shows that capacitive voltage mode termination can improve the low frequency loss by up to 50 dB, which helps broadband Communication significantly.
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enabling covert Body area network using electro quasistatic human Body Communication
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Debayan Das, Baibhab Chatterjee, Shovan Maity, Shreyas SenAbstract:Radiative Communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields amongst the wearable and implantable devices act as the backbone for information exchange around a human Body, thereby enabling prime applications in the fields of connected healthcare, electroceuticals, neuroscience, augmented and virtual reality. However, owing to such radiative nature of the traditional wireless Communication, EM signals propagate in all directions, inadvertently allowing an eavesdropper to intercept the information. In this context, the human Body, primarily due to its high water content, has emerged as a medium for low-loss transmission, termed human Body Communication (HBC), enabling energy-efficient means for wearable Communication. However, conventional HBC implementations suffer from significant radiation which also compromises security. In this article, we present Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC), a method for localizing signals within the Body using low-frequency carrier-less (broadband) transmission, thereby making it extremely difficult for a nearby eavesdropper to intercept critical private data, thus producing a covert Communication channel, i.e. the human Body. This work, for the first time, demonstrates and analyzes the improvement in private space enabled by EQS-HBC. Detailed experiments, supported by theoretical modeling and analysis, reveal that the quasi-static (QS) leakage due to the on-Body EQS-HBC transmitter-human Body interface is detectable up to 5 m detection range for on-Body EM wireless Communication, highlighting the underlying advantage of EQS-HBC to enable covert Communication.
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secure human internet using dynamic human Body Communication
International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 2017Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Debayan Das, Xinyi Jiang, Shreyas SenAbstract:Continuous miniaturization and cost reduction of unit computing has led to the prolific growth of smart wearable devices. These devices, present on and around the human Body, form a complex network known as the Human-Intranet. The Human-Intranet is typically connected through Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). However, Human Body Communication (HBC) has recently emerged as an energy-efficient and secure alternative that uses the human Body as the Communication medium. Human-human, human-machine interaction creates dynamic HBC channels, which allow these Human-Intranets to interact with each other forming a Human-Internet. In this paper, we present the concept and demonstration of Secure Human-Internet using dynamic HBC. We highlight important applications of Human-Internet and discuss the architecture of a wearable Human-Internet device capable of communicating through inter-Body dynamic HBC. A custom-built hardware prototype is used to demonstrate for the first time information exchange (e.g. business card) during handshaking. Dynamic signal transfer characteristics during inter-Body Communication through handshake between two individuals wearing such devices are measured and analyzed. The effects of data transmission rate, handshake posture on the HBC based inter-Body Communication is explored to demonstrate its effectiveness and limitations under varying realistic scenarios. The specific COTS based HBC implementation shows > 8× better energy efficiency compared to the Bluetooth implementation.
Shovan Maity - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toward Understanding the Return Path Capacitance in Capacitive Human Body Communication
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2020Co-Authors: Mayukh Nath, Shovan Maity, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) utilizes the human Body as a conductive channel to enable ultra-low-power secure Communication between devices on and around the Body. In Capacitive HBC, although the Body provides the forward path for Communication, the closed loop return path is formed through parasitic coupling of the device’s ground plane with the environment. This return path capacitance ( $C_{G}$ ) is a critical factor in determining the overall HBC channel response. Hence an in-depth understanding $C_{G}$ and the key factors affecting its value will enable optimized design of HBC systems. In this brief we provide a detailed analysis of the return path capacitance for wearable devices of different shapes (disc, rectangular) through derivations, simulations as well as experiments. FEM simulation results show that the parasitic capacitance is almost equal to the self capacitance found through theoretical derivations, when the distance of the device to earth’s ground is significantly larger than the device dimensions. Independent experiments using an LCR meter and wearable devices, show close correspondence with theory and simulations. The return path capacitance ( $C_{G}$ ) value, which is in the range of a few pFs for a watch sized wearable, is primarily dependent on the size of the device and almost independent of the distance from earth’s ground.
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Bodywire a 6 3 pj b 30 mb s 30 db sir tolerant broadband interference robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain interference rejection
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory Chang, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) utilizes the human Body as the Communication medium between devices in and around the Body, providing an energy-efficient, secure alternative to radio wave Communication traditionally used in Body area networks (BAN). However, the human antenna effect results in the human Body picking up environmental interference affecting HBC transmissions. Most state-of-the-art HBC transceivers utilize narrowband modulation techniques to communicate using frequencies, which are not affected by interference. In this article, we use capacitive termination and voltage mode Communication techniques to utilize the human Body as a broadband (BB) Communication channel enabling as a BB HBC. An integrating dual data rate (I-DDR) receiver utilizing time-domain interference rejection (TD-IR) through integration and periodic sampling is used for interference-robust BB HBC operation. The proposed receiver can achieve higher energy efficiency as it utilizes the full bandwidth of the Body for data transmission and does not require any modulation/demodulation. The BB HBC transceiver is fabricated in the TSMC 65-nm technology. Measurement results show 6.3-pJ/bit energy efficiency at a data rate of 30 Mb/s with −30-dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance, making it 18 $\times $ energy efficient compared with state-of-the-art HBC transceivers.
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bio physical modeling characterization and optimization of electro quasistatic human Body Communication
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Mayukh Nath, Debayan Das, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) has emerged as an alternative to radio wave Communication for connecting low power, miniaturized wearable, and implantable devices in, on, and around the human Body. HBC uses the human Body as the Communication channel between on-Body devices. Previous studies characterizing the human Body channel has reported widely varying channel response much of which has been attributed to the variation in measurement setup. This calls for the development of a unifying bio-physical model of HBC, supported by in-depth analysis and an understanding of the effect of excitation, termination modality on HBC measurements. This paper characterizes the human Body channel up to 1 MHz frequency to evaluate it as a medium for the broadband Communication. The Communication occurs primarily in the electro-quasistatic (EQS) regime at these frequencies through the subcutaneous tissues. A lumped bio-physical model of HBC is developed, supported by experimental validations that provide insight into some of the key discrepancies found in previous studies. Voltage loss measurements are carried out both with an oscilloscope and a miniaturized wearable prototype to capture the effects of non-common ground. Results show that the channel loss is strongly dependent on the termination impedance at the receiver end, with up to 4 dB variation in average loss for different termination in an oscilloscope and an additional 9 dB channel loss with wearable prototype compared to an oscilloscope measurement. The measured channel response with capacitive termination reduces low-frequency loss and allows flat-band transfer function down to 13 KHz, establishing the human Body as a broadband Communication channel. Analysis of the measured results and the simulation model shows that instruments with 50 Ω input impedance (Vector Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer) provides pessimistic estimation of channel loss at low frequencies. Instead, high impedance and capacitive termination should be used at the receiver end for accurate voltage mode loss measurements of the HBC channel at low frequencies. The experimentally validated bio-physical model shows that capacitive voltage mode termination can improve the low frequency loss by up to 50 dB, which helps broadband Communication significantly.
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enabling covert Body area network using electro quasistatic human Body Communication
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Debayan Das, Baibhab Chatterjee, Shovan Maity, Shreyas SenAbstract:Radiative Communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields amongst the wearable and implantable devices act as the backbone for information exchange around a human Body, thereby enabling prime applications in the fields of connected healthcare, electroceuticals, neuroscience, augmented and virtual reality. However, owing to such radiative nature of the traditional wireless Communication, EM signals propagate in all directions, inadvertently allowing an eavesdropper to intercept the information. In this context, the human Body, primarily due to its high water content, has emerged as a medium for low-loss transmission, termed human Body Communication (HBC), enabling energy-efficient means for wearable Communication. However, conventional HBC implementations suffer from significant radiation which also compromises security. In this article, we present Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC), a method for localizing signals within the Body using low-frequency carrier-less (broadband) transmission, thereby making it extremely difficult for a nearby eavesdropper to intercept critical private data, thus producing a covert Communication channel, i.e. the human Body. This work, for the first time, demonstrates and analyzes the improvement in private space enabled by EQS-HBC. Detailed experiments, supported by theoretical modeling and analysis, reveal that the quasi-static (QS) leakage due to the on-Body EQS-HBC transmitter-human Body interface is detectable up to 5 m detection range for on-Body EM wireless Communication, highlighting the underlying advantage of EQS-HBC to enable covert Communication.
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CICC - A 6.3pJ/b 30Mbps −30dB SIR-tolerant broadband interference-robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain signal-interference separation
2018 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 2018Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory ChangAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) provides a low power Communication medium for energy constrained wearable/ implantable devices in and around the human Body. This paper presents a broadband HBC transceiver implemented in 65nm CMOS that achieves 6.3pJ/b energy efficiency at 30Mbps with −30dB interference-tolerance. Capacitive termination at the receiver end is used to achieve a wideband HBC channel, and Time Domain Signal-Interference Separation (TD-SIS) using Integrating DDR (I-DDR) receiver allows a tolerance of −30 dB Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) with a BER
Baibhab Chatterjee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bodywire a 6 3 pj b 30 mb s 30 db sir tolerant broadband interference robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain interference rejection
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory Chang, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) utilizes the human Body as the Communication medium between devices in and around the Body, providing an energy-efficient, secure alternative to radio wave Communication traditionally used in Body area networks (BAN). However, the human antenna effect results in the human Body picking up environmental interference affecting HBC transmissions. Most state-of-the-art HBC transceivers utilize narrowband modulation techniques to communicate using frequencies, which are not affected by interference. In this article, we use capacitive termination and voltage mode Communication techniques to utilize the human Body as a broadband (BB) Communication channel enabling as a BB HBC. An integrating dual data rate (I-DDR) receiver utilizing time-domain interference rejection (TD-IR) through integration and periodic sampling is used for interference-robust BB HBC operation. The proposed receiver can achieve higher energy efficiency as it utilizes the full bandwidth of the Body for data transmission and does not require any modulation/demodulation. The BB HBC transceiver is fabricated in the TSMC 65-nm technology. Measurement results show 6.3-pJ/bit energy efficiency at a data rate of 30 Mb/s with −30-dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) tolerance, making it 18 $\times $ energy efficient compared with state-of-the-art HBC transceivers.
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bio physical modeling characterization and optimization of electro quasistatic human Body Communication
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Mayukh Nath, Debayan Das, Shreyas SenAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) has emerged as an alternative to radio wave Communication for connecting low power, miniaturized wearable, and implantable devices in, on, and around the human Body. HBC uses the human Body as the Communication channel between on-Body devices. Previous studies characterizing the human Body channel has reported widely varying channel response much of which has been attributed to the variation in measurement setup. This calls for the development of a unifying bio-physical model of HBC, supported by in-depth analysis and an understanding of the effect of excitation, termination modality on HBC measurements. This paper characterizes the human Body channel up to 1 MHz frequency to evaluate it as a medium for the broadband Communication. The Communication occurs primarily in the electro-quasistatic (EQS) regime at these frequencies through the subcutaneous tissues. A lumped bio-physical model of HBC is developed, supported by experimental validations that provide insight into some of the key discrepancies found in previous studies. Voltage loss measurements are carried out both with an oscilloscope and a miniaturized wearable prototype to capture the effects of non-common ground. Results show that the channel loss is strongly dependent on the termination impedance at the receiver end, with up to 4 dB variation in average loss for different termination in an oscilloscope and an additional 9 dB channel loss with wearable prototype compared to an oscilloscope measurement. The measured channel response with capacitive termination reduces low-frequency loss and allows flat-band transfer function down to 13 KHz, establishing the human Body as a broadband Communication channel. Analysis of the measured results and the simulation model shows that instruments with 50 Ω input impedance (Vector Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer) provides pessimistic estimation of channel loss at low frequencies. Instead, high impedance and capacitive termination should be used at the receiver end for accurate voltage mode loss measurements of the HBC channel at low frequencies. The experimentally validated bio-physical model shows that capacitive voltage mode termination can improve the low frequency loss by up to 50 dB, which helps broadband Communication significantly.
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enabling covert Body area network using electro quasistatic human Body Communication
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Debayan Das, Baibhab Chatterjee, Shovan Maity, Shreyas SenAbstract:Radiative Communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields amongst the wearable and implantable devices act as the backbone for information exchange around a human Body, thereby enabling prime applications in the fields of connected healthcare, electroceuticals, neuroscience, augmented and virtual reality. However, owing to such radiative nature of the traditional wireless Communication, EM signals propagate in all directions, inadvertently allowing an eavesdropper to intercept the information. In this context, the human Body, primarily due to its high water content, has emerged as a medium for low-loss transmission, termed human Body Communication (HBC), enabling energy-efficient means for wearable Communication. However, conventional HBC implementations suffer from significant radiation which also compromises security. In this article, we present Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC), a method for localizing signals within the Body using low-frequency carrier-less (broadband) transmission, thereby making it extremely difficult for a nearby eavesdropper to intercept critical private data, thus producing a covert Communication channel, i.e. the human Body. This work, for the first time, demonstrates and analyzes the improvement in private space enabled by EQS-HBC. Detailed experiments, supported by theoretical modeling and analysis, reveal that the quasi-static (QS) leakage due to the on-Body EQS-HBC transmitter-human Body interface is detectable up to 5 m detection range for on-Body EM wireless Communication, highlighting the underlying advantage of EQS-HBC to enable covert Communication.
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CICC - A 6.3pJ/b 30Mbps −30dB SIR-tolerant broadband interference-robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain signal-interference separation
2018 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 2018Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory ChangAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) provides a low power Communication medium for energy constrained wearable/ implantable devices in and around the human Body. This paper presents a broadband HBC transceiver implemented in 65nm CMOS that achieves 6.3pJ/b energy efficiency at 30Mbps with −30dB interference-tolerance. Capacitive termination at the receiver end is used to achieve a wideband HBC channel, and Time Domain Signal-Interference Separation (TD-SIS) using Integrating DDR (I-DDR) receiver allows a tolerance of −30 dB Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) with a BER
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a 6 3pj b 30mbps 30db sir tolerant broadband interference robust human Body Communication transceiver using time domain signal interference separation
Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2018Co-Authors: Shovan Maity, Baibhab Chatterjee, Gregory ChangAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) provides a low power Communication medium for energy constrained wearable/ implantable devices in and around the human Body. This paper presents a broadband HBC transceiver implemented in 65nm CMOS that achieves 6.3pJ/b energy efficiency at 30Mbps with −30dB interference-tolerance. Capacitive termination at the receiver end is used to achieve a wideband HBC channel, and Time Domain Signal-Interference Separation (TD-SIS) using Integrating DDR (I-DDR) receiver allows a tolerance of −30 dB Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) with a BER <10−3. The transceiver achieves 18X improvement in energy-efficiency compared to the State-of-the-Art HBC transceivers while being simultaneously broadband (carrier-less, low-energy) and interference-robust. Such order-of-magnitude improvement in energy-efficiency and private Communication through the human Body may enable applications like closed-loop neuromodulation, health-monitoring, secure authentication among many others.
Bo Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) will play an important role in wireless Body area networks (WBANs) because of its low power and low hardware cost. However, the low-frequency band of HBC transmitting signal could potentially interfere with the vital signs such as electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG), especially for the frequency below 2 MHz. In this paper, a new mask-shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter to suppress the mask below 2 MHz, where a digital sigma–delta truncated infinite impulse response (SDTIIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. To save the die area, a single-ended receiver is designed with dc-coupled blocks, whereas a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the static dc offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in the 65 nm CMOS process, demonstrating a sub-millimeter-sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver chip. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with 3.52 mW power. Consuming 620 $\mu \text{W}$ , the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mc/s and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) will play an important role in wireless Body area networks (WBANs) because of its low power and low hardware cost. However, the low-frequency band of HBC transmitting signal could potentially interfere with the vital signs such as electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG), especially for the frequency below 2 MHz. In this paper, a new mask-shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter to suppress the mask below 2 MHz, where a digital sigma–delta truncated infinite impulse response (SDTIIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. To save the die area, a single-ended receiver is designed with dc-coupled blocks, whereas a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the static dc offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in the 65 nm CMOS process, demonstrating a sub-millimeter-sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver chip. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with 3.52 mW power. Consuming 620 $\mu \text{W}$ , the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mc/s and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.
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a five tissue layer human Body Communication circuit model tunable to individual characteristics
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 2018Co-Authors: Jingna Mao, Huazhong Yang, Yong Lian, Bo ZhaoAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) has several advantages over traditional wireless Communications due to the high conductivity of human Body. An accurate Body channel model plays a vital role in optimizing the performance and power of HBC transceivers. In this paper, we present a Body channel model with three distinct features. First, it takes into account all five Body tissue layers resulting better accuracy; second, it adapts to different individuals with the proposed layer thickness estimation technique; third, it counts in the variation of backward coupling capacitance versus different postures. These new features significantly improve the model accuracy. Measurement results show that the proposed model achieves a maximum error of 2.21% in path loss for different human subjects.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2017Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:To enhance the mask rejection below 2 MHz for effective human Body Communication (HBC), a new mask shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter, where a digital sigma-delta modulated infinite impulse response (IIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. A receiver with high input impedance is designed to improve the sensitivity, and a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the DC-to-DC offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in 65nm CMOS process, and a sub-mm sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver is demonstrated. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with a power consumption of 3.52 mW. Consuming 620 μW, the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mcps and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.
Chunhuat Heng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) will play an important role in wireless Body area networks (WBANs) because of its low power and low hardware cost. However, the low-frequency band of HBC transmitting signal could potentially interfere with the vital signs such as electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG), especially for the frequency below 2 MHz. In this paper, a new mask-shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter to suppress the mask below 2 MHz, where a digital sigma–delta truncated infinite impulse response (SDTIIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. To save the die area, a single-ended receiver is designed with dc-coupled blocks, whereas a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the static dc offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in the 65 nm CMOS process, demonstrating a sub-millimeter-sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver chip. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with 3.52 mW power. Consuming 620 $\mu \text{W}$ , the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mc/s and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, 2019Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:Human Body Communication (HBC) will play an important role in wireless Body area networks (WBANs) because of its low power and low hardware cost. However, the low-frequency band of HBC transmitting signal could potentially interfere with the vital signs such as electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG), especially for the frequency below 2 MHz. In this paper, a new mask-shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter to suppress the mask below 2 MHz, where a digital sigma–delta truncated infinite impulse response (SDTIIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. To save the die area, a single-ended receiver is designed with dc-coupled blocks, whereas a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the static dc offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in the 65 nm CMOS process, demonstrating a sub-millimeter-sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver chip. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with 3.52 mW power. Consuming 620 $\mu \text{W}$ , the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mc/s and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.
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a low power compact ieee 802 15 6 compatible human Body Communication transceiver with digital sigma delta iir mask shaping
European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2017Co-Authors: Bo Zhao, Yong Lian, Ali M Niknejad, Chunhuat HengAbstract:To enhance the mask rejection below 2 MHz for effective human Body Communication (HBC), a new mask shaping technique is proposed for the HBC transmitter, where a digital sigma-delta modulated infinite impulse response (IIR) filter provides sufficient rejection with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) of only 8 bits. A receiver with high input impedance is designed to improve the sensitivity, and a digital calibration technique is employed to eliminate the DC-to-DC offset. The proposed techniques are implemented in 65nm CMOS process, and a sub-mm sized IEEE 802.15.6 compatible HBC transceiver is demonstrated. Measurements show that the transmitter achieves a rejection of −86.5 dBr at 2 MHz with a power consumption of 3.52 mW. Consuming 620 μW, the receiver achieves a sensitivity of −72 dBm at a chip rate of 5.25 Mcps and a bit error rate (BER) less than 10−7.