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Andrew S Mount - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chitin is a functional component of the larval adhesive of barnacles.
Communications biology, 2020Co-Authors: Nick Aldred, Anthony S Clare, Keiju Okano, Vera B. S. Chan, Kaveh Emami, Andrew S MountAbstract:Barnacles are the only sessile crustaceans, and their larva, the cyprid, is supremely adapted for attachment to surfaces. Barnacles have a universal requirement for strong adhesion at the point of larval attachment. Selective pressure on the cyprid adhesive has been intense and led to evolution of a tenacious and versatile natural glue. Here we provide evidence that carbohydrate polymers in the form of chitin provide stability to the cyprid adhesive of Balanus amphitrite. Chitin was identified surrounding lipid-rich vesicles in the cyprid Cement Glands. The functional role of chitin was demonstrated via removal of freshly attached cyprids from surfaces using a chitinase. Proteomic analysis identified a single Cement gland-specific protein via its association with chitin and localized this protein to the same vesicles. The role of chitin in cyprid adhesion raises intriguing questions about the evolution of barnacle adhesion, as well as providing a new target for antifouling technologies. Nick Aldred et al. show that chitin provides stability in the cyprid adhesive of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. They show that a single Cement gland-specific protein associates with chitin, and that freshly attached cyprids can be removed from surfaces using chitinase.
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Synergistic roles for lipids and proteins in the permanent adhesive of barnacle larvae.
Nature communications, 2014Co-Authors: Neeraj V Gohad, Marcus T Cicerone, Young Jong Lee, Young Jong Lee, Christopher M. Hartshorn, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Nick Aldred, Anthony S Clare, Andrew S MountAbstract:Thoracian barnacles rely heavily upon their ability to adhere to surfaces and are environmentally and economically important as biofouling pests. Their adhesives have unique attributes that define them as targets for bio-inspired adhesive development. With the aid of multi-photon and broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopies, we report that the larval adhesive of barnacle cyprids is a bi-phasic system containing lipids and phosphoproteins, working synergistically to maximize adhesion to diverse surfaces under hostile conditions. Lipids, secreted first, possibly displace water from the surface interface creating a conducive environment for introduction of phosphoproteins while simultaneously modulating the spreading of the protein phase and protecting the nascent adhesive plaque from bacterial biodegradation. The two distinct phases are contained within two different granules in the cyprid Cement Glands, implying far greater complexity than previously recognized. Knowledge of the lipidic contribution will hopefully inspire development of novel synthetic bioadhesives and environmentally benign antifouling coatings.
C Mischiati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Cement apparatus of larval and adult Acanthocephalus anguillae (Acanthocephala), with notes on the copulatory cap and origin of gland secretion.
Parasitology Research, 2001Co-Authors: B S Dezfuli, Edi Simoni, C MischiatiAbstract:Light and electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of the Cement apparatus, namely Cement Glands and Cement ducts, of mature specimens of the parasite Acanthocephalus anguillae (Muller, 1780) Luhe, 1911 recovered from the alimentary canal of fish Leuciscus cephalus (Risso, 1826). In addition, the Cement apparatus of immature A. anguillae found within the body cavity of the crustacean Asellus aquaticus (L.) was examined. In immature and mature males of Acanthocephalus anguillae, there are six round Cement Glands and each of them has an outer cytoplasmic layer containing nuclei and surrounds a space for storage of the Cement. The cytoplasmic layer produces round, membrane-bound secretory granules approximately 1 μm in diameter. Nuclei and other cellular organelles surrounded by secretory granules were noticed inside the luminal part of the gland of adult males. In some female Acanthocephalus anguillae, within the attached copulatory cap, eggs and spermatozoa were observed. A protein of about 23 kDa appeared to be the major component of proteins of isolated Cement Glands, as well as in detached copulatory caps.
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The origin and function of Cement gland secretion in Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala).
Parasitology, 1999Co-Authors: B S Dezfuli, Silvia Capuano, Flavio Pironi, C MischiatiAbstract:summary Cement gland protein in male and inseminated female individuals of an acanthocephalan parasite of fish, Pomphorhynchus laevis (Mu$ ller, 1776), was localized by immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific for Cement protein. Male P. laevis possess 3 pairs of round to oval Cement Glands ranging from 0‐ 5t o 0‐9 mm in length and from 0‐ 3t o 0‐7 mm in width. Each gland has an outer portion containing nuclear fragments and other cellular organelles surrounding a space for storage of gland products. Very little work has been carried out on the nature of the Cement gland secretions. We have previously reported that the major component of Cement is a protein with molecular weight of 23 kDa; in fresh Glands it is white in colour. Immunohistochemical studies herein reported were carried out using a polyclonal antibody raised against purified P. laevis p23 Cement protein (anti-p23PL). Localization of p23 Cement protein at the light microscope level, by means of the anti-p23PL antibody, shows that p23 is present within the cytoplasmic layer of the gland as well as in the gland duct lumen. Interestingly, the p23 Cement protein was also identifiable at the posterior ends of females retaining the cap. Positivity to anti-p23PL antibody was obtained not only in the external part of the copulatory cap, but also within the vaginal tract and at the base of the uterine duct. Thus, we report herein the first photographic evidence that the copulatory cap is not a simple gonopore lid but it is really an intravaginal plug.
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The Cement apparatus of larval and adult Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala).
Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: B S Dezfuli, S Onestini, M Carcupino, C MischiatiAbstract:Light and electron microscopy were used to study the ultrastructure of the Cement apparatus, namely Cement Glands and Cement ducts of mature specimens of the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis Müller, 1776, recovered from the digestive tracts of fish Leuciscus cephalus Risso, 1826. In addition, the Cement Glands of immature P. laevis found within the body cavity of the fish Alburnus alburnus alborella De Filippi, 1844 were examined. In a mature male of P. laevis the 6 Cement Glands are rounded to oval in shape and each of them has an outer cytoplasmic layer containing nuclei and surrounding a space for storage of the Cement material within the gland. The nuclei have an irregular outline and the cytoplasm of the cells contains round, membrane-bound secretory granules approximately 1 micron in diameter. Nuclei surrounded by secretory granules were present inside the gland lumen. Within the gland ducts of mature males, granules were present within the wall thickness and, inside the luminal area, mitochondria were encountered. In contrast, within the Cement Glands of immature P. laevis there were no secretory granules and the chromatin of the nuclei appeared condensed. The nature of the secretory product of the Cement Glands was investigated with histological and electrophoretic methods. A protein with molecular weight of 23 kDa was recorded as a major component of Cement.
Richard P Elinson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inductive events in the patterning of the xenopus laevis hatching and Cement Glands two cell types which delimit head boundaries
Developmental Biology, 1993Co-Authors: Thomas A Drysdale, Richard P ElinsonAbstract:In Xenopus, the hatching and Cement Glands form at important boundaries in the head. We have examined induction of these Glands in order to see the basis for this ectodermal patterning. Ectoderm can be induced to form hatching and Cement Glands by dorsal mesoderm and by the neural plate. Because the neural plate is sufficient to induce hatching and Cement Glands and lies adjacent to presumptive hatching and Cement Glands at the time of induction, it is the best candidate for the in vivo inducer of these tissues. The Cement gland is restricted to the front of the head in part because the anterior but not posterior neural plate is capable of inducing it. The hatching gland is also restricted to the head, but can be induced by both anterior and posterior neural plates. Therefore, some factor suppresses hatching gland differentiation in the trunk. Transplanted neural plate pieces induced hatching gland cells in the ectoderm of embryos, suggesting that the inductive signal is planar. Treatment with retinoic acid or lithium at the start of gastrulation caused a loss of head structures. The presence of hatching gland in lithium-treated embryos suggests that these two agents have distinct effects and supports the idea that the induction of hatching and Cement Glands involves different pathways.
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Separation of an anterior inducing activity from development of dorsal axial mesoderm in large-headed frog embryos.
Developmental Biology, 1991Co-Authors: Richard P ElinsonAbstract:The body of a vertebrate arises through a series of inductive interactions in the embryo. Macrocephaly is a distortion of the body in which a disproportionate amount of tissue is devoted to the head. This syndrome occurs in certain hybrids between frog species and appears to be due to an alteration of inductive relationships. Chimeric blastulae between normal and hybrid embryos developed macrocephaly when the marginal zone was derived from the hybrid. In these cases, a large Cement gland, characteristic of the hybrid head, was induced to form from normal ectoderm. When hybrid zygotes were irradiated with ultraviolet (uv) light, all dorsoanterior structures, including notochord, somites, and central nervous system, were eliminated, but the most anterior-induced structure, the Cement gland, remained. Embryos without dorsoanterior structures but with Cement Glands were also produced by injecting germinal vesicle extracts into the blastocoel of uv-irradiated nonhybrid embryos. These results demonstrate that an anterior inducing activity can be uncoupled from development of the neural tube and dorsal axial mesoderm.
Neeraj V Gohad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Synergistic roles for lipids and proteins in the permanent adhesive of barnacle larvae.
Nature communications, 2014Co-Authors: Neeraj V Gohad, Marcus T Cicerone, Young Jong Lee, Young Jong Lee, Christopher M. Hartshorn, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Nick Aldred, Anthony S Clare, Andrew S MountAbstract:Thoracian barnacles rely heavily upon their ability to adhere to surfaces and are environmentally and economically important as biofouling pests. Their adhesives have unique attributes that define them as targets for bio-inspired adhesive development. With the aid of multi-photon and broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopies, we report that the larval adhesive of barnacle cyprids is a bi-phasic system containing lipids and phosphoproteins, working synergistically to maximize adhesion to diverse surfaces under hostile conditions. Lipids, secreted first, possibly displace water from the surface interface creating a conducive environment for introduction of phosphoproteins while simultaneously modulating the spreading of the protein phase and protecting the nascent adhesive plaque from bacterial biodegradation. The two distinct phases are contained within two different granules in the cyprid Cement Glands, implying far greater complexity than previously recognized. Knowledge of the lipidic contribution will hopefully inspire development of novel synthetic bioadhesives and environmentally benign antifouling coatings.
Thomas A Drysdale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inductive events in the patterning of the xenopus laevis hatching and Cement Glands two cell types which delimit head boundaries
Developmental Biology, 1993Co-Authors: Thomas A Drysdale, Richard P ElinsonAbstract:In Xenopus, the hatching and Cement Glands form at important boundaries in the head. We have examined induction of these Glands in order to see the basis for this ectodermal patterning. Ectoderm can be induced to form hatching and Cement Glands by dorsal mesoderm and by the neural plate. Because the neural plate is sufficient to induce hatching and Cement Glands and lies adjacent to presumptive hatching and Cement Glands at the time of induction, it is the best candidate for the in vivo inducer of these tissues. The Cement gland is restricted to the front of the head in part because the anterior but not posterior neural plate is capable of inducing it. The hatching gland is also restricted to the head, but can be induced by both anterior and posterior neural plates. Therefore, some factor suppresses hatching gland differentiation in the trunk. Transplanted neural plate pieces induced hatching gland cells in the ectoderm of embryos, suggesting that the inductive signal is planar. Treatment with retinoic acid or lithium at the start of gastrulation caused a loss of head structures. The presence of hatching gland in lithium-treated embryos suggests that these two agents have distinct effects and supports the idea that the induction of hatching and Cement Glands involves different pathways.