C57BL 6 Mouse

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Naomi Nakagata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • reduced glutathione enhances fertility of frozen thawed C57BL 6 Mouse sperm after exposure to methyl beta cyclodextrin
    Biology of Reproduction, 2011
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Sperm cryopreservation is useful for the effective storage of genomic resources derived from genetically engineered mice. However, freezing the sperm of C57BL/6 mice, the most commonly used genetic background for genetically engineered mice, considerably reduces its fertility. We previously reported that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin dramatically improved the fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm. Recently, it was reported that exposing sperm to reduced glutathione may alleviate oxidative stress in frozen/thawed Mouse sperm, thereby enhancing in vitro fertilization (IVF); however, the mechanism underlying this effect is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the combined effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione on the fertilization rate of IVF with frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm and the characteristic changes in the zona pellucida induced by reduced glutathione. Adding reduced glutathione to the fertilization medium increased the fertilization rate. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione independently increased fertilization rates, and their combination produced the strongest effect. We found that reduced glutathione increased the amount of free thiols in the zona pellucida and promoted zona pellucida enlargement. Finally, 2-cell embryos produced by IVF with the addition of reduced glutathione developed normally and produced live offspring. In summary, we have established a novel IVF method using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin during sperm preincubation and reduced glutathione during the IVF procedure to enhance fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm.

  • reduced glutathione enhances fertility of frozen thawed C57BL 6 Mouse sperm after exposure to methyl beta cyclodextrin short title glutathione facilitates fertilization in mice summary sentence adding reduced glutathione to in vitro fertilization med
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Sperm cryopreservation is useful for the effective storage of genomic resources derived from genetically engineered mice. However, freezing the sperm of C57BL/6 mice, which is the most commonly used genetic background for genetically engineered mice, considerably reduces its fertility. We previously reported that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin dramatically improved the fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm. Recently it was reported that exposing sperm to reduced glutathione may alleviate oxidative stress in frozen/thawed Mouse sperm, thereby enhancing in vitro fertilization (IVF); however, the mechanism underlying this effect is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the combined effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione on the fertilization rate of IVF with frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm and the characteristic changes in the zona pellucida by induced by reduced glutathione. Results showed that adding reduced glutathione to the fertilization medium increased the fertilization rate. We found that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione independently increased fertilization rates, and their combination produced the strongest effect. We found that reduced glutathione increased the amount of free thiols in the zona pellucida and promoted zona pellucida enlargement. Finally, two-cell embryos produced by IVF with the addition of reduced glutathione developed normally and produced live offspring. In summary, we have established a novel IVF method using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin during sperm preincubation and reduced glutathione during the IVF procedure to enhance fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse

  • Mouse sperm cryopreservation and effective embryo production using cryopreserved C57BL 6 Mouse sperm
    Journal of Mammalian Ova Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Abstract: Mouse sperm cryopreservation has greatly developed and spread throughout the world since it was the first successfully performed in 1990. The technology of sperm cryopreservation is widely used for storage of genetically engineered mice produced by global large-scale knockout mice or Mouse mutagenesis projects in Mouse banks. There are several benefits to using sperm cryopreservation. These include the ability to archive a great number of genetically engineered mice at a low cost in a small space; the ease with which freezing and thawing procedures can be carried out; and the convenience of performing Mouse reproduction via in vitro fertilization. Sperm cryopreservation provides the research community with permanent access to genetically engineered mice and as such is an essential part of research activities. Many researchers have actively been investigating the techniques surrounding Mouse sperm cryopreservation and embryo production using cryopreserved sperm. In particular, the topic of improv...

Shijun Weng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optic nerve crush modulates refractive development of the C57BL 6 Mouse by changing multiple ocular dimensions
    Brain Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xue Gong, Ailin Liu, Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Qiongsi Wang, Xiangtian Zhou, Fei Yuan, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Higher visual centers could modulate visually-guided ocular growth, in addition to local mechanisms intrinsic to the eye. There is evidence that such central modulations could be species (even subspecies)-dependent. While the Mouse has recently become an important experimental animal in myopia studies, it remains unclear whether and how visual centers modulate refractive development in mice, an issue that was examined in the present study. We found that optic nerve crush (ONC), performed at P18, could modify normal refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse raised in normal visual environment. Unexpectedly, sham surgery caused a steeper cornea, leading to a modest myopic refractive shift, but did not induce significant changes in ocular axis length. ONC caused corneal flattening and re-calibrated the refractive set-point in a bidirectional manner, causing significant myopic ( +3 D, 18.2%) shifts in refractive error in most (totally 72.7%) animals, both due to changes in ocular axial length. ONC did not change the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells, but increased retinal levels of dopamine and DOPAC. We conclude that higher visual centers are likely to play a role in fine-tuning of ocular growth, thus modifying refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse. The changes in refractive error induced by ONC are accounted for by alternations in multiple ocular dimensions, including corneal curvature and axial length.

  • the role of retinal dopamine in C57BL 6 Mouse refractive development as revealed by intravitreal administration of 6 hydroxydopamine
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Xiangtian Zhou, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Yanqing Wang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Purpose Although retinal dopamine (DA) has been long implicated in myopia development, current studies demonstrate that retinal DA levels are unaltered in C57BL/6 mice with form-deprivation myopia. This work was undertaken to explore whether and how refractive development is perturbed in this Mouse strain when retinal DA levels are reduced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration. Methods On two successive days, 6-OHDA was injected into the vitreous of P18 mice. Retinal DA levels were measured by HPLC and TH levels analyzed by quantitative Western blotting. To choose appropriate 6-OHDA doses that significantly reduce retinal DA levels, but cause minimal disturbance of overall retinal physiology, ERG analysis was performed. Refractive errors were measured using a photorefractor, and ocular biometry performed with optical coherence tomography and photokeratometry. Results Administration of 6-OHDA of 6.25 μg and 12.5 μg significantly reduced retinal levels of DA and TH, but without affecting ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes. With normal visual experience, 6-OHDA induced myopic refractive shifts in a dose-dependent fashion. Form deprivation induced further myopic shifts in 6-OHDA-injected eyes, but did not cause further decline in retinal DA. Furthermore, 6-OHDA administration resulted in a shorter axial length and a steeper cornea, whereas form deprivation led to a longer axial length, without changing the corneal radius of curvature. Conclusions Reducing retinal DA levels led to myopic refractive shifts in C57BL/6 mice, which mainly resulted from a steeper cornea. In addition to the DA-independent mechanism for form-deprivation myopia, there is a DA-dependent mechanism in parallel that underlies myopic refractive shifts under normal laboratory conditions in this Mouse strain.

  • unaltered retinal dopamine levels in a C57BL 6 Mouse model of form deprivation myopia
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Pingping Zhang, Kangwei Qian, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng, Jianhua Ding, Yongmei Zhong
    Abstract:

    Purpose Retinal dopamine has been long implicated in the signaling pathway regulating eye growth, as evidenced by its reduced levels in myopic eyes in various species. We examined whether and how retinal dopamine levels were changed in a C57BL/6 Mouse model of experimental myopia. Methods Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by wearing monocular occluder for 4 weeks. Refractive errors were measured using an infrared photorefractor. Retinal dopamine/DOPAC and vitreal DOPAC levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracellular dopamine concentrations were examined by Western blot analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) expression levels. The intactness of retinal dopaminergic system was evaluated by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells, measuring the areas occupied by processes of these cells, and quantifying retinal TH expression at both protein and transcription levels. Results Form-deprivation myopia was successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice with the refractive status of deprived eyes being significantly different from fellow eyes. Unlike most of the previous results obtained in other myopic animal models, however, no significant changes in retinal dopamine, DOPAC, DAT, and vitreal DOPAC levels were detected in deprived eyes, either in the daytime or at night. Furthermore, neither the number of dopaminergic amacrine cells, the area size occupied by the processes of these cells, nor retinal TH expression, were altered in deprived eyes. Conclusions The retinal dopamine system remains intact in C57BL/6 mice with FDM, and retinal dopamine levels are not associated with the development of FDM in this Mouse strain.

Yongmei Zhong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optic nerve crush modulates refractive development of the C57BL 6 Mouse by changing multiple ocular dimensions
    Brain Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xue Gong, Ailin Liu, Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Qiongsi Wang, Xiangtian Zhou, Fei Yuan, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Higher visual centers could modulate visually-guided ocular growth, in addition to local mechanisms intrinsic to the eye. There is evidence that such central modulations could be species (even subspecies)-dependent. While the Mouse has recently become an important experimental animal in myopia studies, it remains unclear whether and how visual centers modulate refractive development in mice, an issue that was examined in the present study. We found that optic nerve crush (ONC), performed at P18, could modify normal refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse raised in normal visual environment. Unexpectedly, sham surgery caused a steeper cornea, leading to a modest myopic refractive shift, but did not induce significant changes in ocular axis length. ONC caused corneal flattening and re-calibrated the refractive set-point in a bidirectional manner, causing significant myopic ( +3 D, 18.2%) shifts in refractive error in most (totally 72.7%) animals, both due to changes in ocular axial length. ONC did not change the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells, but increased retinal levels of dopamine and DOPAC. We conclude that higher visual centers are likely to play a role in fine-tuning of ocular growth, thus modifying refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse. The changes in refractive error induced by ONC are accounted for by alternations in multiple ocular dimensions, including corneal curvature and axial length.

  • the role of retinal dopamine in C57BL 6 Mouse refractive development as revealed by intravitreal administration of 6 hydroxydopamine
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Xiangtian Zhou, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Yanqing Wang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Purpose Although retinal dopamine (DA) has been long implicated in myopia development, current studies demonstrate that retinal DA levels are unaltered in C57BL/6 mice with form-deprivation myopia. This work was undertaken to explore whether and how refractive development is perturbed in this Mouse strain when retinal DA levels are reduced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration. Methods On two successive days, 6-OHDA was injected into the vitreous of P18 mice. Retinal DA levels were measured by HPLC and TH levels analyzed by quantitative Western blotting. To choose appropriate 6-OHDA doses that significantly reduce retinal DA levels, but cause minimal disturbance of overall retinal physiology, ERG analysis was performed. Refractive errors were measured using a photorefractor, and ocular biometry performed with optical coherence tomography and photokeratometry. Results Administration of 6-OHDA of 6.25 μg and 12.5 μg significantly reduced retinal levels of DA and TH, but without affecting ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes. With normal visual experience, 6-OHDA induced myopic refractive shifts in a dose-dependent fashion. Form deprivation induced further myopic shifts in 6-OHDA-injected eyes, but did not cause further decline in retinal DA. Furthermore, 6-OHDA administration resulted in a shorter axial length and a steeper cornea, whereas form deprivation led to a longer axial length, without changing the corneal radius of curvature. Conclusions Reducing retinal DA levels led to myopic refractive shifts in C57BL/6 mice, which mainly resulted from a steeper cornea. In addition to the DA-independent mechanism for form-deprivation myopia, there is a DA-dependent mechanism in parallel that underlies myopic refractive shifts under normal laboratory conditions in this Mouse strain.

  • unaltered retinal dopamine levels in a C57BL 6 Mouse model of form deprivation myopia
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Pingping Zhang, Kangwei Qian, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng, Jianhua Ding, Yongmei Zhong
    Abstract:

    Purpose Retinal dopamine has been long implicated in the signaling pathway regulating eye growth, as evidenced by its reduced levels in myopic eyes in various species. We examined whether and how retinal dopamine levels were changed in a C57BL/6 Mouse model of experimental myopia. Methods Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by wearing monocular occluder for 4 weeks. Refractive errors were measured using an infrared photorefractor. Retinal dopamine/DOPAC and vitreal DOPAC levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracellular dopamine concentrations were examined by Western blot analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) expression levels. The intactness of retinal dopaminergic system was evaluated by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells, measuring the areas occupied by processes of these cells, and quantifying retinal TH expression at both protein and transcription levels. Results Form-deprivation myopia was successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice with the refractive status of deprived eyes being significantly different from fellow eyes. Unlike most of the previous results obtained in other myopic animal models, however, no significant changes in retinal dopamine, DOPAC, DAT, and vitreal DOPAC levels were detected in deprived eyes, either in the daytime or at night. Furthermore, neither the number of dopaminergic amacrine cells, the area size occupied by the processes of these cells, nor retinal TH expression, were altered in deprived eyes. Conclusions The retinal dopamine system remains intact in C57BL/6 mice with FDM, and retinal dopamine levels are not associated with the development of FDM in this Mouse strain.

Toru Takeo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • reduced glutathione enhances fertility of frozen thawed C57BL 6 Mouse sperm after exposure to methyl beta cyclodextrin
    Biology of Reproduction, 2011
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Sperm cryopreservation is useful for the effective storage of genomic resources derived from genetically engineered mice. However, freezing the sperm of C57BL/6 mice, the most commonly used genetic background for genetically engineered mice, considerably reduces its fertility. We previously reported that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin dramatically improved the fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm. Recently, it was reported that exposing sperm to reduced glutathione may alleviate oxidative stress in frozen/thawed Mouse sperm, thereby enhancing in vitro fertilization (IVF); however, the mechanism underlying this effect is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the combined effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione on the fertilization rate of IVF with frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm and the characteristic changes in the zona pellucida induced by reduced glutathione. Adding reduced glutathione to the fertilization medium increased the fertilization rate. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione independently increased fertilization rates, and their combination produced the strongest effect. We found that reduced glutathione increased the amount of free thiols in the zona pellucida and promoted zona pellucida enlargement. Finally, 2-cell embryos produced by IVF with the addition of reduced glutathione developed normally and produced live offspring. In summary, we have established a novel IVF method using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin during sperm preincubation and reduced glutathione during the IVF procedure to enhance fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm.

  • reduced glutathione enhances fertility of frozen thawed C57BL 6 Mouse sperm after exposure to methyl beta cyclodextrin short title glutathione facilitates fertilization in mice summary sentence adding reduced glutathione to in vitro fertilization med
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Sperm cryopreservation is useful for the effective storage of genomic resources derived from genetically engineered mice. However, freezing the sperm of C57BL/6 mice, which is the most commonly used genetic background for genetically engineered mice, considerably reduces its fertility. We previously reported that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin dramatically improved the fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm. Recently it was reported that exposing sperm to reduced glutathione may alleviate oxidative stress in frozen/thawed Mouse sperm, thereby enhancing in vitro fertilization (IVF); however, the mechanism underlying this effect is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the combined effects of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione on the fertilization rate of IVF with frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse sperm and the characteristic changes in the zona pellucida by induced by reduced glutathione. Results showed that adding reduced glutathione to the fertilization medium increased the fertilization rate. We found that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and reduced glutathione independently increased fertilization rates, and their combination produced the strongest effect. We found that reduced glutathione increased the amount of free thiols in the zona pellucida and promoted zona pellucida enlargement. Finally, two-cell embryos produced by IVF with the addition of reduced glutathione developed normally and produced live offspring. In summary, we have established a novel IVF method using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin during sperm preincubation and reduced glutathione during the IVF procedure to enhance fertility of frozen/thawed C57BL/6 Mouse

  • Mouse sperm cryopreservation and effective embryo production using cryopreserved C57BL 6 Mouse sperm
    Journal of Mammalian Ova Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Toru Takeo, Naomi Nakagata
    Abstract:

    Abstract: Mouse sperm cryopreservation has greatly developed and spread throughout the world since it was the first successfully performed in 1990. The technology of sperm cryopreservation is widely used for storage of genetically engineered mice produced by global large-scale knockout mice or Mouse mutagenesis projects in Mouse banks. There are several benefits to using sperm cryopreservation. These include the ability to archive a great number of genetically engineered mice at a low cost in a small space; the ease with which freezing and thawing procedures can be carried out; and the convenience of performing Mouse reproduction via in vitro fertilization. Sperm cryopreservation provides the research community with permanent access to genetically engineered mice and as such is an essential part of research activities. Many researchers have actively been investigating the techniques surrounding Mouse sperm cryopreservation and embryo production using cryopreserved sperm. In particular, the topic of improv...

Kangwei Qian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optic nerve crush modulates refractive development of the C57BL 6 Mouse by changing multiple ocular dimensions
    Brain Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Xue Gong, Ailin Liu, Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Qiongsi Wang, Xiangtian Zhou, Fei Yuan, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Higher visual centers could modulate visually-guided ocular growth, in addition to local mechanisms intrinsic to the eye. There is evidence that such central modulations could be species (even subspecies)-dependent. While the Mouse has recently become an important experimental animal in myopia studies, it remains unclear whether and how visual centers modulate refractive development in mice, an issue that was examined in the present study. We found that optic nerve crush (ONC), performed at P18, could modify normal refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse raised in normal visual environment. Unexpectedly, sham surgery caused a steeper cornea, leading to a modest myopic refractive shift, but did not induce significant changes in ocular axis length. ONC caused corneal flattening and re-calibrated the refractive set-point in a bidirectional manner, causing significant myopic ( +3 D, 18.2%) shifts in refractive error in most (totally 72.7%) animals, both due to changes in ocular axial length. ONC did not change the density of dopaminergic amacrine cells, but increased retinal levels of dopamine and DOPAC. We conclude that higher visual centers are likely to play a role in fine-tuning of ocular growth, thus modifying refractive development in the C57BL/6 Mouse. The changes in refractive error induced by ONC are accounted for by alternations in multiple ocular dimensions, including corneal curvature and axial length.

  • the role of retinal dopamine in C57BL 6 Mouse refractive development as revealed by intravitreal administration of 6 hydroxydopamine
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kangwei Qian, Furong Huang, Xiangtian Zhou, Yongmei Zhong, Xiongli Yang, Yanqing Wang, Shijun Weng
    Abstract:

    Purpose Although retinal dopamine (DA) has been long implicated in myopia development, current studies demonstrate that retinal DA levels are unaltered in C57BL/6 mice with form-deprivation myopia. This work was undertaken to explore whether and how refractive development is perturbed in this Mouse strain when retinal DA levels are reduced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration. Methods On two successive days, 6-OHDA was injected into the vitreous of P18 mice. Retinal DA levels were measured by HPLC and TH levels analyzed by quantitative Western blotting. To choose appropriate 6-OHDA doses that significantly reduce retinal DA levels, but cause minimal disturbance of overall retinal physiology, ERG analysis was performed. Refractive errors were measured using a photorefractor, and ocular biometry performed with optical coherence tomography and photokeratometry. Results Administration of 6-OHDA of 6.25 μg and 12.5 μg significantly reduced retinal levels of DA and TH, but without affecting ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes. With normal visual experience, 6-OHDA induced myopic refractive shifts in a dose-dependent fashion. Form deprivation induced further myopic shifts in 6-OHDA-injected eyes, but did not cause further decline in retinal DA. Furthermore, 6-OHDA administration resulted in a shorter axial length and a steeper cornea, whereas form deprivation led to a longer axial length, without changing the corneal radius of curvature. Conclusions Reducing retinal DA levels led to myopic refractive shifts in C57BL/6 mice, which mainly resulted from a steeper cornea. In addition to the DA-independent mechanism for form-deprivation myopia, there is a DA-dependent mechanism in parallel that underlies myopic refractive shifts under normal laboratory conditions in this Mouse strain.

  • unaltered retinal dopamine levels in a C57BL 6 Mouse model of form deprivation myopia
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Pingping Zhang, Kangwei Qian, Xiongli Yang, Shijun Weng, Jianhua Ding, Yongmei Zhong
    Abstract:

    Purpose Retinal dopamine has been long implicated in the signaling pathway regulating eye growth, as evidenced by its reduced levels in myopic eyes in various species. We examined whether and how retinal dopamine levels were changed in a C57BL/6 Mouse model of experimental myopia. Methods Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by wearing monocular occluder for 4 weeks. Refractive errors were measured using an infrared photorefractor. Retinal dopamine/DOPAC and vitreal DOPAC levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extracellular dopamine concentrations were examined by Western blot analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) expression levels. The intactness of retinal dopaminergic system was evaluated by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells, measuring the areas occupied by processes of these cells, and quantifying retinal TH expression at both protein and transcription levels. Results Form-deprivation myopia was successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice with the refractive status of deprived eyes being significantly different from fellow eyes. Unlike most of the previous results obtained in other myopic animal models, however, no significant changes in retinal dopamine, DOPAC, DAT, and vitreal DOPAC levels were detected in deprived eyes, either in the daytime or at night. Furthermore, neither the number of dopaminergic amacrine cells, the area size occupied by the processes of these cells, nor retinal TH expression, were altered in deprived eyes. Conclusions The retinal dopamine system remains intact in C57BL/6 mice with FDM, and retinal dopamine levels are not associated with the development of FDM in this Mouse strain.