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Sungseen Choi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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determination of Bound Rubber composition of filled sbr br blend compounds by analysis of the unBound Rubber composition and Bound Rubber content
Polymer Testing, 2017Co-Authors: Sungseen Choi, Hyuk-min Kwon, Yeowool Kim, Eunha KimAbstract:Abstract Analytical method for determination of the Bound Rubber composition of a filled SBR/BR blend compound was developed using measurement of the Bound Rubber content and microstructural analysis of the unBound Rubber composition. Various filled SBR/BR blend compounds with different blend ratios were prepared using SBRs with different microstructures. This method included measurement of the Bound Rubber content, extraction of the unBound Rubber, microstructural analysis of the unBound Rubber composition, and process for determination of the Bound Rubber composition. Composition of the unBound Rubber was analyzed using liquid proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR) and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the analytical results using H-NMR had less experimental errors than those using transmission-FTIR. The raw SBR/BR blends were also analyzed in order to evaluate level of the experimental errors. Average SBR/BR ratios of the unBound Rubbers were obtained using the 1,2- and 1,4-unit contents determined by the H-NMR analysis. The Bound Rubber compositions were obtained using the Bound Rubber contents and the average unBound Rubber compositions. It was found that most of the Bound Rubbers had higher SBR ratios than the formulation value.
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Determination of Bound Rubber composition of filled SBR/BR blend compounds by analysis of the unBound Rubber composition and Bound Rubber content
Polymer Testing, 2017Co-Authors: Sungseen Choi, Hyuk-min Kwon, Yeowool Kim, Eunha KimAbstract:Abstract Analytical method for determination of the Bound Rubber composition of a filled SBR/BR blend compound was developed using measurement of the Bound Rubber content and microstructural analysis of the unBound Rubber composition. Various filled SBR/BR blend compounds with different blend ratios were prepared using SBRs with different microstructures. This method included measurement of the Bound Rubber content, extraction of the unBound Rubber, microstructural analysis of the unBound Rubber composition, and process for determination of the Bound Rubber composition. Composition of the unBound Rubber was analyzed using liquid proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR) and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the analytical results using H-NMR had less experimental errors than those using transmission-FTIR. The raw SBR/BR blends were also analyzed in order to evaluate level of the experimental errors. Average SBR/BR ratios of the unBound Rubbers were obtained using the 1,2- and 1,4-unit contents determined by the H-NMR analysis. The Bound Rubber compositions were obtained using the Bound Rubber contents and the average unBound Rubber compositions. It was found that most of the Bound Rubbers had higher SBR ratios than the formulation value.
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Influence of silane coupling agent on Bound Rubber formation of NR/SBR blend compounds reinforced with carbon black
Polymer Bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: Sungseen Choi, Chae Eun SonAbstract:Influence of silane coupling agent [bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl)-tetrasulfide, TESPT] on Bound Rubber formation of carbon black-filled NR/SBR blend compounds was investigated. Bound Rubber formation of carbon black-filled NR compounds with and without TESPT was also examined. Bound Rubber contents of the NR/SBR blend compounds were less than those of the single NR compounds. Secondary layer Bound Rubber content of the NR/SBR compound containing TESPT was greater than that of the compound without TESPT, whereas formation of the primary layer Bound Rubber was not nearly affected by TESPT. For the single NR compounds, both the primary and secondary layer Bound Rubber contents of the compound containing TESPT were greater than those of the compound without TESPT. TESPT enhances the Bound Rubber formation by making sulfur crosslinks between NR chains in the compound. The secondary layer Bound Rubber contents of the NR/SBR blend compounds were lower than the primary layer ones, while for the single NR compounds the secondary layer Bound Rubber contents were greater than the primary layer ones. Rubber ratios of NR and SBR of Bound Rubbers of the NR/SBR blend compounds were determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The NR/SBR Rubber ratio of the secondary layer Bound Rubber was much greater than that of the primary layer one.
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Influence of Extender Oil on Properties of Solution Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites
Elastomers and Composites, 2015Co-Authors: Sungseen ChoiAbstract:Abstract: Crosslink density of a Rubber vulcanizate determines the chemical and physical properties, while Bound Rubberis an important factor to estimate reinforcement of a filled Rubber compound. Extender oil is added to a raw Rubber withvery high molecular weight for improving processability of a Rubber composite. Influence of extender oil on crosslink den-sity, Bound Rubber formation, and physical properties of solution styrene-butadiene Rubber (SSBR) composites with differingmicrostructures was investigated. Crosslink densities of non-oil-extended SSBR (NO-SSBR) vulcanizates were higher thanthose of oil-extended SSBR (OE-SSBR) ones. Bound Rubber contents of NO-SSBR compounds were also greater than thoseof OE-SSBR ones. The experimental results could be explained by interfering of extender oil. The OE-SSBR vulcanizateshad low modulus but long elongation at break, whereas the NO-SSBR ones had high modulus but short elongation at break.It was found that the crosslink densities affected the physical properties more than the Bound Rubber contents. The moduliincreased with increase in the crosslink density irrespective of extender oil, while the elongation at break decreased. Eachvariation of the tensile strengths of NO-SSBR and OE-SSBR vulcanizates with the crosslink density showed a decreasingtrend. Tear strength of the OE-SSBR vulcanizate increased with increase in the crosslink density, whereas variation of thetear strength of NO-SSBR vulcanizate with the crosslink density showed a weak decreasing trend.Keywords: solution SBR, extender oil, crosslink density, Bound Rubber, physical property
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Novel test method to estimate Bound Rubber formation of silica-filled solution styrene-butadiene Rubber compounds
Polymer Testing, 2014Co-Authors: Sungseen ChoiAbstract:Abstract Bound Rubber formation was investigated in detail by applying various extraction temperatures (at room temperature, 90°C, and 180°C) and novel treatment methods (ammonia bubbling and sonication). Bound Rubbers could be divided into three major components of core shell, primary layer including tightly primary layer and occluded Rubber, and secondary layer including connecting filament. Bound Rubber content of the core shell was measured by four successive procedures of extraction at room temperature, ammonia bubbling, extraction at 180°C and sonication. Bound Rubber content of the tightly primary layer was measured by three successive procedures of extraction at 90°C, ammonia bubbling and sonication. Bound Rubber content of the primary layer was measured by two successive procedures of extraction at 90°C and sonication.
Akbar Shojaei - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reinforcing mechanisms of carbon nanotubes and high structure carbon black in natural Rubber styrene butadiene Rubber blend prepared by mechanical mixing effect of Bound Rubber
Polymer International, 2015Co-Authors: Morteza Ahmadi, Akbar ShojaeiAbstract:The reinforcing effect of high structure carbon black (HSCB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend processed using mechanical mixing was comparatively investigated. In-depth analysis by dynamic mechanical analysis, the Eggers − Schummer model and Medalia's relationship showed that HSCB aggregates provided large internal pores leading to significant immobilized macromolecules in filled Rubber. Additionally, a tubular immobilized Rubber layer with a thickness of 8 nm was estimated for the Rubber/MWCNT system based on dynamic mechanical analysis data. The mechanical performance of the HSCB filled blend was higher than that of the MWCNT filled blend at the same loading which was correlated to its higher Bound Rubber content. Both Bound Rubber content and filler anisotropy were found to govern the overall mechanical properties of Rubber/MWCNT composites. Stress softening was correlated with rupture energy suggesting hysteretic failure mechanisms in both MWCNT and HSCB filled Rubbers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Reinforcing mechanisms of carbon nanotubes and high structure carbon black in natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend prepared by mechanical mixing − effect of Bound Rubber
Polymer International, 2015Co-Authors: Morteza Ahmadi, Akbar ShojaeiAbstract:The reinforcing effect of high structure carbon black (HSCB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend processed using mechanical mixing was comparatively investigated. In-depth analysis by dynamic mechanical analysis, the Eggers − Schummer model and Medalia's relationship showed that HSCB aggregates provided large internal pores leading to significant immobilized macromolecules in filled Rubber. Additionally, a tubular immobilized Rubber layer with a thickness of 8 nm was estimated for the Rubber/MWCNT system based on dynamic mechanical analysis data. The mechanical performance of the HSCB filled blend was higher than that of the MWCNT filled blend at the same loading which was correlated to its higher Bound Rubber content. Both Bound Rubber content and filler anisotropy were found to govern the overall mechanical properties of Rubber/MWCNT composites. Stress softening was correlated with rupture energy suggesting hysteretic failure mechanisms in both MWCNT and HSCB filled Rubbers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Effect of carbon‐based nanoparticles on the cure characteristics and network structure of styrene–butadiene Rubber vulcanizate
Polymer International, 2012Co-Authors: Mohammad Mahdi Saatchi, Akbar ShojaeiAbstract:The network structure of styrene–butadiene Rubber (SBR) in the presence of carbon black (CB) with two different structures and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. Swelling behaviour, tensile properties at various strain rates and cure kinetics were characterized. Experimental data were analysed using the Flory–Rehner model as well as the tube model theory. It is found that the network structure of CB-filled SBR follows a three-phase composite model including rigid particles, semi-rigid Bound Rubber and matrix Rubber. This Bound Rubber is postulated to be critical for the mechanical and deformational properties, development of crosslinking density in matrix Rubber and polymer–filler interaction. For MWCNT-filled SBR, the Bound Rubber does not show a substantial contribution to the network structure and mechanical performance, and these properties are greatly dominated by the higher aspect ratio and polymer–filler interaction. Additionally it is deduced that the crosslinking density of matrix Rubber increases on incorporation of the fillers compared to unfilled matrix Rubber. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Yoshinobu Isono - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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acoustic analysis of Bound Rubber formed in silica sbr compounds
Ultrasonics, 2006Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:Abstract The compressibility of the Bound Rubber around the silica particle was evaluated by an acoustic technique. The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of a silica/SBR compound were measured as a function of the silica content. The density increased linearly with the filler content. The longitudinal wave velocity was almost constant within the experimental error. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the silica in the silica/SBR compounds was 1.08 ± 0.03 kg kg −1 which was measured by a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the silica was estimated as (0.1 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 on the basis of a three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubbers in the silica/SBR compounds was (4.6 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 . The compressibility was almost the same as that of the SBR, and the value was twice larger than the compressibility of the Bound Rubber formed in a CB/SBR composite.
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Acoustic analysis of Bound Rubber formed in silica/SBR compounds
Ultrasonics, 2006Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:Abstract The compressibility of the Bound Rubber around the silica particle was evaluated by an acoustic technique. The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of a silica/SBR compound were measured as a function of the silica content. The density increased linearly with the filler content. The longitudinal wave velocity was almost constant within the experimental error. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the silica in the silica/SBR compounds was 1.08 ± 0.03 kg kg −1 which was measured by a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the silica was estimated as (0.1 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 on the basis of a three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubbers in the silica/SBR compounds was (4.6 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 . The compressibility was almost the same as that of the SBR, and the value was twice larger than the compressibility of the Bound Rubber formed in a CB/SBR composite.
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Acoustic Analysis of Composite Soft Materials IV.Evaluation of Compressibility of Bound Rubber in Carbon Black Filled SBR
e-Journal of Soft Materials, 2005Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:A carbon black (CB) filled styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was investigated by acoustic techniques, scanning acoustic microscopy and longitudinal wave velocitometry.The CB agglomerates of larger than 5 µm dispersed in the compound mixed by two-roll mill were observed as black spots in acoustic micrographs. On the other hand, the CB agglomerates in the compound mixed by oil-pressure kneader were not observed in the acoustic micrograph, since the particle size of the agglomerates was less than 5 µm.The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of the compound were measured as a function of the weight percentage of the CB. The density and the velocity increased linearly with the content of the CB. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the CB in the unvulcanized sample was determined by using toluene extraction and thermo gravimetric analysis. The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the CB was estimated as (−0.5±0.5)×10−10 Pa−1 on the basis of the three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubber was (2.2±0.5)×10−10 Pa−1, and it is half of that of the SBR matrix.
Morteza Ahmadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reinforcing mechanisms of carbon nanotubes and high structure carbon black in natural Rubber styrene butadiene Rubber blend prepared by mechanical mixing effect of Bound Rubber
Polymer International, 2015Co-Authors: Morteza Ahmadi, Akbar ShojaeiAbstract:The reinforcing effect of high structure carbon black (HSCB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend processed using mechanical mixing was comparatively investigated. In-depth analysis by dynamic mechanical analysis, the Eggers − Schummer model and Medalia's relationship showed that HSCB aggregates provided large internal pores leading to significant immobilized macromolecules in filled Rubber. Additionally, a tubular immobilized Rubber layer with a thickness of 8 nm was estimated for the Rubber/MWCNT system based on dynamic mechanical analysis data. The mechanical performance of the HSCB filled blend was higher than that of the MWCNT filled blend at the same loading which was correlated to its higher Bound Rubber content. Both Bound Rubber content and filler anisotropy were found to govern the overall mechanical properties of Rubber/MWCNT composites. Stress softening was correlated with rupture energy suggesting hysteretic failure mechanisms in both MWCNT and HSCB filled Rubbers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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Reinforcing mechanisms of carbon nanotubes and high structure carbon black in natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend prepared by mechanical mixing − effect of Bound Rubber
Polymer International, 2015Co-Authors: Morteza Ahmadi, Akbar ShojaeiAbstract:The reinforcing effect of high structure carbon black (HSCB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on natural Rubber/styrene-butadiene Rubber blend processed using mechanical mixing was comparatively investigated. In-depth analysis by dynamic mechanical analysis, the Eggers − Schummer model and Medalia's relationship showed that HSCB aggregates provided large internal pores leading to significant immobilized macromolecules in filled Rubber. Additionally, a tubular immobilized Rubber layer with a thickness of 8 nm was estimated for the Rubber/MWCNT system based on dynamic mechanical analysis data. The mechanical performance of the HSCB filled blend was higher than that of the MWCNT filled blend at the same loading which was correlated to its higher Bound Rubber content. Both Bound Rubber content and filler anisotropy were found to govern the overall mechanical properties of Rubber/MWCNT composites. Stress softening was correlated with rupture energy suggesting hysteretic failure mechanisms in both MWCNT and HSCB filled Rubbers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Masahiro Maebayashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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acoustic analysis of Bound Rubber formed in silica sbr compounds
Ultrasonics, 2006Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:Abstract The compressibility of the Bound Rubber around the silica particle was evaluated by an acoustic technique. The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of a silica/SBR compound were measured as a function of the silica content. The density increased linearly with the filler content. The longitudinal wave velocity was almost constant within the experimental error. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the silica in the silica/SBR compounds was 1.08 ± 0.03 kg kg −1 which was measured by a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the silica was estimated as (0.1 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 on the basis of a three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubbers in the silica/SBR compounds was (4.6 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 . The compressibility was almost the same as that of the SBR, and the value was twice larger than the compressibility of the Bound Rubber formed in a CB/SBR composite.
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Acoustic analysis of Bound Rubber formed in silica/SBR compounds
Ultrasonics, 2006Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:Abstract The compressibility of the Bound Rubber around the silica particle was evaluated by an acoustic technique. The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of a silica/SBR compound were measured as a function of the silica content. The density increased linearly with the filler content. The longitudinal wave velocity was almost constant within the experimental error. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the silica in the silica/SBR compounds was 1.08 ± 0.03 kg kg −1 which was measured by a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the silica was estimated as (0.1 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 on the basis of a three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubbers in the silica/SBR compounds was (4.6 ± 0.5) × 10 −10 Pa −1 . The compressibility was almost the same as that of the SBR, and the value was twice larger than the compressibility of the Bound Rubber formed in a CB/SBR composite.
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Acoustic Analysis of Composite Soft Materials IV.Evaluation of Compressibility of Bound Rubber in Carbon Black Filled SBR
e-Journal of Soft Materials, 2005Co-Authors: Masahiro Maebayashi, M. Endo, Tatsuro Matsuoka, Shinobu Koda, Yoshinobu IsonoAbstract:A carbon black (CB) filled styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was investigated by acoustic techniques, scanning acoustic microscopy and longitudinal wave velocitometry.The CB agglomerates of larger than 5 µm dispersed in the compound mixed by two-roll mill were observed as black spots in acoustic micrographs. On the other hand, the CB agglomerates in the compound mixed by oil-pressure kneader were not observed in the acoustic micrograph, since the particle size of the agglomerates was less than 5 µm.The density and the longitudinal wave velocity of the compound were measured as a function of the weight percentage of the CB. The density and the velocity increased linearly with the content of the CB. The mass ratio of the Bound Rubber to the CB in the unvulcanized sample was determined by using toluene extraction and thermo gravimetric analysis. The partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the CB was estimated as (−0.5±0.5)×10−10 Pa−1 on the basis of the three states model. The adiabatic compressibility of the Bound Rubber was (2.2±0.5)×10−10 Pa−1, and it is half of that of the SBR matrix.