The Experts below are selected from a list of 2439 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Padraic Dixon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a clinical survey on the prevalence and types of Cheek Teeth disorders present in 400 zamorano leones and 400 mirandes donkeys equus asinus
Veterinary Record, 2013Co-Authors: Joao B Rodrigues, Padraic Dixon, Estela Bastos, San F Roman, Carlos Alberto De Assis ViegasAbstract:Dental disease is now recognised as a major but often unrecognised disorder of equids, including horses and donkeys. However, very few large clinical studies have documented the prevalence and type of dental disease present in different equid populations and no dental studies have been reported in Zamorano-Leones or Mirandes donkeys, two endangered donkey breeds. Clinical and detailed oral examinations were performed in 400 Mirandes and 400 Zamorano-Leones donkeys in Portugal and Spain. It was found that just 4.5 per cent had ever received any previous dental care. Cheek Teeth (CT) disorders were present in 82.8 per cent of these donkeys, ranging from a prevalence of 29.6 per cent in the 25-year-old group. These CT disorders included enamel overgrowths (73.1 per cent prevalence but with just 6.3 per cent having associated soft tissue injuries), focal overgrowths (37.3 per cent), periodontal disease (23.5 per cent) and diastemata (19.9 per cent). Peripheral caries was present in 5.9 per cent of cases, but inexplicably, infundibular caries was very rare (1.3 per cent prevalence); this may have been due to their almost fully foraged diet. The high prevalence of enamel overgrowths in these donkeys, most which never received concentrates, also raises questions about the aetiology of this disorder. This very high prevalence of CT disorders, especially in older donkeys, was of great welfare concern in some cases and emphasises the need for routine dental care in these cases on welfare grounds and in order to help preserve these unique breeds.
-
equine dental disease part 4 a long term study of 400 cases apical infections of Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, K J Pickles, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary Of 400 horses referred because of equine dental disease, 162 suffered from primary apical infections of their Cheek Teeth (CT), including 92 with maxillary CT infections and 70 with mandibular CT infections. Maxillary swellings and sinus tracts were more common (82 and 26% incidence, respectively) with infections of the rostral 3 maxillary CT, than with infections of the caudal 3 maxillary CT(39 and 5% incidence, respectively). Nasal discharge was more commonly present with caudal (95%) than rostral (23%) maxillary CT infections. Mandibular CT apical infections commonly had mandibular swellings (91%) and mandibular sinus tracts (59%) and these infections were closely related to eruption of the affected CT. A variety of treatments, including medical treatment, apical curettage, repulsion and oral extraction of affected Teeth were utilised in these cases, with oral extraction appearing to be most satisfactory. Infections of caudal maxillary CT with a secondary paranasal sinusitis were most refractory to treatment, with a complete response to the initial treatment achieved in just 33% of these cases. Most other cases responded fully to their initial treatment. The long-term response to treatment was good in most cases.
-
donkey dental anatomy part 1 gross and computed axial tomography examinations
Veterinary Journal, 2008Co-Authors: N Du Toit, Stephen A. Kempson, Padraic DixonAbstract:Post-mortem examination of 19 donkey skulls showed that donkeys have a greater degree of anisognathia (27% width difference between upper and lower jaws) compared to horses (23%). Teeth (n = 108) were collected from 14 skulls and examined grossly and by computed axial tomography (CAT). A greater degree of peripheral enamel infolding was found in mandibular Cheek Teeth (CT) compared to maxillary CT (P 16 years) than in the younger (<15 years) donkeys studied. Based on gross and CAT examinations, donkey dental anatomy was shown to be largely similar to that described in horses.
-
Donkey dental anatomy. Part 1: Gross and computed axial tomography examinations.
Veterinary Journal, 2008Co-Authors: N Du Toit, S A Kempson, Padraic DixonAbstract:Post-mortem examination of 19 donkey skulls showed that donkeys have a greater degree of anisognathia (27% width difference between upper and lower jaws) compared to horses (23%). Teeth (n = 108) were collected from 14 skulls and examined grossly and by computed axial tomography (CAT). A greater degree of peripheral enamel infolding was found in mandibular Cheek Teeth (CT) compared to maxillary CT (P 16 years) than in the younger (
-
treatment of equine Cheek Teeth by mechanical widening of diastemata in 60 horses 2000 2006
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, Safia Barakzai, N Collins, J YatesAbstract:Summary Reason for performing study: Cheek Teeth (CT) diastemata are a significant cause of painful dental disease in horses and limited factual information is available on the treatment of this disorder. Objective: To assess the response to mechanical widening in the treatment of diastema. Method: Details of the presenting signs and treatment of cases of CT diastema by widening were recorded and the response to treatment of these cases assessed by re-examinations and by obtaining follow-up information from owners. Results: Sixty horses of various breeds, median age 9 years, with clinically significant CT diastemata were classified as having primary (inadequate rostro-caudal CT compression: n = 29) and secondary (to other dental abnormalities: n = 31) diastemata. Quidding was present in 82% of cases, weight loss in 35%, halitosis in 17% and bitting disorders in 12%; 85% of the identified CT diastemata involved mandibular CT and 15% maxillary CT, with caudal CT more commonly affected. Of 273 identified diastemata in the 60 horses, 207 were deemed to have significantly associated periodontal food pocketing and were widened to 4.5-5.5 mm diameter on their occlusal surface using a mechanical burr. The 29 horses with primary diastemata received a median of 1.3 treatments each and at 10 months following their last treatment 72% showed complete remission of signs and 28% showed good improvement. The 31 horses with secondary diastemata received a median of 2.2 treatments each and, at mean 9 months following their last treatment, 48% showed full improvement, 42% good improvement, 6% slight improvement and 3% no improvement. Inappropriate areas of the clinical crown were removed from 4 CT without causing pulpar exposure; one case was reported to have a transient oral infection post treatment and another developed an apical infection in a treated tooth that was unrelated to the diastema widening. Conclusion: Diastema widening is an effective treatment of periodontal pocketing in CT diastemata Potential relevance: The described treatment of CT diastema widening by trained personnel is an effective and safe treatment, but repeated treatments are often necessary, especially with secondary diastemata.
W H Tremaine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
gross computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular Cheek Teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2015Co-Authors: M B Casey, G R Pearson, Justin Perkins, W H TremaineAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing study The most prevalent type of equine dental pulpitis due to apical infection is not associated with coronal fractures or periodontal disease. The pathogenesis of this type of pulpitis is not fully understood. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to investigate equine dental disorders. However, gross, tomographic and histopathological changes in equine dental pulpitis have not been compared previously. Objectives To compare gross, CT and histological appearances of sectioned mandibular Cheek Teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis without coronal fractures or periodontal disease. To contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of equine dental pulpitis. Study design Descriptive study using diseased and healthy Teeth. Methods Mandibular Cheek Teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis (cases), and from cadavers with no history of dental disease (controls), were compared using CT in the transverse plane at 1 mm intervals. Teeth were then sectioned transversely, photographed and processed for histopathological examination. Tomographs were compared with corresponding gross and histological sections. Results Cement, dentine and bone had similar ranges of attenuation (550–2000 Hounsfield Units, HU) in tomographs but could be differentiated from pulp (-400 to 500 HU) and enamel (> 2500 HU). Twelve discrete dental lesions were identified grossly, 10 of which were characterised histologically. Reactive and reparative dentinogenesis and extensive pulpar mineralisation, previously undescribed, were identified. Pulpar oedema, neutrophilic inflammation, cement and enamel defects, and reactive cemental deposition were also observed. The CT and pathological findings corresponded well where there was mineralised tissue deposited, defects in mineralised tissue, or food material in the pulpar area. Pulpar and dentinal necrosis and cement destruction, evident grossly and histologically, did not correspond to CT changes. Conclusions Computed tomography is useful for identifying deposition and defects of mineralised material but less useful for identifying inflammation and tissue destruction. The equine dentine-pulp complex responds to insult with reactive and reparative changes.
-
equine dental disease part 4 a long term study of 400 cases apical infections of Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, K J Pickles, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary Of 400 horses referred because of equine dental disease, 162 suffered from primary apical infections of their Cheek Teeth (CT), including 92 with maxillary CT infections and 70 with mandibular CT infections. Maxillary swellings and sinus tracts were more common (82 and 26% incidence, respectively) with infections of the rostral 3 maxillary CT, than with infections of the caudal 3 maxillary CT(39 and 5% incidence, respectively). Nasal discharge was more commonly present with caudal (95%) than rostral (23%) maxillary CT infections. Mandibular CT apical infections commonly had mandibular swellings (91%) and mandibular sinus tracts (59%) and these infections were closely related to eruption of the affected CT. A variety of treatments, including medical treatment, apical curettage, repulsion and oral extraction of affected Teeth were utilised in these cases, with oral extraction appearing to be most satisfactory. Infections of caudal maxillary CT with a secondary paranasal sinusitis were most refractory to treatment, with a complete response to the initial treatment achieved in just 33% of these cases. Most other cases responded fully to their initial treatment. The long-term response to treatment was good in most cases.
-
the prevalence of secondary dentinal lesions in Cheek Teeth from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis compared to controls
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009Co-Authors: M B Casey, W H TremaineAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing study: With the advent of detailed oral examination in horses using dental mirrors and rigid endoscopy, secondary dentinal lesions are observed more frequently. More information regarding the association of secondary dentinal defects with apical dental disease would improve the sensitivity of oral examination as a diagnostic aid for pulpitis. Objectives: To assess prevalence and severity of secondary dentinal defects observed on examination of occlusal surfaces of Cheek Teeth (CT) from horses showing clinical signs of pulpitis compared to asymptomatic controls. Methods: Records from all cases of equine CT exodontia at the University of Bristol over a 4 year period were examined. Case selection criteria included the presence of clinical signs of pulpitis, an intact extracted tooth and availability of a complete history and follow up. Cases where coronal fracture or periodontal pocketing featured were excluded. CT from cadavers with no history of dental disease served as normal controls. Triadan positions and eruption ages of control Teeth were matched with those of Teeth extracted from cases. CT from selected cases and control Teeth were examined occlusally. Secondary dentinal defects were identified and graded. Prevalence of occlusal lesions in CT with pulpitis and controls was compared. Results: From the records of 120 horses where exodontia was performed, 40 cases matched selection criteria. Twenty-three mandibular and 21 maxillary CT were extracted from cases. The controls consisted of 60 mandibular and 60 maxillary CT from 7 cadaver skulls. Secondary dentinal defects were significantly over-represented in CT extracted from cases of pulpitis (P<0.001). Of diseased mandibular CT, 56.5% had defects compared to none of the controls. Of diseased maxillary CT, 57% had defects compared with 1.6% of controls. Multiple defective secondary dentinal areas and severe lesions were more prevalent in diseased mandibular CT compared with diseased maxillary CT. Conclusions and practical significance: Careful examination of occlusal secondary dentine is an essential component in investigation of suspected pulpitis in equine CT.
-
two and three dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine Cheek Teeth part 1 findings in Teeth without macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Z Windley, W H Tremaine, R Weller, Justin PerkinsAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing study: Dental disease often presents a diagnostic challenge in the horse. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used in the evaluation of head related disease in the horse, but the CT appearance of the most common dental diseases of horses has not yet been fully described. Objective: To describe the CT appearance of the peripheral enamel, pulp, infundibular enamel and cement in equine Cheek Teeth with macroscopic occlusal or CT lesions. Methods: In this study, 126 cadaveric Cheek Teeth with eruption ages of between 0.5 and 19 years were evaluated for lesions of their infundibulae, pulp and enamel using occlusal surface morphology, 2- (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) CT and anatomical sectioning. Variations in Teeth with no macroscopic lesions have been described in a previous study. The infundibular lesions were categorised further into one of 6 classifications. Results: Infundibular lesions were identified on CT in 90% (115/128) of infundibulae. Of these, 65% (83/128) had infundibular lesions on occlusal surface examination. The extent of infundibular lesions observed varied with age group. All infundibulae over 6 years post eruption had detectable lesions. Peripheral enamel hypoplasia and enamel prolapses, were observed in 10% (12/126) and 1.6% (2/126) of Teeth, respectively. The CT appearance of Teeth with pulp infections was seen to vary with differing pathologies. Conclusions and potential relevance: The high prevalence of infundibular lesions should encourage consideration of their clinical significance, in addition to the role of infundibulae in dental disease of the horse. Two-dimensional and 3D CT proved to be highly valuable imaging modalities for dental disease, enabling lesions within the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of equine Cheek Teeth to be easily detected. The results of this study will facilitate the use of 2D and 3D CT as clinical diagnostic tools for dental disease and aid in the selection of the most appropriate treatment protocol.
-
equine dental disease part 3 a long term study of 400 cases disorders of wear traumatic damage and idiopathic fractures tumours and miscellaneous disorders of the Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2000Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Kirstie Pickles, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary Of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders, 349 cases were diagnosed as suffering from primary disorders of their Cheek Teeth. Details of 104 of these cases are presented, including 44 cases with abnormalities of wear, 26 cases with traumatic damage, 24 cases with idiopathic fractures and 10 cases with miscellaneous Cheek Teeth disorders including oral tumours. The long-term response to treatment was excellent in most cases, even in cases with residual secondary periodontal disease.
Stephanie Brammer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
equine dental disease part 4 a long term study of 400 cases apical infections of Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, K J Pickles, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary Of 400 horses referred because of equine dental disease, 162 suffered from primary apical infections of their Cheek Teeth (CT), including 92 with maxillary CT infections and 70 with mandibular CT infections. Maxillary swellings and sinus tracts were more common (82 and 26% incidence, respectively) with infections of the rostral 3 maxillary CT, than with infections of the caudal 3 maxillary CT(39 and 5% incidence, respectively). Nasal discharge was more commonly present with caudal (95%) than rostral (23%) maxillary CT infections. Mandibular CT apical infections commonly had mandibular swellings (91%) and mandibular sinus tracts (59%) and these infections were closely related to eruption of the affected CT. A variety of treatments, including medical treatment, apical curettage, repulsion and oral extraction of affected Teeth were utilised in these cases, with oral extraction appearing to be most satisfactory. Infections of caudal maxillary CT with a secondary paranasal sinusitis were most refractory to treatment, with a complete response to the initial treatment achieved in just 33% of these cases. Most other cases responded fully to their initial treatment. The long-term response to treatment was good in most cases.
-
equine dental disease part 3 a long term study of 400 cases disorders of wear traumatic damage and idiopathic fractures tumours and miscellaneous disorders of the Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2000Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Kirstie Pickles, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary Of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders, 349 cases were diagnosed as suffering from primary disorders of their Cheek Teeth. Details of 104 of these cases are presented, including 44 cases with abnormalities of wear, 26 cases with traumatic damage, 24 cases with idiopathic fractures and 10 cases with miscellaneous Cheek Teeth disorders including oral tumours. The long-term response to treatment was excellent in most cases, even in cases with residual secondary periodontal disease.
-
equine dental disease part 2 a long term study of 400 cases disorders of development and eruption and variations in position of the Cheek Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, K J Pickles, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Of 400 referred horses with dental disorders, 349 cases suffered from primary disorders of their Cheek Teeth, ninety of these from disorders of development or eruption, or displacements. These included 20 cases with rostral maxillary and caudal mandibular Cheek Teeth overgrowths, 16 with diastemata, 15 with grossly enlarged mandibular 'eruption cysts', 4 with grossly enlarged maxillary Cheek Teeth 'eruption cysts', 10 cases with supernumerary Cheek Teeth and 23 cases with displaced Cheek Teeth. These displacements were believed to be developmental in 16 cases and acquired in the remaining 7 cases. Long-term response to treatments, that included removal of overgrowths and extraction of Teeth with deep secondary periodontal disease was excellent for most disorders except diastemata.
-
equine dental disease part 1 a long term study of 400 cases disorders of incisor canine and first premolar Teeth
Equine Veterinary Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Padraic Dixon, W H Tremaine, K J Pickles, Lorna Kuhns, C Hawe, J Mccann, Bruce Mcgorum, D I Railton, Stephanie BrammerAbstract:Summary A review of 400 horses referred because of dental disorders showed 44 cases to suffer from primary disorders of their incisors and 11 from canine or 1st premolar Teeth disorders. The remaining 345 horses suffered from primary disorders of the Cheek Teeth. Disorders of incisors included traumatic damage to Teeth and their supporting bones, retained deciduous, displaced and supernumerary incisors; brachygnathia and abnormalities of wear, with most of the latter disorders being secondary to primary disorders of the Cheek Teeth Only 3 cases of apical infection of incisors were recognised. Most cases of fractured incisors responded well to conservative therapy. Retained deciduous incisors were extracted, but most cases with supernumerary and displaced incisors, or brachygnathia were treated conservatively. Most disorders of the canine and 1st premolar were developmental displacements that caused bitting problems (abnormalities of head movement associated with the bit), and these cases responded well to extraction of the displaced Teeth.
Jorge Morales - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
first radiological study of a complete dental ontogeny sequence of an extinct equid implications for equidae life history and taphonomy
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Soledad M Domingo, Enrique Cantero, Isabel Garciareal, Manuel Chamorro J Sancho, David Martin Perea, Teresa M Alberdi, Jorge MoralesAbstract:The sequence of Cheek Teeth mineralization, eruption, and replacement of an extinct horse species is here documented with radiological techniques for the first time thanks to the exceptional preservation of Hipparion sp. mandibles from Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain). The sequence of dental ontogeny in mammals provides valuable insights about life history traits, such as the pace of growth, and about the mode of formation of fossiliferous assemblages. We have determined that the order of permanent Cheek Teeth mineralization and eruption of hipparionine horses is m1, m2, (p2, p3), p4, m3. Cheek Teeth mineralization timing of hipparionine horses coincides with the one observed in modern equids. In turn, there are differences in the eruption timing of the p4 and m3 between horses belonging to the Anchitheriinae and Hipparionini compared to equids of the Equus genus that might be related to the shorter durability of the deciduous tooth dp4 in anchitheriine and hipparionine horses and, more broadly, to an increased durability of equid Teeth through their evolutionary history. Based on the dental eruption sequence, hipparionine horses are slow-growing, long-living mammals. The Hipparion sp. assemblage from Batallones-10 conforms to an attritional model, as individuals more vulnerable to natural mortality predominate.
-
ancestral feeding state of ruminants reconsidered earliest grazing adaptation claims a mixed condition for cervidae
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2008Co-Authors: Daniel Demiguel, Mikael Fortelius, Beatriz Azanza, Jorge MoralesAbstract:Background Specialised leaf-eating is almost universally regarded as the ancestral state of all ruminants, yet little evidence can be cited in support of this assumption, apart from the fact that all early ruminants had low crowned Cheek Teeth. Instead, recent years have seen the emergence evidence contradicting the conventional view that low tooth crowns always indicate leaf-eating and high tooth crowns grass-eating.
Soledad M Domingo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
first radiological study of a complete dental ontogeny sequence of an extinct equid implications for equidae life history and taphonomy
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Soledad M Domingo, Enrique Cantero, Isabel Garciareal, Manuel Chamorro J Sancho, David Martin Perea, Teresa M Alberdi, Jorge MoralesAbstract:The sequence of Cheek Teeth mineralization, eruption, and replacement of an extinct horse species is here documented with radiological techniques for the first time thanks to the exceptional preservation of Hipparion sp. mandibles from Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain). The sequence of dental ontogeny in mammals provides valuable insights about life history traits, such as the pace of growth, and about the mode of formation of fossiliferous assemblages. We have determined that the order of permanent Cheek Teeth mineralization and eruption of hipparionine horses is m1, m2, (p2, p3), p4, m3. Cheek Teeth mineralization timing of hipparionine horses coincides with the one observed in modern equids. In turn, there are differences in the eruption timing of the p4 and m3 between horses belonging to the Anchitheriinae and Hipparionini compared to equids of the Equus genus that might be related to the shorter durability of the deciduous tooth dp4 in anchitheriine and hipparionine horses and, more broadly, to an increased durability of equid Teeth through their evolutionary history. Based on the dental eruption sequence, hipparionine horses are slow-growing, long-living mammals. The Hipparion sp. assemblage from Batallones-10 conforms to an attritional model, as individuals more vulnerable to natural mortality predominate.