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Pristrom Sascha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Untersuchung zur Einschätzung von Schwimmlage und Stabilität an Bord von RoRo und RoRo-Passagierschiffen im Wassereinbruchfall
2018Co-Authors: Pristrom SaschaAbstract:Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit den Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der Schwimmfähigkeit und Stabilität durch das Bordpersonal auf RoRo- und RoRo- Passagierschiffen im Wassereinbruchfall. Die Einschränkung auf diesen Schiffstyp ist durch die Überlegungen gestärkt worden, daß das Risiko in der RoRo-Schifffahrt deutlich höher ausfallen kann, als auf den meisten anderen Schiffstypen. Der RoRo-Verkehr ist gekennzeichnet durch stark frequentierte Fährverkehrsgebiete, hohe Anforderungen an die Nautiker, die sich zur Einschätzung der Verkehrslage stark konzentrieren müssen und bei RoRo-Passagierschiffen (RoPax) zudem fähige crowd management skills nachweisen müssen. Durch die langen und durchgehenden RoRo-LadeDecks, die bei den hier untersuchten Beispielschiffen außerdem unterhalb des SchottenDecks gelegen sind, ist die Wassereinbruchgefahr größer als auf vergleichbaren anderen Schiffstypen. Die Wassermassen können ja ungehindert in einem Leckfall eindringen. Deshalb erfordert der Betrieb von RoRo- und im Besonderen von RoPax-Schiffen, hohes Wissen und Können von Schiffsbesatzungen. Unumstritten ist zudem die Tatsache, daß die Schifffahrtsindustrie unter Mangel an qualifizierten Fachpersonal für den Bordbetrieb leidet. Zunächst wird in der Arbeit die Bedeutsamkeit des RoRo- und RoPax-Verkehrs durch eine Flottenanalyse nachgewiesen, um damit eine wissenschaftliche Rechtfertigung zur Untersuchung dieses Schiffstyps vorzuweisen. Daraus hervorgehend ergibt sich der Rückschluß, daß der RoRo-Fährverkehr eine feste Größe im internationalen Seehandel, besonders im Kurzstreckenverkehr einnimmt. Prominente Seeunfälle von Ro-Ro-Passagierschiffen der Vergangenheit werden kurz erläutert und sollen die Notwendigkeit einer näheren Untersuchung zur Lecksicherheit untermauern. Im Anschluss daran wird auf den Prozess des Wassereinbruchs eingegangen, bevor durch die Analyse der schiffbaulichen Regeln zum Bau von RoRo-und RoPax-Schiffen ein Abbild über die bauliche Charakteristik von RoRo- und RoPax-Schiffen gegeben wird. Dem Autor ist es wichtig, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Verknüpfung zwischen Schiffbau und Betrieb von Schiffen herzustellen. Deshalb wurden auch kritische Anmerkungen zu den bestehenden Schiffbau- und Ausrüstungsvorschriften vorgenommen. Es wird in dieser Arbeit versucht, auf die Gefahren hinzuweisen, die aus dem unsicheren Betrieb solcher Schiffe hervorgehen und welchen Einfluss der Faktor Mensch hier ausübt. Dazu werden die bisherigen Ausbildungsvorschriften für nautische Schiffsoffiziere untersucht und mit den Anforderungen an Wissen und Können von Bordbesatzungen im Wassereinbruchfall verglichen. Der Autor hat den Versuch unternommen, nachzuweisen, daß die Besatzungen nicht genügend geschult sind, um einen Wassereinbruchfall richtig einzuschätzen und bekämpfen zu können. Zur Untermauerung dieser Hypothese wurden verschiedene Leckfälle anhand von mathematischen Modellen von zwei existierenden RoPax-Fähren simuliert. Bei der Berechnung und Modellierung der Leckfälle wurden erhebliche Mängel in der Stabilitäts-Borddokumentation ausgemacht. Demnach ist die Besatzung von RoRo- oder RoPax-Schiffen nach Ansicht des Autors nicht in der Lage, eine hinreichend genaue Bewertung der Schwimmfähigkeit und Stabilität im Leckfall vorzunehmen. Es wird zudem gezeigt, wie wenig Zeit zur Einleitung von Gegenmaßnahmen und zur Evakuierung von Passagieren und Besatzung in einigen Leckszenarien bleibt. Weiterhin wurde das Ziel verfolgt, ein Konzept zu entwerfen, welches in Ausarbeitung eines IMO Modell-Kurses Stabilität und Schwimmfähigkeit im Leckfall mündet. Der Entwurf eines solchen IMO Modell-Kurses ist der Arbeit angehängt. Darüber hinaus kann durch die hier vorgestellten Möglichkeiten zur Erhöhung der Sicherheit im Leckfall ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer IMOResolution entstehen, die als Handlungsempfehlungen für den Kapitän im Leckfall betitelt werden kann.This thesis aims to identify possible solutions for determining the floatability and stability on board of roro- and roro-passenger ships in a damage case. The constraint to limit the research to these ship types only derives from the risk related to the operation of such ships. Due to the fact that roro- and roropassengerships usually trade in areas of high traffic-density, the officers on watch are exposed to higher stress levels while navigating in high-risk collision areas. Furthermore, crew members on roro- and roro-passenger ships need to be trained in effective crowd management techniques. A distinctive difference between roro- and roro-passenger ships and pure passenger ships is their different design. The unobstructed long roro-cargo Decks, which on the two sample ships considered in this study are located below the Bulkhead Deck, pose a much higher threat of capsizing and sinking than on similar other ships types. This is a logical consequence as water once it enters the cargo Deck can spread freely. Therefore, the operation of roro ships, and in particular roro-passengerships, requires well qualified and skilled professional crews. Firstly, this thesis investigates the importance of roro shipping by means of an analysis of the existing fleet and the roro- and ropax-ships on order. This then warrants further research on the matter and leads to the analysis of the current situation on board roro-passengerships in this thesis. The first chapter concludes with the reasoning that roro shipping is a significant part of international shipping, especially in the short sea shipping sector. A number of well-known ro-ro passengership accidents of the recent past are analysed to underpin the need for further research on damage safety on those types of ships. In conjunction to the above conclusions, an analysis is carried out to detail the water ingress process from a scientific perspective. Further, this thesis envisages to provide a brief summary of the current regulations on ship design, stability and damage stability of roro- and roro-passenger ships and to achieve a scientifically profound synergy between the work of ship builders and ship operators. To this effect, some critical analysis of the existing regulations will be carried out. The author argues that crews on board ships are not sufficiently trained to assess and combat water ingress on their ship. To support this hypothesis a number of simulation case studies for the two sample ropax-ships were generated and the stability in the intermediate and final stages of flooding calculated. While modelling the mathematical scenario the author’s findings lead to the conclusion that the stability and damage stability information on board were not sufficient. Hence it is further concluded that ships crews are not capable of assessing satisfactorily the floatability and stability of their ship in a damage case. The simulation carried out also shows the short amount of time available for the evacuation of passengers and crew if ships, like the ones examined are bilged. Time is an important factor in a case of damage as it significantly influences the evacuation process on board. Finally, this thesis aims at developing an IMO model course for ship officers in order to consolidate their knowledge and to train them for the event of water ingress on their ship. A draft of such model course is annexed to this thesis. Furthermore, as this thesis provides a solution to improve ship safety in a case of damage it envisages, at some later stage, to develop an IMO resolution on "Guidance for masters in damage ship condition"
H Boonstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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INTEGRATION OF DAMAGE STABILITY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF RO-RO VESSELS
1992Co-Authors: E Vossnack, H BoonstraAbstract:Ro-Ro passenger vessels have commercially proven to be a very successful type of design, not in the least because the car Decks stretch from board to board and from stem to stern, thus diminishing the time required for loading and unloading passenger cars and lorries. That this leads to poor damage stability characteristics of Ro-Ro vessels was already long recognised in the marine community, but it was only after the disaster with the HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE that serious research programmes were initiated to improve the safety. This accident and the research have also led to considerable amendments in the damage stability rules (SOLAS '90) for RO-Ro vessels. This paper reviews various ways which have been proposed to improve the safety and compliance with the new criteria. It highlights a solution in which permanent reserve buoyancy is created in the sides of the ship, directly below and if possible, also above, the Bulkhead Deck. This option provides for permanent buoyancy in the sides in case of a collision and also decreases the penetration depth. Furthermore the inrush of water after a damage is retarded by the presence of buoyant material, which diminishes heeling angles in intermediate stages. Investigations and research required to support this solution are discussed.
O Tugrul Turan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN CONSTRAINTS ON THE DAMAGE SURVIVABILITY OF RO-RO VESSELS
1994Co-Authors: Dracos Vassalos, O Tugrul TuranAbstract:This paper examines the influence of key design characteristics on the damage survivability of ro-ro vessels in a random sea. The approach adopted in undertaking this study is briefly explained and the results of a parametric investigation, considering a representative vessel, are presented and discussed. The paper focuses on the effects of freeboard and the transverse subdivision above the Bulkhead Deck by considering the vessel in a number of loading conditions and sea states. Finally, the effect of retrofitting structural sponsons is assessed. Based on the results of the investigation boundary survival curves, involving relationships between ship design and environmental parameters and stability-related parameters are developed as a substitute to still water damage stability criteria. The two key conclusions from this research are: the 0.076m damaged freeboard, required by current regulations is unrealistically low and must be significantly increased before a ship can be considered safe in normal operating conditions; the undivided length of a compartment above the Bulkhead Deck may have to be as small as 25m to enable the vessel to survive in an extreme wave environment.
E Vossnack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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INTEGRATION OF DAMAGE STABILITY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF RO-RO VESSELS
1992Co-Authors: E Vossnack, H BoonstraAbstract:Ro-Ro passenger vessels have commercially proven to be a very successful type of design, not in the least because the car Decks stretch from board to board and from stem to stern, thus diminishing the time required for loading and unloading passenger cars and lorries. That this leads to poor damage stability characteristics of Ro-Ro vessels was already long recognised in the marine community, but it was only after the disaster with the HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE that serious research programmes were initiated to improve the safety. This accident and the research have also led to considerable amendments in the damage stability rules (SOLAS '90) for RO-Ro vessels. This paper reviews various ways which have been proposed to improve the safety and compliance with the new criteria. It highlights a solution in which permanent reserve buoyancy is created in the sides of the ship, directly below and if possible, also above, the Bulkhead Deck. This option provides for permanent buoyancy in the sides in case of a collision and also decreases the penetration depth. Furthermore the inrush of water after a damage is retarded by the presence of buoyant material, which diminishes heeling angles in intermediate stages. Investigations and research required to support this solution are discussed.
Dracos Vassalos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN CONSTRAINTS ON THE DAMAGE SURVIVABILITY OF RO-RO VESSELS
1994Co-Authors: Dracos Vassalos, O Tugrul TuranAbstract:This paper examines the influence of key design characteristics on the damage survivability of ro-ro vessels in a random sea. The approach adopted in undertaking this study is briefly explained and the results of a parametric investigation, considering a representative vessel, are presented and discussed. The paper focuses on the effects of freeboard and the transverse subdivision above the Bulkhead Deck by considering the vessel in a number of loading conditions and sea states. Finally, the effect of retrofitting structural sponsons is assessed. Based on the results of the investigation boundary survival curves, involving relationships between ship design and environmental parameters and stability-related parameters are developed as a substitute to still water damage stability criteria. The two key conclusions from this research are: the 0.076m damaged freeboard, required by current regulations is unrealistically low and must be significantly increased before a ship can be considered safe in normal operating conditions; the undivided length of a compartment above the Bulkhead Deck may have to be as small as 25m to enable the vessel to survive in an extreme wave environment.
