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Didier Raoult - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brill-Zinsser Disease in Moroccan man, France, 2011.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2012Co-Authors: Jean-françois Faucher, Catherine Chirouze, L. Hustache-mathieu, Cristina Socolovschi, Didier Raoult, Camille Aubry, Bruno HoenAbstract:To the Editor: Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted by human body lice. For centuries, it has been associated with overcrowding, cold weather, and poor hygiene. Brill-Zinsser Disease is a recurrent form of epidemic typhus that is unrelated to louse infestation and develops sporadically years after the primary illness. Clinical features are similar to, but milder than, those of epidemic typhus (1). We report a case of Brill-Zinsser Disease in a patient who was born in Morocco and had no history of epidemic typhus. A 69-year-old man living in France sought care from his general practitioner on March 7, 2011, after 2 days of high-grade fever (40°C) associated with headache, myalgia, fatigue, and mild cough. Amoxicillin was prescribed for a putative diagnosis of acute respiratory infection. He was admitted to hospital on March 9 for persistent fever. Physical examination results were unremarkable. Blood test results were as follows: C-reactive protein 111 mg/L (reference 0–8 mg/L); procalcitonin 0.49 ng/mL (reference 0.1–0.4 ng/mL), lymphocyte count 0.7 × 103 cells/μL (reference 1–4 × 103 cells/μL), platelet count 92 × 103 cells/μL (reference 150–450 × 103 cells/μL), and lactate dehydrogenase 376 U/L (reference 94–246 U/L). Chest radiograph results were normal. Results of 5 blood cultures and a urine culture were negative. Stupor developed on March 11. Cerebrospinal fluid test results were normal. Because the patient lived near a goat farm, Q fever and tularemia were considered plausible hypotheses, and oral doxycycline was introduced on March 13. The patient became afebrile on March 15, and he was discharged from the hospital and remained well. On the basis of serologic results, the following diagnoses could be ruled out: viral infections (HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus); tularemia; Q fever; leptospirosis; salmonellosis; and Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia spp. infections. Acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples were positive for typhus-group rickettsiae by the microimmunofluorescence assay at the World Health Organization Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases (Marseille, France). A microimmunofluorescence assay showed titers of 100 for IgM and 6,400 for IgG. Western blot analyses and cross-adsorption studies strongly suggested R. prowazekii as the cause of the man’s illness. Quantitative PCR result on DNA extracted from the acute-phase serum was negative (2). The patient had been raised in Morocco. At 19 years of age, he emigrated to France, where he lived in a urban area. He subsequently traveled every 3 years to Morocco for 1-month summer holidays, always in urban areas. He had most recently traveled to Morocco in 2008. He denied any history of hospitalization for a severe febrile illness and any exposure to louse bites. In the weeks before Disease onset, he had not taken any new drug. He had no immunoglobulin deficiency. On the basis of serologic analysis with Western blot, we confirmed R. prowazekii infection in a patient with no recent travel and no contact with lice or flying squirrels. R. prowazekii infection may occur rarely in France; it was found in Marseille in 2002 in an asymptomatic homeless person (3). In contrast, the patient in our report was living in a hygienic environment, and an autochthonous infection is therefore highly unlikely. Epidemic typhus was endemic to North Africa until the 1970s (4). Subsequently, this region was thought to be free from epidemic typhus, but 2 cases have been reported since 1999 in Algeria, where 1 case of Brill-Zinsser Disease was observed in a man who had had epidemic typhus in 1960 during the Algerian civil war (5–7). Few published data exist about the seroprevalence of R. prowazekii infections in North Africa (4). In Tunisia, no epidemic typhus was found in 2005 among 47 febrile patients (8). However, a seroepidemiologic survey performed in blood donors and hospitalized patients in the Aures, Algeria, found a prevalence of 2% (4). This finding suggests that R. prowazekii infection might have occurred in this population more often than suspected. No recent published data are available from Morocco. Since 1970, reports of only 8 cases of Brill-Zinsser Disease have been published (9,10). In all cases, known risk factors were present (overcrowding, poor hygiene, or contact with flying squirrels). Brill and Zinsser described that stress or waning immunity could reactivate R. prowazekii infection (2). Corticosteroids can trigger recurrence of R. prowazekii in mice (2), but no such observations were made in humans. In the case presented here, we found no stress factor, no immunosuppression, and no medical history of epidemic typhus. Brill-Zinsser Disease can develop >40 years after acute infection. The mechanism of R. prowazekii latency has not been established. A recently explored reservoir for silent forms of R. prowazekii infection is adipose tissue because it contains endothelial cells, which are the target cells for R. prowazekii infection, and because of its wide distribution throughout the body (2). Brill-Zinsser Disease should be considered as a possible diagnosis for acute fever in any patient who has lived in an area where epidemic typhus is endemic.
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Correction: Adipose Tissue Serves as a Reservoir for Recrudescent Infection in a Mouse Model.
PloS one, 2010Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone >3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of β-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir for dormant infections with R. prowazekii.
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Adipose Tissue Serves as a Reservoir for Recrudescent Rickettsia prowazekii Infection in a Mouse Model
2009Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone.3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of b-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir fo
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Epidemic typhus.
The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Epidemic typhus is transmitted to human beings by the body louse Pediculus humanus corporis. The Disease is still considered a major threat by public-health authorities, despite the efficacy of antibiotics, because poor sanitary conditions are conducive to louse proliferation. Until recently, Rickettsia prowazekii, the causal agent, was thought to be confined to human beings and their body lice. Since 1975, R prowazekii infection in human beings has been related to contact with the flying squirrel Glaucomys volans in the USA. Moreover, Brill-Zinsser Disease, a relapsed form of epidemic typhus that appears as sporadic cases many years after the initial infection, is unrelated to louse infestation. Stress or a waning immune system are likely to reactivate this earlier persistent infection, which could be the source of new epidemics when conditions facilitate louse infestation. Finally, R prowazekii is a potential category B bioterrorism agent, because it is stable in dried louse faeces and can be transmitted through aerosols. An increased understanding of the pathogenesis of epidemic typhus may be useful for protection against this bacterial threat.
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Adipose tissue serves as a reservoir for recrudescent Rickettsia prowazekii infection in a mouse model.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone >3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of beta-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir for dormant infections with R. prowazekii
Adrian Martin Pohlit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant extracts, isolated phytochemicals, and plant-derived agents which are lethal to arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases--a review.
Planta medica, 2011Co-Authors: Adrian Martin Pohlit, Alex Ribeiro Rezende, Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin, Norberto Peporine Lopes, Valter Ferreira De Andrade NetoAbstract:The recent scientific literature on plant-derived agents with potential or effective use in the control of the arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases is reviewed. Arthropod-borne tropical Diseases include: amebiasis, Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis), cholera, cryptosporidiosis, dengue (hemorrhagic fever), epidemic typhus (Brill-Zinsser Disease), filariasis (elephantiasis), giardia (giardiasis), human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), isosporiasis, leishmaniasis, Lyme Disease (lyme borreliosis), malaria, onchocerciasis, plague, recurrent fever, sarcocystosis, scabies (mites as causal agents), spotted fever, toxoplasmosis, West Nile fever, and yellow fever. Thus, coverage was given to work describing plant-derived extracts, essential oils (EOs), and isolated chemicals with toxic or noxious effects on filth bugs (mechanical vectors), such as common houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus), American and German cockroaches (Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, Blatella germanica Linnaeus), and oriental latrine/blowflies (Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius) as well as biting, blood-sucking arthropods such as blackflies (Simulium Latreille spp.), fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), kissing bugs (Rhodnius Stål spp., Triatoma infestans Klug), body and head lice (Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, P. humanus capitis De Geer), mosquitoes (Aedes Meigen, Anopheles Meigen, Culex L., and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga spp.), sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, Phlebotomus Loew spp.), scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, S. scabiei var hominis, S. scabiei var canis, S. scabiei var suis), and ticks (Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch, Dermacentor Koch, and Rhipicephalus Koch spp.). Examples of plant extracts, EOs, and isolated chemicals exhibiting noxious or toxic activity comparable or superior to the synthetic control agents of choice (pyrethroids, organophosphorous compounds, etc.) are provided in the text for many arthropod vectors of tropical Diseases.
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Plant Extracts, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Plant-Derived Agents Which Are Lethal to Arthropod Vectors of Human Tropical Diseases - A Review
Planta Medica, 2011Co-Authors: Adrian Martin Pohlit, Alex Ribeiro Rezende, Norberto Peporine Lopes, Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin, Valter Ferreira De Andrade NetoAbstract:The recent scientific literature on plant-derived agents with potential or effective use in the con- trol of the arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases is reviewed. Arthropod-borne tropical Diseases include: amebiasis, Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis), cholera, cryptospor- idiosis, dengue (hemorrhagic fever), epidemic ty- phus (Brill-Zinsser Disease), filariasis (elephantia- sis), giardia (giardiasis), human African trypano- somiasis (sleeping sickness), isosporiasis, leish- maniasis, Lyme Disease (lyme borreliosis), ma- laria, onchocerciasis, plague, recurrent fever, sar- cocystosis, scabies (mites as causal agents), spot- ted fever, toxoplasmosis, West Nile fever, and yel- low fever. Thus, coverage was given to work de- scribing plant-derived extracts, essential oils (EOs), and isolated chemicals with toxic or noxi- ous effects on filth bugs (mechanical vectors), such as common houseflies (Musca domesticaLin- naeus), American and German cockroaches (Peri- planeta americana Linnaeus, Blatella germanica Linnaeus), and oriental latrine/blowflies (Chryso- mya megacephala Fabricius) as well as biting, blood-sucking arthropods such as blackflies (Si- mulium Latreille spp.), fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), kissing bugs (Rhodnius Stal spp., Tria- toma infestans Klug), body and head lice (Pedicu- lus humanus humanus Linnaeus, P. humanus capi- tisDe Geer), mosquitoes (Aedes Meigen,Anopheles Meigen, Culex L., and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arri- balzaga spp.), sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz &Neiva, Phlebotomus Loew spp.), scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, S. scabiei var hominis, S. scabiei var canis, S. scabiei var suis), and ticks (Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch, Der- macentor Koch, and Rhipicephalus Koch spp.). Ex- amples of plant extracts, EOs, and isolated chem- icals exhibiting noxious or toxic activity compara- ble or superior to the synthetic control agents of choice (pyrethroids, organophosphorous com- pounds, etc.) are provided in the text for many ar- thropod-vectors of tropical Diseases. acaricide l " insecticidal and larvicidal plants l " plant extracts l " essential oils l " biotechnology l " natural products l " phytochemicals
Yassina Bechah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Correction: Adipose Tissue Serves as a Reservoir for Recrudescent Infection in a Mouse Model.
PloS one, 2010Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone >3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of β-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir for dormant infections with R. prowazekii.
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Adipose Tissue Serves as a Reservoir for Recrudescent Rickettsia prowazekii Infection in a Mouse Model
2009Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone.3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of b-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir fo
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Epidemic typhus.
The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Epidemic typhus is transmitted to human beings by the body louse Pediculus humanus corporis. The Disease is still considered a major threat by public-health authorities, despite the efficacy of antibiotics, because poor sanitary conditions are conducive to louse proliferation. Until recently, Rickettsia prowazekii, the causal agent, was thought to be confined to human beings and their body lice. Since 1975, R prowazekii infection in human beings has been related to contact with the flying squirrel Glaucomys volans in the USA. Moreover, Brill-Zinsser Disease, a relapsed form of epidemic typhus that appears as sporadic cases many years after the initial infection, is unrelated to louse infestation. Stress or a waning immune system are likely to reactivate this earlier persistent infection, which could be the source of new epidemics when conditions facilitate louse infestation. Finally, R prowazekii is a potential category B bioterrorism agent, because it is stable in dried louse faeces and can be transmitted through aerosols. An increased understanding of the pathogenesis of epidemic typhus may be useful for protection against this bacterial threat.
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Adipose tissue serves as a reservoir for recrudescent Rickettsia prowazekii infection in a mouse model.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1Co-Authors: Yassina Bechah, Christopher D. Paddock, Christian Capo, Jean-louis Mege, Didier RaoultAbstract:Brill-Zinsser Disease, the relapsing form of epidemic typhus, typically occurs in a susceptible host years or decades after the primary infection; however, the mechanisms of reactivation and the cellular reservoir during latency are poorly understood. Herein we describe a murine model for Brill-Zinsser Disease, and use PCR and cell culture to show transient rickettsemia in mice treated with dexamethasone >3 months after clinical recovery from the primary infection. Treatment of similarly infected mice with cyclosporine failed to produce recrudescent bacteremia. Therapy with doxycycline for the primary infection prevented recrudescent bacteremia in most of these mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Rickettsia prowazekii (the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus) was detected by PCR, cell culture, and immunostaining methods in murine adipose tissue, but not in liver, spleen, lung, or central nervous system tissues of mice 4 months after recovery from the primary infection. The lungs of dexamethasone-treated mice showed impaired expression of beta-defensin transcripts that may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary lesions. In vitro, R. prowazekii rickettsiae infected and replicated in the murine adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Collectively these data suggest a role for adipose tissue as a potential reservoir for dormant infections with R. prowazekii
Valter Ferreira De Andrade Neto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant Extracts, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Plant-Derived Agents Which Are Lethal to Arthropod Vectors of Human Tropical Diseases - A Review
Planta Medica, 2011Co-Authors: Adrian Martin Pohlit, Alex Ribeiro Rezende, Norberto Peporine Lopes, Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin, Valter Ferreira De Andrade NetoAbstract:The recent scientific literature on plant-derived agents with potential or effective use in the con- trol of the arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases is reviewed. Arthropod-borne tropical Diseases include: amebiasis, Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis), cholera, cryptospor- idiosis, dengue (hemorrhagic fever), epidemic ty- phus (Brill-Zinsser Disease), filariasis (elephantia- sis), giardia (giardiasis), human African trypano- somiasis (sleeping sickness), isosporiasis, leish- maniasis, Lyme Disease (lyme borreliosis), ma- laria, onchocerciasis, plague, recurrent fever, sar- cocystosis, scabies (mites as causal agents), spot- ted fever, toxoplasmosis, West Nile fever, and yel- low fever. Thus, coverage was given to work de- scribing plant-derived extracts, essential oils (EOs), and isolated chemicals with toxic or noxi- ous effects on filth bugs (mechanical vectors), such as common houseflies (Musca domesticaLin- naeus), American and German cockroaches (Peri- planeta americana Linnaeus, Blatella germanica Linnaeus), and oriental latrine/blowflies (Chryso- mya megacephala Fabricius) as well as biting, blood-sucking arthropods such as blackflies (Si- mulium Latreille spp.), fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), kissing bugs (Rhodnius Stal spp., Tria- toma infestans Klug), body and head lice (Pedicu- lus humanus humanus Linnaeus, P. humanus capi- tisDe Geer), mosquitoes (Aedes Meigen,Anopheles Meigen, Culex L., and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arri- balzaga spp.), sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz &Neiva, Phlebotomus Loew spp.), scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, S. scabiei var hominis, S. scabiei var canis, S. scabiei var suis), and ticks (Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch, Der- macentor Koch, and Rhipicephalus Koch spp.). Ex- amples of plant extracts, EOs, and isolated chem- icals exhibiting noxious or toxic activity compara- ble or superior to the synthetic control agents of choice (pyrethroids, organophosphorous com- pounds, etc.) are provided in the text for many ar- thropod-vectors of tropical Diseases. acaricide l " insecticidal and larvicidal plants l " plant extracts l " essential oils l " biotechnology l " natural products l " phytochemicals
Valter Ferreira De Andrade Neto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant extracts, isolated phytochemicals, and plant-derived agents which are lethal to arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases--a review.
Planta medica, 2011Co-Authors: Adrian Martin Pohlit, Alex Ribeiro Rezende, Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin, Norberto Peporine Lopes, Valter Ferreira De Andrade NetoAbstract:The recent scientific literature on plant-derived agents with potential or effective use in the control of the arthropod vectors of human tropical Diseases is reviewed. Arthropod-borne tropical Diseases include: amebiasis, Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis), cholera, cryptosporidiosis, dengue (hemorrhagic fever), epidemic typhus (Brill-Zinsser Disease), filariasis (elephantiasis), giardia (giardiasis), human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), isosporiasis, leishmaniasis, Lyme Disease (lyme borreliosis), malaria, onchocerciasis, plague, recurrent fever, sarcocystosis, scabies (mites as causal agents), spotted fever, toxoplasmosis, West Nile fever, and yellow fever. Thus, coverage was given to work describing plant-derived extracts, essential oils (EOs), and isolated chemicals with toxic or noxious effects on filth bugs (mechanical vectors), such as common houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus), American and German cockroaches (Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, Blatella germanica Linnaeus), and oriental latrine/blowflies (Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius) as well as biting, blood-sucking arthropods such as blackflies (Simulium Latreille spp.), fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis Rothschild), kissing bugs (Rhodnius Stål spp., Triatoma infestans Klug), body and head lice (Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, P. humanus capitis De Geer), mosquitoes (Aedes Meigen, Anopheles Meigen, Culex L., and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribálzaga spp.), sandflies (Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, Phlebotomus Loew spp.), scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, S. scabiei var hominis, S. scabiei var canis, S. scabiei var suis), and ticks (Ixodes Latreille, Amblyomma Koch, Dermacentor Koch, and Rhipicephalus Koch spp.). Examples of plant extracts, EOs, and isolated chemicals exhibiting noxious or toxic activity comparable or superior to the synthetic control agents of choice (pyrethroids, organophosphorous compounds, etc.) are provided in the text for many arthropod vectors of tropical Diseases.