The Experts below are selected from a list of 288 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Henrik Larsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parental schizophrenia and increased offspring suicide risk exploring the Causal Hypothesis using cousin comparisons
Psychological Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Therese Ljung, Brian M Donofrio, Paul Lichtenstein, Sven Sandin, Bo S Runeson, Niklas Langstrom, Henrik LarssonAbstract:BACKGROUND: Little is known about suicide risk among offspring of parents hospitalized for schizophrenia and the mechanisms behind this association.MethodWe applied a nested case-control design based on linkage of Swedish population-based registers. Among 12- to 30-year-old offspring, we identified 68 318 offspring with suicidal behavior (attempted and completed suicide) and their parents. Five healthy control-parent pairs were matched to each suicidal case-parent pair and conditional logistic regression used to obtain odds ratios (ORs). Further, to disentangle familial confounding from Causal environmental mechanisms, we compared the population-based suicide risk with the risk found within full-cousins and half-cousins differentially exposed to parental schizophrenia. RESULTS: Offspring of parents with schizophrenia had significantly increased suicide risk after accounting for socio-economic status, parental suicidal behavior and offspring mental illness [OR 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-1.85]. Suicide risks in offspring of schizophrenic mothers and fathers were similar in magnitude; so were risks across different developmental periods. Importantly, offspring suicide risk remained essentially unchanged across genetically different relationships; offspring of siblings discordant for schizophrenia had equivalent risk increases within full-cousins (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.66-2.31) and half-cousins (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.17-2.44). CONCLUSIONS: Parental schizophrenia was associated with increased risk of offspring suicidal behavior, independent of gender of the schizophrenic parent, and persisting into adulthood. The suicide risk in offspring remained at a similar level when comparing genetically different relationships, which suggests that at least part of the association is due to environmental mechanisms. These findings should inspire increased attention to suicidal ideation and prevention efforts in offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Language: en
Peter Bryant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the contribution of logical reasoning to the learning of mathematics in primary school
British Journal of Development Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Terezinha Nunes, Peter Bryant, Deborah Evans, Daniel Bell, Selina Gardner, Adelina Gardner, Julia CarraherAbstract:It has often been claimed that children's mathematical understanding is based on their ability to reason logically, but there is no good evidence for this Causal link. We tested the Causal Hypothesis about logic and mathematical development in two related studies. In a longitudinal study, we showed that (a) 6-year-old children's logical abilities and their working memory predict mathematical achievement 16 months later; and (b) logical scores continued to predict mathematical levels after controls for working memory, whereas working memory scores failed to predict the same measure after controls for differences in logical ability. In our second study, we trained a group of children in logical reasoning and found that they made more progress in mathematics than a control group who were not given this training. These studies establish a Causal link between logical reasoning and mathematical learning. Much of children's mathematical knowledge is based on their understanding of its underlying logic.
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Causal connections in the acquisition of an orthographic rule a test of uta frith s developmental Hypothesis
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2006Co-Authors: Claire Davis, Peter BryantAbstract:Background: In a longitudinal study we tested Frith's Causal Hypothesis that children first gain orthographic knowledge through reading and then later, as a consequence, through spelling. Method: Children from Years 2 and 3 were tested three times over two years on their reading and spelling of pseudo-words which conformed to the conditional orthographic rule, the ‘final –e’ or ‘split-digraph’ rule. Results: Cross-lagged panel correlation analyses suggested that the children's success in reading split-digraph words was a Causal determinant of their learning to use split-digraphs in spelling, in the 7- to 8-year period and, with one year-group but not with the other, in the 8- to 9-year period. In the 9- to 10-year period children's success in reading no longer seemed to affect their spelling. Conclusions: These results strongly support Frith's Causal Hypothesis about the development of orthographic knowledge.
Brian M Donofrio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parental schizophrenia and increased offspring suicide risk exploring the Causal Hypothesis using cousin comparisons
Psychological Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Therese Ljung, Brian M Donofrio, Paul Lichtenstein, Sven Sandin, Bo S Runeson, Niklas Langstrom, Henrik LarssonAbstract:BACKGROUND: Little is known about suicide risk among offspring of parents hospitalized for schizophrenia and the mechanisms behind this association.MethodWe applied a nested case-control design based on linkage of Swedish population-based registers. Among 12- to 30-year-old offspring, we identified 68 318 offspring with suicidal behavior (attempted and completed suicide) and their parents. Five healthy control-parent pairs were matched to each suicidal case-parent pair and conditional logistic regression used to obtain odds ratios (ORs). Further, to disentangle familial confounding from Causal environmental mechanisms, we compared the population-based suicide risk with the risk found within full-cousins and half-cousins differentially exposed to parental schizophrenia. RESULTS: Offspring of parents with schizophrenia had significantly increased suicide risk after accounting for socio-economic status, parental suicidal behavior and offspring mental illness [OR 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-1.85]. Suicide risks in offspring of schizophrenic mothers and fathers were similar in magnitude; so were risks across different developmental periods. Importantly, offspring suicide risk remained essentially unchanged across genetically different relationships; offspring of siblings discordant for schizophrenia had equivalent risk increases within full-cousins (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.66-2.31) and half-cousins (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.17-2.44). CONCLUSIONS: Parental schizophrenia was associated with increased risk of offspring suicidal behavior, independent of gender of the schizophrenic parent, and persisting into adulthood. The suicide risk in offspring remained at a similar level when comparing genetically different relationships, which suggests that at least part of the association is due to environmental mechanisms. These findings should inspire increased attention to suicidal ideation and prevention efforts in offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Language: en
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maternal age at childbirth and offspring disruptive behaviors testing the Causal Hypothesis
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Brian M Donofrio, Jackson A Goodnight, Carol A Van Hulle, Joseph Lee Rodgers, Paul J Rathouz, Irwin D Waldman, Benjamin B LaheyAbstract:Background Recent studies suggest that the association between maternal age at childbearing (MAC) and children’s disruptive behaviors is the result of family factors that are confounded with both variables, rather than a casual effect of environmental factors specifically related to MAC. These studies, however, relied on restricted samples and did not use the strongest approach to test Causal influences.
Therese Ljung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parental schizophrenia and increased offspring suicide risk exploring the Causal Hypothesis using cousin comparisons
Psychological Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Therese Ljung, Brian M Donofrio, Paul Lichtenstein, Sven Sandin, Bo S Runeson, Niklas Langstrom, Henrik LarssonAbstract:BACKGROUND: Little is known about suicide risk among offspring of parents hospitalized for schizophrenia and the mechanisms behind this association.MethodWe applied a nested case-control design based on linkage of Swedish population-based registers. Among 12- to 30-year-old offspring, we identified 68 318 offspring with suicidal behavior (attempted and completed suicide) and their parents. Five healthy control-parent pairs were matched to each suicidal case-parent pair and conditional logistic regression used to obtain odds ratios (ORs). Further, to disentangle familial confounding from Causal environmental mechanisms, we compared the population-based suicide risk with the risk found within full-cousins and half-cousins differentially exposed to parental schizophrenia. RESULTS: Offspring of parents with schizophrenia had significantly increased suicide risk after accounting for socio-economic status, parental suicidal behavior and offspring mental illness [OR 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-1.85]. Suicide risks in offspring of schizophrenic mothers and fathers were similar in magnitude; so were risks across different developmental periods. Importantly, offspring suicide risk remained essentially unchanged across genetically different relationships; offspring of siblings discordant for schizophrenia had equivalent risk increases within full-cousins (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.66-2.31) and half-cousins (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.17-2.44). CONCLUSIONS: Parental schizophrenia was associated with increased risk of offspring suicidal behavior, independent of gender of the schizophrenic parent, and persisting into adulthood. The suicide risk in offspring remained at a similar level when comparing genetically different relationships, which suggests that at least part of the association is due to environmental mechanisms. These findings should inspire increased attention to suicidal ideation and prevention efforts in offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Language: en
Lindon J Eaves - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk to boys conduct disturbance an examination of the Causal Hypothesis
Biological Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Judy L Silberg, Teresa Parr, Michael C Neale, Michael Rutter, Adrian Angold, Lindon J EavesAbstract:BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to determine whether the widely replicated link between maternal smoking and conduct disturbance (Cd) is better explained by a model of direct causation or of mother-offspring transmission of a latent Cd variable. METHODS: Family data collected on 538 adolescent twin boys from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) was used to compare two alternative models: 1) a model composed of a latent transmissible factor that influences mother's juvenile conduct symptoms, smoking during pregnancy, and subsequent Cd and smoking in her adolescent boys; and 2) a model specifying a direct Causal path from mother's smoking to child Cd. RESULTS: The maternal-offspring transmission model fit the data as well as a model specifying a direct Causal path from maternal smoking to child Cd. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and boys' Cd symptoms may be attributed to the transmission of a latent Cd factor and not to a direct effect of the smoking. Our results challenge previous findings of a direct effect of prenatal smoke exposure on risk to Cd once other etiologic factors are considered.