The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Edward C Ramsay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of ketamine on Carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of Carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two i.m. ketamine dosages were evaluated: 0.15 mg/kg (low ketamine) and 0.30 mg/kg (high ketamine). Each deer was immobilized twice 2 wk apart. Inductions were video recorded and reviewed by observers, who had been blinded to drugs and dosages, who rated qualitative aspects. There were significant (P < 0.05) dosage-dependent decreases in heart rate, SaO2, and arterial pH, and a significant dosage-dependent increase in PaCO2. Induction times with both dosages were more rapid (mean 2.3 ± 0.9 min for low ketamine and 2.3 ± 0.6 min for high ketamine) than those reported for the same Carfentanil/xylazine dosage used without ketamine. Mean quality ratings, though improved compared to those reported for Carfentanil/xylazine alone, were considered “undesirable” for both dosage...
-
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF AN OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF Carfentanil AND XYLAZINE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Nancy Zagaya, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Using an iteration method, optimal hand-injected immobilization dosages of Carfentanil/xylazine (CAR/XYL) were determined for 13 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were temporarily restrained in a squeeze chute and were repeatedly immobilized one to four times at 2–5-wk intervals from December 2002 to March 2003. A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time
-
serial immobilization of a brazilian tapir tapirus terrestrus with oral detomidine and oral Carfentanil
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Christal Pollock, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Detomidine (0.17 ± 0.03 mg/kg, p.o.) followed in 20 min by Carfentanil (7.88 ± 1.85 μg/kg, p.o.) reliably restrained an adult Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestrus) eight times for short medical procedures. Detomidine caused head droop, sawhorse stance, ataxia or head pressing (or both). Sternal or lateral recumbency was reached within 10.75 ± 7.6 min of Carfentanil administration. Recoveries after i.v. and s.c. administration of yohimbine and naltrexone were smooth and rapid, with the tapir standing within 2–5 min.
-
a comparison of Carfentanil xylazine and telazol xylazine for immobilization of white tailed deer
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P<0.01). Hyperthermia was common in deer immobiliz...
-
A comparison of Carfentanil/xylazine and Telazol/xylazine for immobilization of white-tailed deer.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P
Timothy N Storms - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of ketamine on Carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of Carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two i.m. ketamine dosages were evaluated: 0.15 mg/kg (low ketamine) and 0.30 mg/kg (high ketamine). Each deer was immobilized twice 2 wk apart. Inductions were video recorded and reviewed by observers, who had been blinded to drugs and dosages, who rated qualitative aspects. There were significant (P < 0.05) dosage-dependent decreases in heart rate, SaO2, and arterial pH, and a significant dosage-dependent increase in PaCO2. Induction times with both dosages were more rapid (mean 2.3 ± 0.9 min for low ketamine and 2.3 ± 0.6 min for high ketamine) than those reported for the same Carfentanil/xylazine dosage used without ketamine. Mean quality ratings, though improved compared to those reported for Carfentanil/xylazine alone, were considered “undesirable” for both dosage...
-
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF AN OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF Carfentanil AND XYLAZINE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Nancy Zagaya, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Using an iteration method, optimal hand-injected immobilization dosages of Carfentanil/xylazine (CAR/XYL) were determined for 13 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were temporarily restrained in a squeeze chute and were repeatedly immobilized one to four times at 2–5-wk intervals from December 2002 to March 2003. A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time
-
a comparison of Carfentanil xylazine and telazol xylazine for immobilization of white tailed deer
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P<0.01). Hyperthermia was common in deer immobiliz...
-
A comparison of Carfentanil/xylazine and Telazol/xylazine for immobilization of white-tailed deer.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P
David A Osborn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of ketamine on Carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of Carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two i.m. ketamine dosages were evaluated: 0.15 mg/kg (low ketamine) and 0.30 mg/kg (high ketamine). Each deer was immobilized twice 2 wk apart. Inductions were video recorded and reviewed by observers, who had been blinded to drugs and dosages, who rated qualitative aspects. There were significant (P < 0.05) dosage-dependent decreases in heart rate, SaO2, and arterial pH, and a significant dosage-dependent increase in PaCO2. Induction times with both dosages were more rapid (mean 2.3 ± 0.9 min for low ketamine and 2.3 ± 0.6 min for high ketamine) than those reported for the same Carfentanil/xylazine dosage used without ketamine. Mean quality ratings, though improved compared to those reported for Carfentanil/xylazine alone, were considered “undesirable” for both dosage...
-
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF AN OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF Carfentanil AND XYLAZINE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Nancy Zagaya, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Using an iteration method, optimal hand-injected immobilization dosages of Carfentanil/xylazine (CAR/XYL) were determined for 13 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were temporarily restrained in a squeeze chute and were repeatedly immobilized one to four times at 2–5-wk intervals from December 2002 to March 2003. A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time
-
a comparison of Carfentanil xylazine and telazol xylazine for immobilization of white tailed deer
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P<0.01). Hyperthermia was common in deer immobiliz...
-
A comparison of Carfentanil/xylazine and Telazol/xylazine for immobilization of white-tailed deer.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P
Karl V Miller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of ketamine on Carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of Carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two i.m. ketamine dosages were evaluated: 0.15 mg/kg (low ketamine) and 0.30 mg/kg (high ketamine). Each deer was immobilized twice 2 wk apart. Inductions were video recorded and reviewed by observers, who had been blinded to drugs and dosages, who rated qualitative aspects. There were significant (P < 0.05) dosage-dependent decreases in heart rate, SaO2, and arterial pH, and a significant dosage-dependent increase in PaCO2. Induction times with both dosages were more rapid (mean 2.3 ± 0.9 min for low ketamine and 2.3 ± 0.6 min for high ketamine) than those reported for the same Carfentanil/xylazine dosage used without ketamine. Mean quality ratings, though improved compared to those reported for Carfentanil/xylazine alone, were considered “undesirable” for both dosage...
-
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF AN OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF Carfentanil AND XYLAZINE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Nancy Zagaya, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Using an iteration method, optimal hand-injected immobilization dosages of Carfentanil/xylazine (CAR/XYL) were determined for 13 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were temporarily restrained in a squeeze chute and were repeatedly immobilized one to four times at 2–5-wk intervals from December 2002 to March 2003. A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time
-
a comparison of Carfentanil xylazine and telazol xylazine for immobilization of white tailed deer
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P<0.01). Hyperthermia was common in deer immobiliz...
-
A comparison of Carfentanil/xylazine and Telazol/xylazine for immobilization of white-tailed deer.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003Co-Authors: Brad F Miller, Edward C Ramsay, Lisa I Muller, Timothy N Storms, David A Osborn, Robert J Warren, Karl V Miller, Kent A AdamsAbstract:From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of Carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of Carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol®) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of Carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A Carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (x±SD=23.5±3.2 μg/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2±0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol® (4.5±0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3±0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with Carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol®/xylazine (P
Juergen Schumacher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of ketamine on Carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white tailed deer odocoileus virginianus
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2006Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Abstract Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of Carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two i.m. ketamine dosages were evaluated: 0.15 mg/kg (low ketamine) and 0.30 mg/kg (high ketamine). Each deer was immobilized twice 2 wk apart. Inductions were video recorded and reviewed by observers, who had been blinded to drugs and dosages, who rated qualitative aspects. There were significant (P < 0.05) dosage-dependent decreases in heart rate, SaO2, and arterial pH, and a significant dosage-dependent increase in PaCO2. Induction times with both dosages were more rapid (mean 2.3 ± 0.9 min for low ketamine and 2.3 ± 0.6 min for high ketamine) than those reported for the same Carfentanil/xylazine dosage used without ketamine. Mean quality ratings, though improved compared to those reported for Carfentanil/xylazine alone, were considered “undesirable” for both dosage...
-
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF AN OPTIMAL DOSAGE OF Carfentanil AND XYLAZINE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Timothy N Storms, Juergen Schumacher, David A Osborn, Karl V Miller, Nancy Zagaya, Edward C RamsayAbstract:Using an iteration method, optimal hand-injected immobilization dosages of Carfentanil/xylazine (CAR/XYL) were determined for 13 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Deer were temporarily restrained in a squeeze chute and were repeatedly immobilized one to four times at 2–5-wk intervals from December 2002 to March 2003. A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time
-
cardiopulmonary effects of Carfentanil in dama gazelles gazella dama
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1997Co-Authors: Juergen Schumacher, Darryl J Heard, L Young, Scott B CitinoAbstract:: Sixteen (10 female, six male) captive-born dama gazelles (Gazella dama) weighing 48 +/- 10 kg (mean +/- SD) were used to evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of i.m. Carfentanil and to validate the use of pulse oximetry in immobilized gazelles. Carfentanil (18.4 +/- 2.2 micrograms/kg i.m.) produced rapid induction (6 +/- 3 min), moderate muscle relaxation, and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in heart rate (87 +/- 12 beats/min) beginning 5 min following induction and continuing throughout the immobilization period. A decrease in respiratory rates began 15 min following induction (11 +/- 4 breaths/min). Systemic hypertension was present throughout the immobilization period. Arterial blood gas analysis, performed at 10, 20, and 30 min after induction, showed PaCO2 and PaO2 values within normal limits. Arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was < 95% 10 min after induction. Relative arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) values indicated by pulse oximetry were generally lower than SaO2 values but reliably demonstrated trends in arterial oxygen saturation as confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis. Periods of hypoxemia were usually indicated by the pulse oximeter reading and confirmed by SaO2 measurements. There was an increase in creatine phosphokinase values (88 +/- 53 U/L to 109 +/- 48 U/L) at 30 min postimmobilization. Naltrexone reversal (1.8 +/- 0.3 mg/kg, half i.v. and half s.c.) was rapid and uneventful, and time to standing was 2 +/- 1 min.
-
effects of a Carfentanil xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary function and plasma catecholamine concentrations in female bongo antelopes
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1997Co-Authors: Juergen Schumacher, Scott B Citino, R DawsonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of an i.m. administered Carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary variables and plasma catecholamine concentrations and to validate use of pulse oximetry in bongo antelopes. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult females. PROCEDURE: Antelopes were immobilized with Carfentanil citrate (8.3 micrograms/kg of body weight, i.m.) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.79 mg/kg, i.m.). Hematologic values and plasma biochemical and catecholamine concentrations were determined at the beginning and end of immobilization. Immediately after induction of immobilization and every 15 minutes thereafter, cardiopulmonary variables were determined. RESULTS: Induction time after Carfentanil-xylazine administration was 6 +/- 2 minutes. At 15 and 45 minutes after immobilization and thereafter, significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates, respectively, were observed. After 15 minutes of immobilization, all antelopes had developed mild hypoxemia, which resolved after nasal insufflation with 100% oxygen. Pulse oximetry readings underestimated arterial blood gas values, but reliably indicated trends in arterial oxygen desaturation. Antelopes developed hypoxemia after oxygen administration was terminated at the end of the procedure, prior to reversal of immobilization. Norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations decreased significantly at the end of the anesthetic event. Immobilization of all antelopes was reversed, using antagonists naltrexone and yohimbine hydrochloride. Time to standing was 3 +/- 1 minutes, and renarcotization was not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The carfentamil-xylazine combination at the dosage used induced hypoxemia, pronounced arterial hypertension, and significant increase in plasma norepinephrine and decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in bongo antelopes. Supplemental administration of oxygen is recommended. Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to monitor trends in arterial oxygen desaturation, but does not substitute for arterial blood gas analysis.