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Edward Giovannucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prospective Study of Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Biliary Tract Cancer.
    The American journal of gastroenterology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Susanna C Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk
    Abstract:

    Prospective Study of Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Biliary Tract Cancer

  • Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load in Relation to Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Susanna C Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk
    Abstract:

    Diets with a high glycemic index and glycemic load have been hypothesized to be implicated in the etiology of colorectal cancer owing to their potential to increase postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Prospective data on glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to colorectal cancer risk are limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the authors prospectively investigated the associations of dietary Carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load with the incidence of colorectal cancer among 61,433 Swedish women who were free of cancer in 1987–1990 and completed a 67-item food frequency questionnaire. During follow-up through June 2005, 870 incident cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma were diagnosed. Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load were not associated with risk of colorectal cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer. The multivariate hazard ratios for colorectal cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile were 1.10 (95% confidence interval: 0.85, 1.44) for Carbohydrate Intake, 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 1.33) for glycemic index, and 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.39) for glycemic load. Results did not vary by body mass index. The findings from this prospective study do not support the hypothesis that a high Carbohydrate Intake, a high glycemic index, and a high glycemic load increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Carbohydrates; cohort studies; colorectal neoplasms; diet; glycemic index; prospective studies; Sweden

  • glycemic load glycemic index and Carbohydrate Intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women
    Gastroenterology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Edward Giovannucci, Chungjyi Tsai, Michael F Leitzmann, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Background & Aims: High-Carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic response may exacerbate the metabolic consequences of the insulin-resistance syndrome. The effect on the incidence of gallstone disease is not clear. Methods: We examined the associations between high-Carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic response and the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of women who were aged from 35 to 61 years in 1984 and had no history of gallstone disease. As part of the Nurses' Health Study, the women reported on questionnaires mailed to them every 2 years both their Carbohydrate Intake and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. Results: During 16 years of follow-up, we ascertained 5771 new cases of cholecystectomy. After adjusting for age and other known or suspected risk factors in a multivariate model, the relative risk for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of dietary Carbohydrate was 1.35 (95% CI: 1.17–1.55, P for trend P for trend P for trend

  • fructose glycemic load and quantity and quality of Carbohydrate in relation to plasma c peptide concentrations in us women
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004
    Co-Authors: Edward Giovannucci, Susan E Hankinson, Nader Rifai, Tobias Pischon, Eric B Rimm
    Abstract:

    Background: Circulating C-peptide concentrations are associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, associations between fructose and the quantity and quality of total Carbohydrate Intake in relation to C-peptide concentrations have not been adequately examined. Objective: We assessed the association of dietary fructose, glycemic load, and Carbohydrate Intake with fasting C-peptide concentrations. Design: Plasma C-peptide concentrations were measured in a crosssectional setting in 1999 healthy women from the Nurses’ Health Study I and II. Dietary fructose, glycemic load, and Carbohydrate Intake were assessed with the use of semiquantitative foodfrequency questionnaires. Results: After multivariate adjustment, subjects in the highest quintile of energy-adjusted fructose Intake had 13.9% higher C-peptide concentrations (P for trend 0.01) than did subjects in the lowest quintile. Similarly, in the multivariate model, subjects in the highest quintile of glycemic load had 14.1% (P for trend 0.09) and 16.1% (P for trend 0.04) higher C-peptide concentrations than did subjects in the lowest quintile after further adjustment for total fat or Carbohydrate Intake, respectively. In contrast, subjects with high Intakes of cereal fiber had 15.6% lower (P for trend 0.03) C-peptide concentrations after control for other covariates. Conclusions: Our results suggest that high Intakes of fructose and high glycemic foods are associated with higher C-peptide concentrations, whereas consumption of Carbohydrates high in fiber, such as whole-grain foods, is associated with lower C-peptide concentrations. Furthermore, our study suggests that these nutrients play divergent roles in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1043–9.

  • Glycemic index, glycemic load, and Carbohydrate Intake in relation to risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women.
    Cancer epidemiology biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research cosponsored by the American Society of Pre, 2004
    Co-Authors: Charles S Fuchs, Edward Giovannucci
    Abstract:

    Case-control studies and a cohort study have shown inconsistent associations between a high glycemic index or a high glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer. These dietary variables have not been examined in relation to risk of colorectal adenoma. We thus examined the associations between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and Carbohydrate Intake with risk of adenoma of the distal colon or rectum among 34,428 US women who were initially free of cancer or polyps, who completed a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1980, and who underwent endoscopy from 1980 through 1998. 1,715 adenoma cases (704 large adenomas, 894 small adenomas, 1,277 distal colon adenomas, and 504 rectal adenomas) were documented during 18 years of follow-up. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and Carbohydrate Intake were not related to risk of total colorectal adenoma after adjustment for age and established risk factors [relative risk (RR) for extreme quintiles of glycemic index = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.32, P for trend = 0.66; RR for glycemic load = 0.92, 95% CI 0.76-1.11, P for trend = 0.63; RR for Carbohydrate Intake = 0.90, 95% CI 0.73-1.11, P for trend = 0.64]. In addition, no significant associations were found for large or small adenoma, distal colon or rectal adenoma, or across strata of body mass index. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that a high glycemic index diet, a high glycemic load diet, or high Carbohydrate Intake overall are associated with risk of colorectal adenoma.

Walter C Willett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dietary fat fiber and Carbohydrate Intake in relation to risk of endometrial cancer
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2011
    Co-Authors: Xiaohui Cui, Walter C Willett, Bernard Rosner, Susan E Hankinson
    Abstract:

    Background: Macronutrients such as fat and fiber have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Methods: To investigate these associations, the authors analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study. From 1980 to 2006, 669 invasive adenocarcinoma cases were identified over 1.3 million person-years of follow-up. Dietary Intake was assessed in 1980 and updated every 2–4 years. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs), controlling for total energy and other risk factors. Results: Overall, the authors found no significant associations between most dietary factors and endometrial cancer risk. Total fat was associated with a borderline significant decreased risk (top vs. bottom quintile RR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.60–0.99; P trend = 0.18). Findings for animal fat were similar. No inverse associations between dietary fibers and cancer risk were observed. Cereal fiber was modestly positively associated with risk (top vs. bottom quintile RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.07–1.79; P trend = 0.05). The inverse association with animal fat Intake and a positive association with Carbohydrate Intake were observed among premenopausal but not among postmenopausal women. Conclusions: In this large prospective study, no overall association was observed between dietary fat, fiber, and Carbohydrates with endometrial cancer risk, although several of the relationships may vary by menopausal status. Impact: Dietary fat and fiber Intake do not seem to play a major role in endometrial cancer etiology overall. However, further evaluation of these associations, particularly in premenopausal women, is needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 978–89. ©2011 AACR .

  • dietary fat fiber and Carbohydrate Intake and endogenous hormone levels in premenopausal women
    Hormones and Cancer, 2010
    Co-Authors: Xiaohui Cui, Susan E Hankinson, Walter C Willett, Bernard Rosner
    Abstract:

    The authors conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the associations of fat, fiber, and Carbohydrate Intake with endogenous estrogen, androgen, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) levels among 595 premenopausal women. Overall, no significant associations were found between dietary Intake of these macronutrients and plasma sex steroid hormone levels. Dietary fat Intake was inversely associated with IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels. When substituting 5% of energy from total fat for the equivalent amount of energy from Carbohydrate or protein Intake, the plasma levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were 2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 5.3) and 1.6% (95% CI 0.4, 2.8) lower, respectively. Animal fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat Intakes also were inversely associated with IGFBP-3 levels (P<0.05). Carbohydrates were positively associated with plasma IGF-I level. When substituting 5% of energy from Carbohydrates for the equivalent amount of energy from fat or protein Intake, the plasma IGF-I level was 2.0% (95% CI 0.1, 3.9%) higher. No independent associations between fiber Intake and hormone levels were observed. The results suggest that a low-fat/high-fiber or Carbohydrate diet is not associated with endogenous levels of sex steroid hormones, but it may modestly increase IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels among premenopausal women.

  • a prospective study of dietary Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to risk of ovulatory infertility
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
    Co-Authors: Jorge E Chavarro, Walter C Willett, Bernard Rosner, Janet W Richedwards
    Abstract:

    To evaluate whether the amount or quality of Carbohydrate in diet is associated with ovulatory infertility. In total, 18 555 married, premenopausal women without a history of infertility were followed as they attempted a pregnancy or became pregnant during an 8-year period. Diet was assessed two times during follow-up using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and prospectively related to the incidence of infertility due ovulatory disorder. During follow-up, 438 women reported ovulatory infertility. Total Carbohydrate Intake and dietary glycemic load were positively related to ovulatory infertility in analyses adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, parity, physical activity, recency of contraception, total energy Intake, protein Intake and other dietary variables. The multivariable-adjusted risk ratio (RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of ovulatory infertility comparing the highest-to-lowest quintile of total Carbohydrate Intake was 1.91 (1.27–3.02). The corresponding RR (95% CI) for dietary glycemic load was 1.92 (1.26–2.92). Dietary glycemic index was positively related to ovulatory infertility only among nulliparous women. Intakes of fiber from different sources were unrelated to ovulatory infertility risk. The amount and quality of Carbohydrate in diet may be important determinants of ovulation and fertility in healthy women.

  • dietary glycemic index and Carbohydrate in relation to early age related macular degeneration
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Chungjung Chiu, Susan E Hankinson, Walter C Willett, Larry D Hubbard, Jane L Armstrong, Gail Rogers, Paul F Jacques, Leo T Chylack, Allen Taylor
    Abstract:

    Background: Several dietary factors have been linked to age-related maculopathy (ARM), the early form of age-related macular degeneration, and there is reason to think that dietary Carbohydrate may play a role in the development of ARM. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between dietary Carbohydrate quality, as measured by dietary glycemic index (GI) or total Carbohydrate Intake, and ARM. Design: From the Nurses' Health Study, 1036 eyes from 526 Boston-area participants without a previous ARM diagnosis were included in the present study. The presence and degree of ARM were classified by the Age-Related Eye Diseases Study system. Long-term dietary information was based on data from an average of 4 food-frequency questionnaires collected over a 10-y period before the assessment of ARM. With eyes as the unit of analysis, we used a generalized estimating approach to logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios for ARM in a manner that accounted for the lack of independence between the 2 eyes from the same subject. Results: After multivariate adjustment, dietary GI was related to ARM (specifically to retinal pigmentary abnormalities), whereas total Carbohydrate Intake was not. The odds ratio for ARM being in the highest tertile of dietary GI (≥77.0) versus the lowest (<74.6) was 2.71 (95% CI: 1.24,5.93; P for trend = 0.01). Neither dietary GI nor total Carbohydrate Intake was related to drusen. Conclusion: Our results suggest that dietary GI may be an independent risk factor for ARM.

  • glycemic load glycemic index and Carbohydrate Intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women
    Gastroenterology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Edward Giovannucci, Chungjyi Tsai, Michael F Leitzmann, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Background & Aims: High-Carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic response may exacerbate the metabolic consequences of the insulin-resistance syndrome. The effect on the incidence of gallstone disease is not clear. Methods: We examined the associations between high-Carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic response and the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of women who were aged from 35 to 61 years in 1984 and had no history of gallstone disease. As part of the Nurses' Health Study, the women reported on questionnaires mailed to them every 2 years both their Carbohydrate Intake and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. Results: During 16 years of follow-up, we ascertained 5771 new cases of cholecystectomy. After adjusting for age and other known or suspected risk factors in a multivariate model, the relative risk for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of dietary Carbohydrate was 1.35 (95% CI: 1.17–1.55, P for trend P for trend P for trend

Graham A Colditz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • premenopausal dietary Carbohydrate glycemic index glycemic load and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2003
    Co-Authors: Eunyoung Cho, Wendy Y Chen, Donna Spiegelman, David J Hunter, Graham A Colditz
    Abstract:

    Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load have been hypothesized to increase risk of breast cancer by raising insulin levels, but these associations have not been studied extensively. The insulin response to dietary Carbohydrate is substantially greater among overweight women than among leaner women. Although fiber Intake has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer, data from early adult life are lacking. We examined dietary Carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to breast cancer risk among 90655 premenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study II aged 26-46 years in 1991. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire in 1991 and 1995. During 8 years of follow-up, we documented 714 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic load, and glycemic index were not related to breast cancer risk in the overall cohort. However, the associations differed by body mass index (BMI): among women with BMI or=25 kg/m(2), the corresponding relative risks were 1.00 (referent), 1.30, 1.35, 1.50, and 1.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-2.59; P, test for trend = 0.14; P, test for interaction = 0.02). Similar interaction with BMI was observed for glycemic load, but not for glycemic index. Intakes of total fiber and different types of fiber were not appreciably related to breast cancer risk. Our findings suggest that the associations between Carbohydrate Intake or glycemic load and breast cancer risk among young adult women differ by body weight. Our data do not support a strong association between fiber Intake and breast cancer risk.

  • premenopausal dietary Carbohydrate glycemic index glycemic load and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2003
    Co-Authors: Donna Spiegelman, Wendy Y Chen, David J Hunter, Graham A Colditz
    Abstract:

    Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load have been hypothesized to increase risk of breast cancer by raising insulin levels, but these associations have not been studied extensively. The insulin response to dietary Carbohydrate is substantially greater among overweight women than among leaner women. Although fiber Intake has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer, data from early adult life are lacking. We examined dietary Carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to breast cancer risk among 90,655 premenopausal women in the Nurses’ Health Study II aged 26–46 years in 1991. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire in 1991 and 1995. During 8 years of follow-up, we documented 714 incident cases of invasive breast cancer. Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic load, and glycemic index were not related to breast cancer risk in the overall cohort. However, the associations differed by body mass index (BMI): among women with BMI < 25 kg/m2, the multivariate relative risks for the increasing quintiles of Carbohydrate Intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.87, 0.77, 0.66, and 0.62 [95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.97; P , test for trend = 0.02]; and among women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the corresponding relative risks were 1.00 (referent), 1.30, 1.35, 1.50, and 1.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–2.59; P , test for trend = 0.14; P , test for interaction = 0.02). Similar interaction with BMI was observed for glycemic load, but not for glycemic index. Intakes of total fiber and different types of fiber were not appreciably related to breast cancer risk. Our findings suggest that the associations between Carbohydrate Intake or glycemic load and breast cancer risk among young adult women differ by body weight. Our data do not support a strong association between fiber Intake and breast cancer risk.

Alicja Wolk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prospective Study of Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Biliary Tract Cancer.
    The American journal of gastroenterology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Susanna C Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk
    Abstract:

    Prospective Study of Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Biliary Tract Cancer

  • Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load in Relation to Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Susanna C Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja Wolk
    Abstract:

    Diets with a high glycemic index and glycemic load have been hypothesized to be implicated in the etiology of colorectal cancer owing to their potential to increase postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Prospective data on glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to colorectal cancer risk are limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the authors prospectively investigated the associations of dietary Carbohydrate, glycemic index, and glycemic load with the incidence of colorectal cancer among 61,433 Swedish women who were free of cancer in 1987–1990 and completed a 67-item food frequency questionnaire. During follow-up through June 2005, 870 incident cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma were diagnosed. Carbohydrate Intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load were not associated with risk of colorectal cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer. The multivariate hazard ratios for colorectal cancer comparing the highest with the lowest quintile were 1.10 (95% confidence interval: 0.85, 1.44) for Carbohydrate Intake, 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 1.33) for glycemic index, and 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.39) for glycemic load. Results did not vary by body mass index. The findings from this prospective study do not support the hypothesis that a high Carbohydrate Intake, a high glycemic index, and a high glycemic load increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Carbohydrates; cohort studies; colorectal neoplasms; diet; glycemic index; prospective studies; Sweden

Elizabeth A Thiele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.