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Nurtan A. Esmen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lung cancer mortality in uk nickel Cadmium battery workers 1947 2000
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Tom Sorahan, Nurtan A. EsmenAbstract:Aims: To investigate mortality from lung cancer in nickel-Cadmium battery workers in relation to cumulative exposure to Cadmium hydroxide. Methods: The mortality of a cohort of 926 male workers from a factory engaged in the manufacture of nickel-Cadmium batteries in the West Midlands of England was investigated for the period 1947–2000. All subjects were first employed at the plant in the period 1947–75 and employed for a minimum period of 12 months. Work histories were available for the period 1947–86; the factory closed down in 1992. Two analytical approaches were used, indirect standardisation and Poisson regression. Results: Based on serial mortality rates for the general population of England and Wales, significantly increased mortality was shown for cancers of the pharynx (observed (Obs) 4, expected (Exp) 0.7, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 559, p Conclusions: The study findings do not support the hypotheses that Cadmium Compounds are human lung carcinogens.
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lung cancer mortality in uk nickel Cadmium battery workers 1947 2000
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Tom Sorahan, Nurtan A. EsmenAbstract:Aims: To investigate mortality from lung cancer in nickel-Cadmium battery workers in relation to cumulative exposure to Cadmium hydroxide. Methods: The mortality of a cohort of 926 male workers from a factory engaged in the manufacture of nickel-Cadmium batteries in the West Midlands of England was investigated for the period 1947–2000. All subjects were first employed at the plant in the period 1947–75 and employed for a minimum period of 12 months. Work histories were available for the period 1947–86; the factory closed down in 1992. Two analytical approaches were used, indirect standardisation and Poisson regression. Results: Based on serial mortality rates for the general population of England and Wales, significantly increased mortality was shown for cancers of the pharynx (observed (Obs) 4, expected (Exp) 0.7, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 559, p Conclusions: The study findings do not support the hypotheses that Cadmium Compounds are human lung carcinogens.
Tom Sorahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lung cancer mortality in uk nickel Cadmium battery workers 1947 2000
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Tom Sorahan, Nurtan A. EsmenAbstract:Aims: To investigate mortality from lung cancer in nickel-Cadmium battery workers in relation to cumulative exposure to Cadmium hydroxide. Methods: The mortality of a cohort of 926 male workers from a factory engaged in the manufacture of nickel-Cadmium batteries in the West Midlands of England was investigated for the period 1947–2000. All subjects were first employed at the plant in the period 1947–75 and employed for a minimum period of 12 months. Work histories were available for the period 1947–86; the factory closed down in 1992. Two analytical approaches were used, indirect standardisation and Poisson regression. Results: Based on serial mortality rates for the general population of England and Wales, significantly increased mortality was shown for cancers of the pharynx (observed (Obs) 4, expected (Exp) 0.7, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 559, p Conclusions: The study findings do not support the hypotheses that Cadmium Compounds are human lung carcinogens.
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lung cancer mortality in uk nickel Cadmium battery workers 1947 2000
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2004Co-Authors: Tom Sorahan, Nurtan A. EsmenAbstract:Aims: To investigate mortality from lung cancer in nickel-Cadmium battery workers in relation to cumulative exposure to Cadmium hydroxide. Methods: The mortality of a cohort of 926 male workers from a factory engaged in the manufacture of nickel-Cadmium batteries in the West Midlands of England was investigated for the period 1947–2000. All subjects were first employed at the plant in the period 1947–75 and employed for a minimum period of 12 months. Work histories were available for the period 1947–86; the factory closed down in 1992. Two analytical approaches were used, indirect standardisation and Poisson regression. Results: Based on serial mortality rates for the general population of England and Wales, significantly increased mortality was shown for cancers of the pharynx (observed (Obs) 4, expected (Exp) 0.7, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 559, p Conclusions: The study findings do not support the hypotheses that Cadmium Compounds are human lung carcinogens.
Lars Jarup - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hazards of heavy metal contamination
British Medical Bulletin, 2003Co-Authors: Lars JarupAbstract:The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, Cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular in less developed countries, though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. Cadmium Compounds are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel–Cadmium batteries. Cadmium emissions have increased dramatically during the 20th century, one reason being that Cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with household waste. Cigarette smoking is a major source of Cadmium exposure. In non-smokers, food is the most important source of Cadmium exposure. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of Cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects and fractures. Many individuals in Europe already exceed these exposure levels and the margin is very narrow for large groups. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce Cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, and dental amalgam. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. However, there are no studies so far that have been able to show any associations between amalgam fillings and ill health. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air have caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood–brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be
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hazards of heavy metal contamination
British Medical Bulletin, 2003Co-Authors: Lars JarupAbstract:The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, Cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular in less developed countries, though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. Cadmium Compounds are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel-Cadmium batteries. Cadmium emissions have increased dramatically during the 20th century, one reason being that Cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with household waste. Cigarette smoking is a major source of Cadmium exposure. In non-smokers, food is the most important source of Cadmium exposure. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of Cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects and fractures. Many individuals in Europe already exceed these exposure levels and the margin is very narrow for large groups. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce Cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, and dental amalgam. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. However, there are no studies so far that have been able to show any associations between amalgam fillings and ill health. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air have caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood-brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may be neurotoxic effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, phasing out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels should be encouraged. The use of lead-based paints should be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should be aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food. Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water, food being the most important source in most populations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking-water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer, but also some other cancers, as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Occupational exposure to arsenic, primarily by inhalation, is causally associated with lung cancer. Clear exposure-response relationships and high risks have been observed.
Caroline Rohr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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polar binary zn cd rich intermetallics synthesis crystal and electronic structure of a zn cd 13 a alkali alkaline earth and cs1 34zn16
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2006Co-Authors: Marco Wendorff, Caroline RohrAbstract:Abstract The binary alkali/alkaline earth (A) zinc and Cadmium (M) Compounds that form the NaZn13 structure type (cubic, space group F m 3 ¯ c ), which were known only from indexed X-ray powder diagrams, have been synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements and have been structurally characterized using a combination of single crystal data and the Rietveld method. The alkali zinc phases AIZn13 are only formed with the lighter alkali elements sodium to rubidium ( A I = Na : a = 1227.3(2) pm, R 1 = 0.0205 ; A I = K : a = 1237.9(3) pm, R 1 = 0.0154 ; A I = Rb : a = 1245.19(1) pm, R p = 0.0250 ), whereas the Cadmium Compounds A I Cd13 are stable only for the heavier alkali metals potassium to cesium ( A I = K : a = 1379.2(4) pm, R 1 = 0.0118 ; A I = Rb : a = 1384.5(2) pm, R 1 = 0.0139 ; A I = Cs : a = 1392.0(3) pm, R 1 = 0.0381 ). In the crystal structures M-centered M(2)M(1)12 icosahedra are connected via strong exobonds (forming tetrahedral stars, stella quadrangula) to form a 3D net, in the interstices of which the alkali metals are located in a snub cube 24 coordination. In contrast, the alkaline earth ( A II ) zinc Compounds with calcium, strontium and barium ( A II = Ca : a = 1215.4(1) pm, R 1 = 0.0274 ; A II = Sr : a = 1222.2(2) pm, R 1 = 0.0154 ; A II = Ba : a = 1235.8(2) pm, R 1 = 0.0227 ) show statistical defects at the Zn(2) position centering the Zn(1) icosahedra. Both the geometric and the electronic stability of the NaZn13 structure type, which can be assessed from the pseudo-bandgap calculated using FP-LAPW-DFT methods, are discussed. In contrast to the aforementioned systems, the NaZn13 type ceases to exist in the binary system Cs–Zn. In this case a phase Cs1.36Zn16 with a new structure type but very similar stoichiometry emerges. This compound is the first and only known phase in the system Cs–Zn and crystallizes with a new incommensurably modulated structure: its average structure (orthorhombic, space group Imma, a = 264.2 ( 5 ) pm , b = 720.8 ( 14 ) pm , c = 1760 ( 5 ) pm, R 1 = 0.0198 ) already indicates the representative structural features: in a 3D net of Zn atoms tubular channels filled by the Cs atoms are formed. This Cs filling is, due to geometric requirements, not commensurate with the Zn host structure resulting in a modulated structure with satellite reflections that can be indexed with a q → vector of (0, 0, 0.2755). The final refinement in the superspace group ( P c n 2 ( 0 0 g ) s s o , a = 1760 ( 5 ) pm , b = 720.8 ( 14 ) pm , c = 264.2 ( 5 ) pm, w R main = 0.0550 , w R satellites = 0.140 ) shows a strong occupational and a weak positional modulation of Cs in the channels formed by the Zn partial structure.
Ichiro Naruse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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screening of sorbents and capture of lead and Cadmium Compounds during sewage sludge combustion
Fuel, 2004Co-Authors: Iddi S N Mkilaha, Ichiro NaruseAbstract:Current understanding has shown that aluminosilicate- and calcium-based sorbents could be applied to control trace metals emission from combustion and incineration processes. However, the use of industrial commercial sorbents is not always appropriate. The present study dwells on the use of natural and waste materials as sorbents to capture lead and Cadmium Compounds during combustion. The main task is to optimize the use of those materials by screening them, using a thermobalance. Then, the determined optimum sorbent was tested on an electrically heated drop tube furnace, burning sewage sludge at temperatures ranging from 1073 to 1223 K. The results showed that some of aluminosilicate-based sorbent were more effective than calcium-based sorbents. Kaolin was found to be a relatively effective sorbent for Pb and Cd capturing. The results further showed that the capture ability depended on chemical compositions and specific surface area of the sorbents. Presence of HCl caused a little decrease in the capture ability, using aluminosilicate-based sorbents, while significant effect on the capture processes was noted when calcium-based sorbents were used. Furthermore, when kaolin was added into the sewage sludge, kaolin was an appropriate sorbent to control lead and Cadmium emissions. Temperature increase enhances the capture ability under our experimental conditions. Kaolin addition played a role for low leachability of the trace metals.
