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Wolfgang H.r. Miltner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brain Activation during direct and indirect processing of positive and negative words.
Behavioural brain research, 2011Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Andreas Sauer, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:The effects of task conditions on Brain Activation to emotional stimuli are poorly understood. In this event-related fMRI study, Brain Activation to negative and positive words (matched for arousal) and neutral words was investigated under two task conditions. Subjects either had to attend to the emotional meaning (direct task) or to non-emotional features of the words (indirect task). Regardless of task, positive vs. negative words led to increased Activation in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, while negative vs. positive words induced increased Activation of the insula. Compared to neutral words, all emotional words were associated with increased Activation of the amygdala. Finally, the direct condition, as compared to the indirect condition, led to enhanced Activation to emotional vs. neutral words in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest valence and arousal dependent Brain Activation patterns that are partially modulated by participants' processing mode of the emotional stimuli.
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Sex differences in Brain Activation to anticipated and experienced pain in the medial prefrontal cortex.
Human brain mapping, 2008Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Stephanie Schmidt, Thomas Weiss, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Previous studies on sex differences in neural responses to noxious stimuli yielded mixed results. Both increased and decreased Brain Activation in several Brain areas in women as compared to men has been reported. The current event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study used a parametric design with different levels of the intensity of electrical stimulation in order to investigate sex differences in Brain Activation during pain processing. Four intensity levels, which were determined individually according to subjective ratings, ranging from stimulation below the stimulus detection threshold to moderately painful stimuli, were applied. Females experienced mild and moderate pain at lower stimulus intensity than males. Pronounced sex differences in Brain Activation were found in response to stimulation below the detection threshold and for the most intense pain stimuli in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Under both the conditions, women showed stronger Activation in a region of the pregenual MPFC, which has been implicated in introspective, self-focused information processing. The results suggest that women, as compared to men, show increased self-related attention during anticipation of pain and in response to intense pain.
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Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on Brain Activation in specific phobia.
NeuroImage, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Madlen Glauer, Stefan Dilger, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Little is known about the effects of successful psychotherapy on Brain function in subjects with anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to identify changes in Brain Activation following cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in subjects suffering from specific phobia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Brain Activation to spider videos was measured in 28 spider phobic and 14 healthy control subjects. Phobics were randomly assigned to a therapy-group (TG) and a waiting-list control group (WG). Both groups of phobics were scanned twice. Between scanning sessions, CBT was given to the TG. Before therapy, Brain Activation did not differ between both groups of phobics. As compared to control subjects, phobics showed greater responses to spider vs. control videos in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CBT strongly reduced phobic symptoms in the TG while the WG remained behaviorally unchanged. In the second scanning session, a significant reduction of hyperactivity in the insula and ACC was found in the TG compared to the WG. These results propose that increased Activation in the insula and ACC is associated with specific phobia, whereas an attenuation of these Brain responses correlates with successful therapeutic intervention.
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Brain Activation to phobia-related words in phobic subjects.
Neuroscience letters, 2004Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Madlen Glauer, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Behavioural studies suggest that phobic subjects are hypersensitive in the processing of phobia-related linguistic stimuli. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) Brain Activation to phobia-relevant words in spider phobic and non-phobic subjects. Phobia-related versus phobia-unrelated words elicited increased Activation in prefrontal cortex, insula, and posterior cingulate cortex in spider phobics, while these effects were absent in controls. Furthermore, between-group comparisons confirmed that differential Activations within these Brain regions were specifically due to increased responses to phobia-related stimuli in phobics. Our results provide first insights into Brain Activation patterns when phobics are confronted with phobia-specific linguistic information und suggest a neural network for the processing of these threatening stimuli.
Thomas Straube - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brain Activation during direct and indirect processing of positive and negative words.
Behavioural brain research, 2011Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Andreas Sauer, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:The effects of task conditions on Brain Activation to emotional stimuli are poorly understood. In this event-related fMRI study, Brain Activation to negative and positive words (matched for arousal) and neutral words was investigated under two task conditions. Subjects either had to attend to the emotional meaning (direct task) or to non-emotional features of the words (indirect task). Regardless of task, positive vs. negative words led to increased Activation in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, while negative vs. positive words induced increased Activation of the insula. Compared to neutral words, all emotional words were associated with increased Activation of the amygdala. Finally, the direct condition, as compared to the indirect condition, led to enhanced Activation to emotional vs. neutral words in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest valence and arousal dependent Brain Activation patterns that are partially modulated by participants' processing mode of the emotional stimuli.
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Sex differences in Brain Activation to anticipated and experienced pain in the medial prefrontal cortex.
Human brain mapping, 2008Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Stephanie Schmidt, Thomas Weiss, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Previous studies on sex differences in neural responses to noxious stimuli yielded mixed results. Both increased and decreased Brain Activation in several Brain areas in women as compared to men has been reported. The current event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study used a parametric design with different levels of the intensity of electrical stimulation in order to investigate sex differences in Brain Activation during pain processing. Four intensity levels, which were determined individually according to subjective ratings, ranging from stimulation below the stimulus detection threshold to moderately painful stimuli, were applied. Females experienced mild and moderate pain at lower stimulus intensity than males. Pronounced sex differences in Brain Activation were found in response to stimulation below the detection threshold and for the most intense pain stimuli in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Under both the conditions, women showed stronger Activation in a region of the pregenual MPFC, which has been implicated in introspective, self-focused information processing. The results suggest that women, as compared to men, show increased self-related attention during anticipation of pain and in response to intense pain.
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Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on Brain Activation in specific phobia.
NeuroImage, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Madlen Glauer, Stefan Dilger, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Little is known about the effects of successful psychotherapy on Brain function in subjects with anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to identify changes in Brain Activation following cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in subjects suffering from specific phobia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Brain Activation to spider videos was measured in 28 spider phobic and 14 healthy control subjects. Phobics were randomly assigned to a therapy-group (TG) and a waiting-list control group (WG). Both groups of phobics were scanned twice. Between scanning sessions, CBT was given to the TG. Before therapy, Brain Activation did not differ between both groups of phobics. As compared to control subjects, phobics showed greater responses to spider vs. control videos in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CBT strongly reduced phobic symptoms in the TG while the WG remained behaviorally unchanged. In the second scanning session, a significant reduction of hyperactivity in the insula and ACC was found in the TG compared to the WG. These results propose that increased Activation in the insula and ACC is associated with specific phobia, whereas an attenuation of these Brain responses correlates with successful therapeutic intervention.
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Brain Activation to phobia-related words in phobic subjects.
Neuroscience letters, 2004Co-Authors: Thomas Straube, Madlen Glauer, Hans-joachim Mentzel, Wolfgang H.r. MiltnerAbstract:Behavioural studies suggest that phobic subjects are hypersensitive in the processing of phobia-related linguistic stimuli. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) Brain Activation to phobia-relevant words in spider phobic and non-phobic subjects. Phobia-related versus phobia-unrelated words elicited increased Activation in prefrontal cortex, insula, and posterior cingulate cortex in spider phobics, while these effects were absent in controls. Furthermore, between-group comparisons confirmed that differential Activations within these Brain regions were specifically due to increased responses to phobia-related stimuli in phobics. Our results provide first insights into Brain Activation patterns when phobics are confronted with phobia-specific linguistic information und suggest a neural network for the processing of these threatening stimuli.
Sachin Agarwal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Detection of Brain Activation in Unresponsive Patients with Acute Brain Injury
The New England journal of medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Jan Claassen, Kevin Doyle, Adu Matory, Caroline Couch, Kelly M Burger, Angela Velazquez, Joshua U Okonkwo, Jean-rémi King, Soojin Park, Sachin AgarwalAbstract:Brain Activation in response to spoken motor commands can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG) in clinically unresponsive patients. The prevalence and prognostic importance of a dissociation between commanded motor behavior and Brain Activation in the first few days after Brain injury are not well understood. We studied a prospective, consecutive series of patients in a single intensive care unit who had acute Brain injury from a variety of causes and who were unresponsive to spoken commands, including some patients with the ability to localize painful stimuli or to fixate on or track visual stimuli. Machine learning was applied to EEG recordings to detect Brain Activation in response to commands that patients move their hands. The functional outcome at 12 months was determined with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E; levels range from 1 to 8, with higher levels indicating better outcomes). A total of 16 of 104 unresponsive patients (15%) had Brain Activation detected by EEG at a median of 4 days after injury. The condition in 8 of these 16 patients (50%) and in 23 of 88 patients (26%) without Brain Activation improved such that they were able to follow commands before discharge. At 12 months, 7 of 16 patients (44%) with Brain Activation and 12 of 84 patients (14%) without Brain Activation had a GOS-E level of 4 or higher, denoting the ability to function independently for 8 hours (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 17.1). A dissociation between the absence of behavioral responses to motor commands and the evidence of Brain Activation in response to these commands in EEG recordings was found in 15% of patients in a consecutive series of patients with acute Brain injury. (Supported by the Dana Foundation and the James S. McDonnell Foundation.). Copyright © 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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detection of Brain Activation in unresponsive patients with acute Brain injury
The New England Journal of Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Jan Claassen, Kevin Doyle, Adu Matory, Caroline Couch, Kelly M Burger, Angela Velazquez, Joshua U Okonkwo, Jean-rémi King, Soojin Park, Sachin AgarwalAbstract:Abstract Background Brain Activation in response to spoken motor commands can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG) in clinically unresponsive patients. The prevalence and prognostic importan...
J. Coen Netelenbos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Raloxifene affects Brain Activation patterns in postmenopausal women during visual encoding.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001Co-Authors: Simone J.m. Neele, Frederik Barkhof, P. Scheltens, Serge A.r.b. Rombouts, Marije A. Bierlaagh, J. Coen NetelenbosAbstract:Recent Brain imaging studies have shown that estrogens alter Brain Activation patterns upon working memory tasks in postmenopausal women. Estrogens, however, have many systemic side effects. We investigated the effect of the Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene on Brain Activation patterns during a memory task in postmenopausal women with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty postmenopausal and right handed women (mean age 65.7 years; SD 3.0) were included in this double blind, placebo controlled and randomized study. Whole Brain fMRI was performed before and after three months of daily treatment with raloxifene 60 mg or placebo. Each scanning session consisted of a visual encoding task, a recognition test and a simple photic simulation test. Data analyses was performed with SPM99b software. Specific regions of interest for the tasks were defined based in previous experiments. Visual encoding activated the ventral route, posterior medial temporal lobe and frontal cortex in both groups. Treatment interactions for raloxifene compared to placebo were a decrease in Activation in the left parahippocampal gyrus and left lingual gyrus, an increase in Activation in the right superior frontal gyrus. The mean recognition test and the simple photic stimulation test showed no treatment interactions. Our results show that raloxifene affects Brain Activation patterns upon visual encoding in postmenopausal women.
Andreas R. Luft - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Modulation of Brain Activation During Simulated Weight Bearing in Supine Gait-Like Stepping.
Brain topography, 2015Co-Authors: Lukas Jaeger, Laura Marchal-crespo, Peter Wolf, Andreas R. Luft, Robert Riener, Lars Michels, Spyros KolliasAbstract:To date, the neurophysiological correlates of muscle Activation required for weight bearing during walking are poorly understood although, a supraspinal involvement has been discussed in the literature for many years. The present study investigates the effect of simulated ground reaction forces (0, 20, and 40 % of individual body weight) on Brain Activation in sixteen healthy participants. A magnetic resonance compatible robot was applied to render three different levels of load against the feet of the participants during active and passive gait-like stepping movements. Brain Activation was analyzed by the means of voxel-wise whole Brain analysis as well as by a region-of-interest analysis. A significant modulation of Brain Activation in sensorimotor areas by the load level could neither be demonstrated during active nor during passive stepping. These observations suggest that the regulation of muscle Activation under different weight-bearing conditions during stepping occurs at the level of spinal circuitry or the Brainstem rather than at the supraspinal level.
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lesion location alters Brain Activation in chronically impaired stroke survivors
NeuroImage, 2004Co-Authors: Andreas R. Luft, Sandy Mccombe Waller, Larry W Forrester, Gerald V Smith, Jill Whitall, Richard F Macko, Jorg B Schulz, Daniel F HanleyAbstract:Abstract Recovery of motor function after stroke is associated with reorganization in central motor networks. Functional imaging has demonstrated recovery-dependent alterations in Brain Activation patterns when compared to healthy controls. These alterations are variable across stroke subjects. Factors identified as contributing to this variability are the degree of functional impairment, the time interval since stroke, and rehabilitative therapies. Here, the hypothesis is tested that lesion location influences the Activation patterns. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the objective was to characterize similarities or differences in movement-related Activation patterns in patients chronically disabled by cortical plus subcortical or subcortical lesions only. Brain Activation was mapped during paretic and non-paretic movement in 11 patients with subcortical stroke, in nine patients with stroke involving sensorimotor cortex, and in eight healthy volunteers. Patient groups had similar average motor deficit as measured by a battery of scores and strength measures. Substantial differences between patients groups were found in Activation patterns associated with paretic limb movement: Whereas contralateral motor cortex, ipsilateral cerebellum (relative to moving limb), bilateral mesial (cingulate, SMA), and perisylvian regions were active in subcortical stroke, cortical patients recruited only ipsilateral postcentral mesial hemisphere regions, and areas at the rim of the stroke cavity. For both groups, Activation in ipsilateral postcentral cortex correlated with motor function; in subcortical stroke, the same was found for mesial and perisylvian regions. Overall, Brain Activation in cortical stroke was less, while in subcortical patients, more than in healthy controls. For non-paretic movement, Activation patterns were similar to control in cortical patients. In subcortical patients, however, Activation patterns differed: the Activation of non-paretic movement was similar to that of paretic movement (corrected for side). The data demonstrate more differences than similarities in the central control of paretic and non-paretic limb movement in patients chronically disabled by subcortical versus cortical stroke. Whereas standard motor circuitry is utilized in subcortical stroke, alternative networks are recruited after cortical stroke. This finding proposes lesion-specific mechanisms of reorganization. Optimal Activation of these distinct networks may require different rehabilitative strategies.
